Time Of First Measurement Research Articles

Adaptive processing in word production: Evidence from picture-word interference studies.

Adaptive models of word production hold that lexical processing is shaped by recent production episodes. In particular, the models proposed by Howard et al. (2006) and Oppenheim et al. (2010) assume that the connection strength between semantic and lexical representations is updated continuously, on each use of a word. These changes make semantically related competitor words to a selected target word (e.g., "cherry" or "grape" for the target word "apple") less accessible for future retrieval. We put this assumption to a novel test in two picture-word interference experiments. The experiments looked at semantic interference (longer picture naming latencies in the presence of a semantically related distractor word compared to an unrelated distractor word; the effect is assumed to reflect the activation of competitor words to a target word) and its development across repeated naming. Across two times of measurement, semantically related distractor words (and their unrelated controls) were either identical (fixed target-distractor mapping, e.g., either distractor "cherry" or distractor "grape" for the target word "apple" at both times of measurement) or different (variable target-distractor mapping, e.g., distractor "cherry" at first time of measurement and distractor "grape" at second time of measurement or vice versa). Semantic interference was reduced at the second time of measurement, and this reduction was found with both fixed and variable target-distractor mapping. This generalization to new target-distractor combinations provides strong novel support for the notion of production-dependent changes in lexical accessibility as captured by adaptive models of word production. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

THE PREVALENCE OF MYOPIA IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN SLOVAKIA AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.

The aim of the authors' study was to determine the prevalence of myopia and premyopia in children and adolescents attending primary school in a village in the north of Slovakia in the period before and after the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic. Changes in the spherical equivalent and axial length of the eyes were measured in 2019 and 2022 in a group of 47 children and adolescents within the age range of 7-12 years at the time of first measurement. In all the individuals, refraction was measured using an automatic keratorefractometer without the use of cycloplegic eye drops, and axial length was measured with an optical biometer. Refraction was also measured using an automatic keratorefractometer after using cycloplegic eye drops. We recorded a significant change in the mean spherical equivalent (1.02 ±1.16 D vs. 0.72 ±1.29) and the axial length of the eyes (23.05 ±0.72mm vs. 23.30 ±0.74mm) when comparing the measurements from 2019 to 2022. The probands manifested a myopic refractive shift of -0.30 D throughout the entire cohort (-0.24 D in boys and -0.38 D in girls), and the mean axial length increased by 0.2 mm in the entire cohort (by 0.3 mm in boys and 0.2 mm in girls). The percentage of myopic and premyopic eyes increased (4.3% vs. 8.5% a 31.9% vs. 48.9%). We noted a decrease in the spherical equivalent and increase in the axial length of the eyes after the Covid-19 pandemic compared to the period before the pandemic in Slovak school-aged children. During this period, the prevalence of myopia and premyopia increased.

When time matters: Mechanisms of change in a mediational model of foreign language playfulness and L2 learners’ emotions using latent change score mediation model

In a dynamic system, time-dependent links between affective factors can provide more information than the level of response within a single isolated system. In the present study, influenced by the positive psychology movement and the complex dynamic systems theory in the domain of second language acquisition, first, we dealt with change in terms of short-term dynamics and long-term trajectories of foreign language enjoyment (FLE), foreign language boredom (FLB), and foreign language playfulness (FLP) in a sample of 636 learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) using univariant latent change score (LCS) models. Then, we explored the developmental processes involved in how changes in FLE and FLP were associated with changes in FLB. In particular, we tested mediation models to see whether the growth of FLP acts as a mediator between FLE and FLB changes in a multivariant LCS mediation (LCSM) model. The findings showed that (a) in a multivariant LCS model, FLE and FLP increases independently predicted decreases in FLB over time and (b) the growth of FLP acted as a mediator between variation in FLE and FLB. Participants showed interindividual and intraindividual divergences in their L2 emotions, not just on the first time of measurement, but also in short-term dynamics and long-term trajectories. The findings facilitate understanding of the complicated mechanism of variation in L2 emotions, thus potentially contributing to enhancement of pedagogical practices and learning outcomes.

