Repayment Time Research Articles

Loan repayment behavior of beneficiary farmers in primary agricultural cooperative societies in Haryana (India)

Abstract Subject and purpose of work The study examined the loan repayment behavior of beneficiary farmers in Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies in the State of Haryana, India. Material and methods The findings were based on primary as well as secondary data. The secondary data was collected for the period of 2006-2007 to 2018-2019. The primary data was collected in the second quarter of 2022. Results The study concluded that year-wise the maximum percentage of defaulter farmers was 34.97% in 2008-2009 due to the debt relief scheme announced by the Government of India in 2008. Furthermore, it revealed that about 75% of beneficiary farmers repaid their loans regularly after receiving the benefit of interest subvention at 7% by the government of India and the state government. The findings on primary data concluded that most farmers have been repaying their loans regularly, and less than 10% of beneficiary farmers defaulted. The main reason for the default was a loan without security and the anticipation of a loan waive-off scheme. About 19% of beneficiary farmers have been repaying their loans irregularly due to the short time within which loan repayments needed to be made. Conclusions The short time of loan repayment is the main cause of irregular loan repayment behavior. The period of repayment of loans should be extended for one year and it should be considered from the loan issuance date.

Determinants of Loan Repayment Among Microfinance Beneficiaries in Lagos State, Nigeria

This study examines the determinants of loan repayment among microfinance institutions (MFIs) among their 384 microenterprises. The research found that age, gender, marital status, educational level, business experience, family size, type of business, interest rate, profit level, lending method, training/business enhancement program, and loan repayment time are not significant determinants of loan repayment among MEs in the study area. Prompt loan repayment can encourage cordial relationships between MFIs and their customers, and thus, MFIs and stakeholders should consider these significant variables when extending loans to their clients. This highlights the importance of timely loan repayment for MFIs' survival and growth.

Comparative investigation on the thermodynamic performance of coal-fired power plant integrating with the molten salt thermal storage system

One of the most critical challenges facing China is enhancing the operational flexibility of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs), given the increasing reliance on renewable energy for power generation. This study focuses on analyzing and comparing the molten salt thermal storage systems integrated in CFPP in consideration of peak-shaving capacity, equivalent round-trip efficiency, heat consumption rate, and exergy efficiency. Five charging schemes integrating thermal energy storage (TES), power to heat (P2H) and combination of TES and P2H are proposed and tested via their thermodynamic models. Results show that all five integrated molten salt thermal storage systems can enhance the peak shaving capability of the CFPP. When integrating P2H system, CFPP has the potential to achieve a zero-power output. Furthermore, comparing to the other four schemes, P2H-only integrating scheme has the highest equivalent round-trip efficiency of 36.23 % and the lowest heat consumption rate of 8288.87 kJ·(kW·h)−1. However, its exergy efficiency decreases to 36.51 % due to the electric heater experiencing the highest exergy loss of 132.56 MW, in contrast to the TES-coupled system which shows a higher exergy efficiency of 39.58 %. The P2H-only scheme boasts the largest investment of $33,353,100 and the longest repayment time, while also earning the highest compensation for peak shaving. This study provides a promising approach for molten salt thermal storage system designs in enhancing flexibility for CFPPs.

Performance of rotational speed controlled small-scale head-dependent hydroelectric power plant

Small scale or micro scale hydroelectric power production is characterized by high investment costs compared to operation costs. In addition, the repayment time is often long, more than ten years (if not subsidized heavily) which requires that a small-scale hydropower plants can be profitable only if both the investment costs and the running costs are low. The performance and efficiency of a plant is very important because having long repayment time means that the efficiency improvement of one percentage unit often means the ten percentage unit improvement in profit. The most economical way to control the flow is sometimes a two point control where generators are switched on and off depending on high water level used as control variable. The water level cannot be kept constant using this method, but the traditionally used mechanical blade angle adjustment system is too expensive in very small (approximately <100 kW) units. The new method of controlling the upper water level (head) is the use of rotational speed control of turbine, implemented by a four quadrant frequency converter. The efficiency of a 4-quadrant frequency converter is approximately 97 %, which reduces the income compared to the situation where the generators are directly connected to electricity network. However, when the head is kept constant using a frequency converter, it is not required to switch off the generator circuit breakers which have a finite life time and the head height can be kept optimal in terms of performance. In this paper, a system structure, a pilot plant installation and example calculations on the feasibility of a frequency converter driven fixed blade hydro power turbine is given.