Perceptual-cognitive performance of youth soccer players in a 360°-environment – An investigation of the relationship with soccer-specific performance and the effects of systematic training

IntroductionSoccer is a complex game in which athletes perform in a dynamic 360°-environment. The results of numerous studies highlight the importance of perceptual-cognitive functions for soccer performance. Moreover, in recent years, the idea of improving sports performance through systematic perceptual-cognitive training has been increasingly investigated. Contradictory results and limitations in previous research call for further investigation. The current study aims to investigate both the relationship between perceptual-cognitive performance in a dynamic 360°-environment and soccer performance as well as the effects of perceptual-cognitive training in such an environment on soccer performance. Methods42 youth soccer players aged 11–13 years were tested at a first time of measurement (T1) on their perceptual-cognitive functions using a 360°-multiple object tracking task (360-MOT) and a visuospatial attention task. Soccer performance was assessed using an isolated, validated 360°-passing task and a small-sided game. Subsequently, participants were randomly divided into a perceptual-cognitive training group, an active control group, or a passive control group. Participants in the training group received 360-MOT training twice per week during a 5-week intervention phase, while participants in the active control group received a pseudo video training. Perceptual-cognitive and soccer-specific performance was assessed after the intervention phase at a second time of measurement (T2). ResultsAt T1, there was a significant positive relationship between 360-MOT performance and both the accuracy score in the 360°-passing task and the defensive performance score in the small-sided game. Regarding the perceptual-cognitive training intervention, the analysis at T2 revealed significant task-specific training effects but no transfer effects on perceptual-cognitive or soccer-specific performance. ConclusionsThe results highlight the relevance of perceptual-cognitive performance in a 360°-environment for soccer-specific performance but question the effects of short isolated perceptual-cognitive training interventions on soccer-specific performance.

360°-multiple object tracking in team sport athletes: Reliability and relationship to visuospatial cognitive functions

IntroductionIn team sports, the ability to visually track the movements of teammates and opponents simultaneously is a critical aspect of success. In sports psychology, this ability can be examined with the help of the multiple object tracking paradigm. The current study investigated the relationship between task performance in a novel 360°-multiple object tracking task and visuospatial cognitive functions as well as the reliability of the task. MethodsIn a sample of 153 team sport athletes the relationships between performance in the 360°-multiple object tracking task and performance in a spatial attention task, a spatial working memory task, and a fluid intelligence task at a first time of measurement were investigated. Additionally, at a second time of measurement the test-retest reliability of the 360°-multiple object tracking task was measured over a six-week interval in a subsample of 65 athletes. ResultsThe expected significant correlations between the performance in the 360°-multiple object tracking task and the tasks measuring spatial attention and working memory were observed. Test-retest reliability analysis indicated a good reliability of the procedure. ConclusionsThe results of this study demonstrate that the novel 360°-multiple object tracking task allows the reliable assessment of visuospatial cognitive performance of athletes in a dynamic 360°-environment.

Effect of different estrus synchronization protocols on estrus and pregnancy rates, oxidative stress and some biochemical parameters in Hair goats

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between different estrus synchronization protocols, some fertility parameters and serum biochemical parameters including total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in Hair goats. The study was carried out on 150 female Hair goats during the breeding season. Goats were divided into three groups as control (n = 50), short-term (n = 50) and long-term (n = 50) groups. Control group did not receive any treatment, short-term group received intravaginal P4 (7 d) combined with GnRH (on days 0 and 9) and PGF2α (on day 7), and long-term group received intravaginal P4 (12 d) combined with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (on day 12) and GnRH (on day 13). In control group, blood samples were collected at the beginning (first measurement) and 7th day (second measurement) of the study. In short-term and long-term groups, blood samples were collected at the time of sponge insertion (first measurement) and withdrawal (second measurement). Serum TAS, TOS, P4, E2, TSH levels were measured on all sampling days, and OSI was calculated. All the groups were observed for estrus behavior and those showing the signs of estrus were allowed for mating. Transrectal ultrasound examination was performed to diagnose pregnancy approximately 40 days after mating. The onset of estrus was earlier in short-term group compared to long-term group (P < 0.001). The estrus and pregnancy rates were significantly higher in short-term group compared to other groups (P < 0.05). At the time of first measurement, E2 level in short-term group and P4 level in long-term group were higher and lower than the other groups, respectively (P < 0.05). At the time of second measurement, TAS, TOS, OSI and E2 levels were significantly different in short-term group compared to control and long-term groups (P < 0.01). Additionally, P4 level in control group and TSH level in long-term group increased (P < 0.01). While TAS level in short-term group and E2 level in all groups increased from the first measurement to the second measurement, the TOS and OSI values decreased (P < 0.01). TSH level in short-term group decreased from the first measurement to the second measurement (P < 0.01), while it increased in long-term and control groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, it was obtained that synchronization protocols can affect serum TAS, TOS, E2, P4, TSH and OSI levels; and short-term intravaginal P4 treatment combined with GnRH and PGF2α clearly improved the antioxidant defense system and increased fertility parameters in Hair goats.

Effect of simultaneous femoral derotation osteotomy and selective dorsal rhizotomy on gait in children with cerebral palsy: A pilot study

To examine gait patterns and gait quality, 7 twins with cerebral palsy were measured preoperatively and after surgical intervention. The aim was to study differences and/or similarities in gait between twins, the influence of personal characteristics and birth conditions, and to describe the development of gait over time after single event multilevel surgery.A standardized clinical exam and a three-dimensional gait analysis were performed. Gait patterns were classified according to Sutherland and Davids, and the Gillette Gait Index was calculated as a global measure of the gait impairment. Next to subject characteristics at time of first measurement, and at time of birth, birth conditions were collected.Gait patterns were determined as crouch gait in 13 legs, as stiff gait in 6 legs and as jump gait in 8 legs. One leg showed a normal gait pattern. The knee flexion–extension angle correlated most constant with the knee flexion–extension angle of the contralateral leg (range 0.91–0.99). Correlations with the legs of the sibling showed variable correlations (range 0.44–0.99); with all other legs medium to high correlations of 0.73–0.91 were found. The Gillette Gait Index was found to initially decrease after surgical intervention.Similar correlations were found between twins or between legs for the gait pattern expressed by the knee flexion–extension angle, and the Gillette Gait Index improved after surgery. It seems that gait quality in twins with cerebral palsy is characterized predominantly by the traumatic disorder: genetic dispositions and personal characteristics only play a negligible role.

Virtual reality tour for first-time users of highly automated cars: Comparing the effects of virtual environments with different levels of interaction fidelity

Research in aviation and driving has highlighted the importance of training as an effective approach to reduce the costs associated with the supervisory role of the human in automated systems. However, only a few studies have investigated the effect of training on highly automated driving. Moreover, available interactive trainings are mostly based on automated driving simulators and the application of immersive technology such as Virtual Reality (VR) as a low-cost training solution has not been widely adopted. In this study, we developed three types of familiarization tours (low-fidelity VR, high-fidelity VR, and video) to train first-time users of highly automated cars. Then, the effectiveness of these tours was investigated on automation trust and driving performance in several critical and non-critical transition tasks in four groups: control, video, low-fidelity VR, and high-fidelity VR. The results revealed the positive impact of the tours on trust and transition performance at the first time of measurement. Takeover quality only improved when practices were presented in high-fidelity VR. After three times of exposure to transition requests, trust and transition performance of all groups converged to those of the high-fidelity VR group, demonstrating that: a) experiencing takeover transition during the training may reduce costs associated with first critical takeover request in highly automated driving, b) the VR tour with high level of interaction fidelity was superior to other training methods, and c) untrained and less-trained drivers learned about automation after a few trials. Knowledge resulting from this research could help develop cost-effective solutions for automated driving training in dealerships and car rental centers.