Implementation of Bailouts on Umrah Financing Products at FIFGROUP Amitra Syariah in the Perspective of Positive Law and Islamic Law

The implementation of Umrah financing through bailouts is a product issued by PT. FIFGROUP (AMITRA) for Umrah financing through Umrah bailout funds using ijarah contracts, referring to Fatwa DSN MUI No. 09/DSN-MUI/VI/2000 concerning Ijarah Financing and Fatwa DSN MUI No. 44/DSN-MUI/VIII/2004 related to multiservice financing. Implementation of Umrah bailout funding at PT. FIFGROUP (AMITRA) benefits Ujrah by considering the customer’s repayment time rather than taking advantage of salaries and administrative services provided by PT. FIFGROUP (AMITRA) to customers. The view of Islamic law and positive law regarding the financial arrangement of Umrah through PT FIFGROUP (AMITRA) Genteng uses the Qardh Wal Ijarah contract because the implementation of the contract is not in accordance with what is regulated in fatwa DSN No. 29/DSN-MUI/VI/2002, where the amount of all-ijărah service compensation cannot be borne based on bailouts. Al-Qardh, or the provisions of Islamic law, tend to contain elements of usury.

Investigation of a new solar-wind energy-based heat pump dryer for food waste drying based on different weather conditions

To date, many studies endeavors have been undertaken regarding the provision of energy necessary for heat pump drying systems utilizing renewable energy resources. Conversely, the contemporary heat pump dryers require both electricity and heat concurrently, whilst the sporadic availability of a particular renewable energy source throughout the day necessitates the utilization of a combination of multiple renewable sources as a prospective remedy to these predicaments. The present research aims to assess the practicability of integrating photovoltaic and thermal collectors with wind turbines for the purpose of meeting the energy demands of a food waste drying system. A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a dryer with a fixed weight of 100 kg and a moisture removal rate of 71.42 kg/h under varying climatic conditions in the cities of St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Yakutsk and Khabarovsk, Russia. The investigation took into account four key factors, specifically energy, exergy, economy, and environment, over a period of one year. The thermodynamic outcomes derived from economic considerations indicate that an increase in dryer usage leads to a decrease in energy efficiency and a rise in energy expenditure. According to the empirical data, the optimum utilization of the dryer was recorded in Khabarovsk urban center as a consequence of the favorable climatic milieu which facilitated an efficacious moisture extraction rate of 51850.92 kg/year. Conversely, the city of Yakutsk demonstrated the lowest utilization frequency of the dryer, attributable to the unfavorable atmospheric conditions which hindered an effective moisture extraction rate, recording a minimal usage frequency of 27996.64 kg/year. The production of clean electricity and avoidance of natural gas for heating purposes in the cities of Khabarovsk and Yakutsk resulted in the attainment of the most pronounced decreases in carbon dioxide emissions, as indicated by the recorded figures of 47.53 tons and 25.32 tons, respectively. Consequently, following an economic evaluation pertaining to optimal repayment time, based on an interest rate of 0.03 %, the cities of St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Yakutsk and Khabarovsk demonstrate repayment periods of 12.9, 12.6, 18, and 9.6 years, respectively.

До поняття посткримінальної поведінки правопорушника, що вчинив кримінальне протиправне діяння

Abstract. The article focuses on the fact that the sphere of behavior of a person, which today is regulated by the legislation of Ukraine on criminal liability, and which in connection with this becomes the object of an official assessment, is actually much wider than criminally punishable acts, and primarily, it concerns legally significant treatment of a person after committing a criminal offense. Such behavior is called "post-criminal", "post-criminal" or "post-criminal". At the same time, it is noted that, taking into account the changes introduced by the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Simplifying Pretrial Investigation of Certain Categories of Criminal Offenses" dated November 22, 2018 No. 2617 VIII (entered into force on July 1, 2020), the use of phrases "post-criminal behavior" or "post-criminal behavior" is inappropriate and incorrect. Therefore, the updated classification of criminally punishable acts and the introduction of the concept of "criminal offense" allows the use of the concept of "post-criminal". Based on the analysis of the work of leading scientists in the field of criminal law, as well as evaluating the legal construction of post-criminal behavior, taking into account the linguistic analysis of the content of the concept, it was established that post-criminal behavior can be defined as a legally significant action or inaction (more often a combination of them) of a person after committing a criminal offense offense and until the time of repayment (removal) of the criminal record or the occurrence of other legally significant consequences, which indicate the termination of criminal-legal relations and are caused by such behavior (release of a person from criminal responsibility, release from punishment, etc.).

Manajemen Penerapan Sistem Gadai Emas Pada Unit Pegadian Syariah Bonder Kantor Cabang Renteng Lombok Tengah

Gadai Emas is the provision of funds to customers using pawn financing that can meet the financial needs of customers by using gold as collateral for financing. This study aims to describe the application of the Gold Pawn System at PT. Pegadaian Syariah Renteng branch office as well as describe the constraints faced by PT. Pegadaian Syariah Renteng Branch Office is in the process of beingimplemented. This research is a field research, which is descriptive qualitative by conducting in-depth interviews with PT. Pegadaian Syariah, the data is then analyzed and produces conclusions. From the results of the study, it can be explained that in its application it has implemented easy steps but still in accordance with existing operational standards, including; through the stages of submitting financing, stages of estimating gold as collateral, stages of disbursement of financing funds, stages at maturity and stages at the time of repayment. Meanwhile, the obstacles that are often faced are due to difficulties in communicating with customers who cannot make payments and face complaints from customers on collateral items.

Dampak inflasi dan Nilai Tukar Uang Bagi Pelunasan Hutang Pada Masyarakat Trebungan Mlandingan Situbondo Perspektif Fiqh Muamalah

We all know that the currency we use always experiences a decline in exchange rates from time to time. If it is associated with debt transactions, of course this is a problem. Do you still have to pay with the same amount as when borrowing, or with the currency value when paying off after experiencing inflation? This study aims so that people can find out the correct repayment of debt after inflation occurs or not and avoid usury. From the results of the study it can be concluded that inflation and exchange rates do not have a major impact on repayment of debts to the people of Trebungan Mlandingan Situbondo. Although there are some who ask for additional payments to be charged to borrowers due to inflation, the majority of them do not take into account the fluctuations in the exchange rate when paying off debt. So that inflation and fluctuations in the value of money do not affect the time of repayment of debt.

Several Possible Causes of Credit Card Default

Credit card default has always existed. In this case, understanding what causes credit card default has become a matter of concern for banks and the whole society. It is necessary to understand the reasons and reduce the risk of default. This paper explores the possible causes of credit card default by studying individual credit card limit, gender, education, marriage, repayment time, bill statement and consumption amount, and combining the comparison, regression, and factor analysis in SPSS. After analysis and research, the first four possible reasons are bill statement, repayment time, consumption amount and age. In this paper, the analysis of possible causes of credit card default can help banks better understand risks, improve risk control strategies and marketing strategies.