Antiphospholipid Antibodies: Cognitive and Motor Decline, Neuroimaging and Neuropathology

Background: Few data are available on associations of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies with cognitive and motor decline in aging, and cerebrovascular disease on in vivo neuroimaging and postmortem neuropathology. Methods: This longitudinal, clinical-pathologic study (aPL antibodies, brain infarcts, and cognitive and motor decline in aging), was derived from 2 ongoing community-based cohort studies. A panel of 3 aPL antibodies was assayed in serum from 956 older individuals (mean age = 81.1 years; 72% women). Serum was also tested in a subset for markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]) and blood-brain barrier breakdown (matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs). Annual clinical evaluations documented cognitive (17 neuropsychological tests) and motor function including parkinsonism. Cerebrovascular disease data were derived from in vivo neuroimaging and postmortem neuropathologic evaluations (699 individuals). We examined associations of aPL with cognitive and motor decline, other serum markers, neuroimaging, and neuropathology. Results: Of 956 individuals, 197 (20.6%) had aPL positivity, defined as positivity on any of the assays, at the time of first measurement. During a mean follow-up of 6.6 years (SD 4), overall aPL positivity was not associated with change in global cognition (estimate = –0.005, SE 0.011; p = 0.622) or parkinsonian signs (estimate = –0.003, SE 0.017; p = 0.860). aPL were not associated with serum CRP or MMPs (both p > 0.268). aPL were not associated with in vivo brain magnetic resonance imaging white matter hyperintensities or infarcts (both p > 0.376). Among those autopsied, aPL were not associated with pathologically confirmed brain infarcts, or cerebral atherosclerosis or arteriolosclerosis (all p≥ 0.447). Conclusions: In older individuals followed longitudinally, aPL do not relate to cognitive or motor decline, inflammation, or cerebrovascular disease on in vivo neuroimaging or postmortem neuropathology.

Religious/Spiritual Needs and Psychosocial Burden of Melanoma Patients

Questions of meaning and purpose in life are becoming relevant during cancer. Studies have shown that most patients have spiritual needs and that religion/spirituality can be an important ressource in coping with illness. So far, only few studies examine the psychosocial burden and the role of spiritual needs during the treatment process of patients with malignant melanoma. 22 patients were included in this study and assessed for psychosocial distress and spiritual needs while being screened for cancer metastases (t1) and 8 weeks later (t2). Distress, anxiety and depression, furthermore spiritual needs and religiousness were examined with standardized assessments (HSI, DT, HADS, PHQ-2, SpNQ, SpREUK). All patients express spiritual needs independent of the time of measurement and overall burden. Important needs are the need to be complete and safe, the need for social support, for actively giving and for inner peace and the possibility to talk about anxiety and sorrow. Analyses have shown that religious patients are less distressed 8 weeks later, while there was no difference in the first time of measurement. The results show the importance to include spiritual needs in the process of treatment of cancer in a clinical and ambulatory context. Results indicate that religion/spirituality could be an important resource to cope with cancer. During the process of treatment, spiritual needs could be addressed by psychooncology and pastoral care with respect for their different approach and address this topic to support cancer patients.

Drivers of Tree Growth, Mortality and Harvest Preferences in Species-Rich Plantations for Smallholders and Communities in the Tropics

There is growing interest in multi-species tropical plantations but little information exists to guide their design and silviculture. The Rainforestation Farming system is the oldest tropical polyculture planting system in the Philippines and provides a unique opportunity to understand the underlying processes affecting tree performance within diverse plantings. Data collected from 85 plots distributed across the 18 mixed-species plantations in the Philippines was used to identify the factors influencing growth, probability of harvest, and death of trees in these complex plantings. The 18 sites (aged from 6 to 11 years at time of first measurement) were measured on three occasions over a 6-year period. We used data from the first period of data collection to develop models predicting harvesting probability and growth of trees in the second period. We found little evidence that tree species diversity had an effect on tree growth and tree loss at the community level, although a negative effect was found on tree growth of specific species such as Parashorea plicata and Swietenia macrophylla. While tree density of stands at age 10+ years (more than 1000 trees/ha with diameter > 5cm) did not have an impact on growth, growth rates were decreasing in stands with a high basal area. Tree size in the first period of measure was a good predictor for both tree growth and tree status in the next period, with larger trees tending to grow faster and having a greater chance of being harvested, and a lower possibility of mortality than smaller trees. Shade-intolerant trees were both more likely to be harvested, and had a higher probability of death, than shade-tolerant individuals. Native species and exotic species were equally likely to have been lost from the plots between measurement periods. However, shade-tolerant native trees were likely to grow faster than the others at age 10+ years. Our findings suggest that species traits (e.g. shade tolerance) could play an important role in optimizing species composition for this type of plantation. Shade-intolerant species with rapid early growth could contribute early income for farmers in mixed plantings where some products may take years to realize. We also suggest selective harvesting or thinning (for small shade-intolerant trees) applied at age 10+ years could reduce the competition for resources between individuals.