Akibat Hukum dalam Proses Penyelesaian Roya

This study aims to find out the nature or meaning of arranged royalties and find out the legal consequences in the settlement process of royalties. The negligence of the debtor in committing roya or writing off the mortgage right after paying off the debt at the bank can result in the debtor being harmed. This research method uses normative legal research using a statutory approach. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the nature or meaning of roya is regulated based on Article 18 paragraph (1) of Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights on Land and Objects Related to Land requiring that mortgage rights be carried out at Regency/City Land Offices. The legal consequences in the roya settlement process include causing fines for taking Credit Principal Documents at the time of repayment of debt at the bank if there is a delay, the mortgage guarantee still has the status of being a debt guarantee at the Bank and has not fully become property. The results of the analysis of this study indicate that roya is essentially an important document that has an important role with its main benefit being proof of the mortgage debt of the house or land taken. In accordance with the Mortgage Law regulations, it is explained that with the existence of roya, it proves the existence of a legal certainty that the debt agreement period that has occurred between the creditor and the debtor has expired

RICE FARMERS COOPERATIVE GROUP MEMBERS’ PERCEPTION ON LOAN REPAYMENT IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

The study examined the perception of cooperative rice farmers on loan repayment in Edu Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Interview schedule was employed in obtaining information from 138 cooperative rice farmers randomly selected from twenty-three rice cooperative groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result shows that the mean age of the respondents was 41 years and household size of 7 persons, majority (70.3%) were males, married (84.1%), with average rice farming experience 25 years. Also majority (98.6%) of the respondents have high perception on loan repayment. Loans were used for buying planting materials (98.6%), paying of laborers (92.8) and managing of farm activities (91.3) among others. Preferred timing of loan repayment are fortnightly (94.9%) and weekly (65.2%). The constraints timely repayment of loan were diversion of funds to non-farm ventures ( = 2.18), late disbursement of loan ( = 2.02) high interest rate ( = 1.99), and lack of government support ( = 1.96). Correlation result shows that the age of the respondents (r=0.688, p<0.027), household size (r=0.727, p<0.021), educational level (r=0.923, p<0.014), and years of farming experience (r=0.661, p< 0.036) showed a positive significant relationship with perception of loan repayment. The study established that respondents have high perception for the loan repayment. Socio-economic variables also contributed to the loan repayment. It was recommended that rice farmers should have access to soft loan since they have high repayment, this would help to expand rice farming and boost production as well as constant capacity building training on positive perception on loan repayment

Applicability Of Incineration Technology In Waste Management: Istanbul Case Study

The purpose of this study is to make a technological and financial forecast for the future construction of similar facilities based on feasibility data from the Istanbul Domestic Waste Incineration and Energy Production Facility, which was constructed to minimize environmental damage and give domestic solid wastes economic value, as opposed to storing and disposing of them. The study examined the initial investment and operating costs of the facility, the repayment time and profitability calculations, the financial and economic profitability of the project, and the cost and internal profitability rates for other waste disposal facilities to be established, in addition to comparisons with conventional waste management systems (storage or composting) and incineration techniques. By separating themselves as much as possible from conventional waste management systems, systems employing technological methods will be more realistic and cost-effective, both financially and in terms of the environment. To meet rising energy demands and lessen reliance on foreign sources, investments in sustainable renewable energy systems other than fossil fuels must be increased now. It is crucial to accelerate and support investments in environmentally friendly energy technologies through their development. This is the first study conducted in Turkey on obtaining energy by burning domestic solid waste as opposed to storing it.

Integrated Pricing and Inventory Control for Perishable Products, Taking into Account the Lack of Backlog and Inventory Management Policy by the Seller

Abstract Recently, utilizing appropriate inventory control policy and determining the optimal selling price for various goods has been the main topic of scientific and industrial research. Inventory management policy 1 by the seller is one solution that improves the chain’s performance by creating coordination between members of the supply chain. The current study attempts to devise an integrated model of inventory pricing and control under the inventory management policy by the seller for perishable goods with shortages is considered. The purpose of presenting the model is to determine the optimal price, the optimal repayment time, and the order size, in order to maximize the profit. To acquire those optimal values, the profit functions of the buyer and the seller are taken into account. Given the results acquired, it is demonstrated that at any cost, the repayment time is unique and optimal. It is concluded that with the optimal recovery time available, the objective function is a concave function of price, and its optimal value is available. Furthermore, utilizing the inventory management policy by the seller could be a proper means to reducing retailer costs while raising their profit.

Climate change impacts on water sustainability of South African crop production

Agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions is particularly vulnerable to climate change, which, combined with projected food requirements, makes the sustainable management of water resources critical to ensure national and global food security. Using South Africa as an example, we map the spatial distribution of water use by seventeen major crops under current and future climate scenarios, and assess their sustainability in terms of water resources, using the water debt repayment time indicator. We find high water debts, indicating unsustainable production, for potatoes, pulses, grapes, cotton, rice, and wheat due to irrigation in arid areas. Climate change scenarios suggest an intensification of such pressure on water resources, especially in regions already vulnerable, with a country-scale increase in irrigation demand of between 6.5% and 32% by 2090. Future land use planning and management should carefully consider the spatial distribution and local sustainability of crop water requirements to reduce water consumption in water risk hotspots and guarantee long-term food security.

PRAKTIK PINJAM MEMINJAM BENIH PADI DALAM TINJAUAN FIQH MUAMALAH (Studi Kasus di Nagari Sungai Jambu)

This study examines the practice of borrowing and borrowing rice seed in Nagari Sungai Jambu, pariangan sub-district. The problem is that in the implementation of lending and borrowing rice seeds at the time of repayment there is a price difference between the returns in the from of rice and paddy. From these problems question arise: 1.) how is the practice of implementing the loan and borrowing agreement for rice seeds in nagari Sungai Jambu, sub-district pariangan. 2.) how does fiqh muamalah review the practice implementing rice seed lending and borrowing contracts in Nagari Sungai Jambu, kec, pariangan. This research is a field research data obtained through interviews and documentation between rice seed owners and rice seed borrowers, after the collected data is processed by means of a research process and systematic compilation of data obtained from interviews, field notes, documentation so that they can be understood by themselves and others another and analysed by 1) collecting data sources related to the problem studied, both rice seed owners and riceseed borrowers. 2) reading, analysing and recording data sources that have been collected from rice seed owner and rice seed borrowers. 3) discussing the problems being reviewed and analising them descriptively, qualitatively, namely by looking directly at the study found that the practice of implementing rice seed lending and borrowing contracts in Nagari Sungai Jambu district, pariangan is a loan agreement between the seed owner and the seed borrower with different forms of return, both in terms of price and object, namely rice and rice. The price difference does not include usury because the price in the market is not required by the owner of the seed pack, because there are benefits in the form of helping and avoiding waste.

OPTIMIZATION OF INVESTMENT STRATEGY FOR THE ACQUISITION OF MEANS OF MECHANIZATION

The aim of the paper is to identify the optimal investment strategy of acquiring the means of mechanization of an agricultural enterprise. A suitable mean to meet the goal is the application of a multiperiodic optimization model, which is designed in the spreadsheet program Excel (including Solver). Objective function is represented by property maximization at the end of considered period via Net present value. The set of restrictive conditions is represented by the balance of production and financial factors, the balance of cost and production indicators, production and credit restrictions, as well as the conditions of securing the company's liquidity in each time period through positive cumulative cash flow and sufficient financial resources to cover capital investment and working capital. The comparison of NPV values ​​of individual variants of optimization models documents the logical consequences of the gradual optimization of plant and animal production, the time of acquisition of mechanization means without and with the limitation of credit resources and the time of loan repayment. The most suitable solution, with additional restrictive conditions for limited credit resources of up to € 50,000 per year, an interest rate of 6% and a repayment period of up to 7 years, is to procure a Vogel-nootHektor plow in the first year, Horch Pronto seed drills in the second, fertilizer spreaders Rauch in the third, a Fendt combine with a rape cutter and a pea straw crusher in the fourth year and a corn header in the fifth year. The resulting value of NPV represents the amount of € 343,922, while the required amount of credit resources in the first year is € 42,595 with a repayment period of 4 years, in the second year € 31,079 with a repayment of 3 years and in the fourth year € 48,284 with a repayment period of 7 years.