The Relation Between Leadership and Perceived Well‐Being: What Role Does Occupational Self‐Efficacy Play?

Current research confirms the link between leadership behavior and subordinates’ health. However, only a few longitudinal surveys have been carried out. The present longitudinal study examined whether occupational self‐efficacy moderates the impact of transformational leadership on perceived negative well‐being. The sample consisted of 339 employees working in the health‐care sector. The correlations between transformational leadership at the first time of measurement (Time 1) and emotional exhaustion and perceived strain at the second time of measurement (Time 2) were negative and significant, but the correlation with depersonalization was not significant. Regression analyses revealed that the effect of transformational leadership behavior on perceived negative well‐being was not moderated by the level of occupational self‐efficacy. Implications for future research are discussed.

Preparation of a tritiated glucose reference material and standardisation by the TDCR technique

Organically-bound tritium (OBT) present in the environment represents a proportionately higher hazard than tritiated water due to the increased latency time in the body when ingested. Reference materials are required in order to demonstrate the validity of analysis techniques used to determine the levels of OBT in environmental monitoring programmes. This work describes the production and certification of a new environmental radioactivity standard of OBT which may be used as a reference material in validating such monitoring programmes. Rather than 3H-thymidine, 3H-d-glucose is proposed as an alternative starting material with demonstrated improvements in the medium-term stability when stored at room temperature. At the time of first measurement, no tritiated water could be detected in the standard material, and these tests were repeated twice over a 4-month period with the same result. In addition, the process for standardising the material has been improved via the application of the triple- to double- coincidence ratio (TDCR) technique.

Stability and change in generative concern: Evidence from a longitudinal survey

Longitudinal data taken at a ten-year interval from a large, nationally representative sample were used to examine stability and change in generative concern, as measured by a reduced form of the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS). Rank-order stability over a ten year period was high (r>.6) among those respondents 30 or older at the time of first measurement. Mean scores on the LGS increased for men aged 24–29 and decreased for men and women aged 60–69, but the size of these changes was small. First marriage and childbearing were not associated with an increase in LGS scores. The evidence suggests both life-long stability and a small mid-life peak in generative concern.

Gait patterns in twins with cerebral palsy: Similarities and development over time after multilevel surgery

To examine gait patterns and gait quality, 7 twins with cerebral palsy were measured preoperatively and after surgical intervention. The aim was to study differences and/or similarities in gait between twins, the influence of personal characteristics and birth conditions, and to describe the development of gait over time after single event multilevel surgery. A standardized clinical exam and a three-dimensional gait analysis were performed. Gait patterns were classified according to Sutherland and Davids, and the Gillette Gait Index was calculated as a global measure of the gait impairment. Next to subject characteristics at time of first measurement, and at time of birth, birth conditions were collected. Gait patterns were determined as crouch gait in 13 legs, as stiff gait in 6 legs and as jump gait in 8 legs. One leg showed a normal gait pattern. The knee flexion-extension angle correlated most constant with the knee flexion-extension angle of the contralateral leg (range 0.91-0.99). Correlations with the legs of the sibling showed variable correlations (range 0.44-0.99); with all other legs medium to high correlations of 0.73-0.91 were found. The Gillette Gait Index was found to initially decrease after surgical intervention. Similar correlations were found between twins or between legs for the gait pattern expressed by the knee flexion-extension angle, and the Gillette Gait Index improved after surgery. It seems that gait quality in twins with cerebral palsy is characterized predominantly by the traumatic disorder: genetic dispositions and personal characteristics only play a negligible role.