Environmentally viable and economical feasibility analysis of groundnut under natural convection solar dryer

In the present work, the drying of groundnut under the natural convectional solar dryer is carried out. The drying experiment is performed in the meteorological condition of Jabalpur, India (23017′N 79094′ E). The groundnut is dried from 35% (w.b.) initial moisture content to an 8–10% (w.b.) up to a safe moisture content under the solar drying condition. The cost per kg of dried groundnut was estimated ₹ 45.05 (Indian National Rupee) (0.60 US$) for four layers, and 54.34 (0.73 US$) for a single layer respectively, under the solar drying condition. Some key characteristics, such as embodied energy, energy repayment time (EPBT) have been identified to aid in the understanding of the cost analysis of drying systems. Also, evaluate the energy analysis based on CO2 emission in kg per year, CO2 mitigation, and carbon credit earn (CCE) which make solar dryers to be environmentally viable. The cost of the solar dryer can decrease with a diminish the embodied energy and carbon credit trading. This is employed to control pollution by reducing CO2 emissions. The environmental viable to attain a reduction in carbon footprint emission. Payback time for four-layer and single layer drying is obtained to be 0.43 years and 1.74 years, respectively.

Penerapan Penetapan Jaza`ul Ihsan Pada Kontrak Pembiayaan Al-Qardhul Hasan Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

The journal entitled "The Application of Determination of Jaza'ul Ihsan on Al-Qardhul Hasan Financing Contracts with an Islamic Economic Perspective" is motivated by a draft contact in the application of financing for al-qardhul hasan products in several Islamic Financial Institutions, especially in KSPPS BMT NU in East Java which includes: contains the request for a jaza'ul ihsan fee (reciprocity) which is set at the beginning of the contract when the customer wants a loan with the product, so that at the time of repayment, the customer using the al-qardhul hasan product is required to pay off the loan fee according to the loan nominal and added with jaza'ul ihsan in accordance with the agreement in the contract. This study aims to analyze the application of the determination of jaza'ul ihsan to al-qardhul hasan financing contracts associated with several explanations, rules and opinions of experts on Islamic Economics in the hope of being a problem solving of every contract issue, especially in al-qarhul hasan financing products. The methodology or approach used in this paper uses a library research method or approach, while data collection is carried out by reviewing several books, journal and documents (both printed or electronic) as well as from several types of information or data sources that have been collected. relevant to the study. The results of this study conclude that the determination of jaza'ul ihsan on the al-qardhul hasan financing contract is contrary to the aims and objectives of al-qardhul hasan in Islamic Economics because the term al-qardhul hasan is not in fiqh muamalah but the rules are equated with will qard (debt). ) both in the provisions and rules described in the Qur'an, hadith or opinions of madhhabs and Islamic economists.
 Keywords: Jaza'ul ihsan, al-qardhul hasan product, financing contract, Islamic Economics

MODELING LIFETIME EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES ON BANK LOANS

The guidelines of various Accounting Standards require every financial institution to measure lifetime expected credit losses (LECLs) on every instrument, and to determine at each reporting date if there has been a significant increase in credit risk since its inception. This paper models LECLs on bank loans given to a firm that has promised to repay debt at multiple points over the lifetime of the contract. The LECL can be written as a sum of ECLs (estimated at reporting date) incurred at debt repayment times. The ECL at any debt repayment time can be written as a product of the probability of default (PD), the expected value of loss given default and the exposure at default. We derive a stochastic dynamical equation for the value of the firm’s asset by incorporating the dynamics of the factors. Also, we show how the LECL and the term structure of the PD can be estimated by solving a Black–Scholes–Merton like partial differential equation. As an illustration, we present the numerical results for the various credit loss indicators of a fictitious firm when the dynamics of the short-term interest rate is characterized by a Cox–Ingersoll–Ross mean-reverting process.