Reciprocal relationships between value orientation and motivational interference during studying and leisure

Motivational interference is defined as the amount of impairment in a target activity due to the incentives of a non-chosen attractive alternative. The amount to which pupils experience motivational interference while studying or while performing a leisure activity in a school-leisure conflict situation is seen as depending on the values they attach to achievement and well-being. At the same time, values may also be effects of frequent experience of motivational interference in the respective areas. The study is aimed at investigating the reciprocal relationship between personal value orientations and the experience of motivational interference during studying and leisure. A total of 363 pupils (sixth to eighth graders at the time of first measurement) completed the same questionnaire twice in a 2-year interval. The questionnaire included measures of achievement and well-being value orientation and the experience of motivational interference during studying and during leisure in school-leisure conflicts. For this, two scenarios were created. In regression analyses, achievement and well-being value orientations as well as their interaction terms were used as predictors for experience of motivational interference at t(2) while controlling for experience of motivational interference at t(1), and vice versa. Additionally in path models, these relations were tested in an integrative way. Pupils' achievement value orientations were connected to differential changes in experiencing motivational interference during leisure and during studying in one scenario but only for pupils low or medium in well-being value orientation. Conversely, experience of motivational interference at t(1) was related to changes in value orientations 2 years later. High motivational interference during studying led to an increase in well-being value orientation, while high motivational interference during leisure was followed by a decrease in well-being value orientation and an increase in achievement value orientation. Overall, path models supported these results. The results are discussed in terms of value change and are linked to self-control and motivation research.

Anesthesia Literature Review

Anesthesia Literature Review

Acute cardiovascular effects of the Wenchuan earthquake: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring of hypertensive patients

An increased incidence of cardiovascular events and sudden death occurs after an earthquake. However, the mechanism underlying this is not clear. Previous studies attributed this phenomenon to earthquake-induced elevation of sympathetic activity. This study investigated the acute cardiovascular effects of the Wenchuan earthquake on hypertensive or suspected hypertensive patients. We studied the role of earthquake-induced changes in blood pressure and heart rate in the occurrence of post-earthquake cardiovascular events. This study included 11 patients who were undergoing ambulatory blood pressure monitoring when the Wenchuan earthquake occurred. Trends in blood pressure and heart rate were analyzed, and blood pressure variability (BPV) data were obtained. The mean post-earthquake blood pressure rose rapidly from 125.8+/-17.3/72.1+/-11.9 to 150.5+/-20.3/98+/-10.6 mm Hg (average time of first measurement was 13.8+/-6.3 min after the first tremor), and blood pressure remained high until 6 h after the earthquake. Nighttime blood pressure declined to the mean pre-earthquake daytime levels. The mean daytime blood pressure after the earthquake was greater than the pre-earthquake daytime mean (systolic blood pressure: 138.9+/-14.6 vs. 129.5+/-13.6 mm Hg, P=0.009; diastolic blood pressure (DBP): 81.8+/-13.1 vs. 76.9+/-11.9 mm Hg, P=0.011). Pre- and post-earthquake BPV differed among individuals, but circadian variation was absent in all cases and nightly decreases were less than 10%. These data strongly suggest that significant post-earthquake elevation of blood pressure and abnormal circadian variation of blood pressure are related to the occurrence of post-earthquake cardiovascular events.

Moderating effects of dispositional resilience on associations between hassles and psychological distress

Resilience has been conceptualized in several ways, including a disposition that promotes positive outcomes in general and successful adaptation in the face of challenging or stressful circumstances. Using Wagnild and Young's [Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165–178.] framework, this study of 1221 German adolescents tested whether minor stressors (daily hassles) are associated with higher psychological distress and an increase in distress over time, whether dispositional resilience is associated with a lower level of daily hassles and distress and a decrease in both variables over time, and whether dispositional resilience buffers the effects of daily hassles on psychological distress and residual change in distress over a two-year interval. All hypotheses were supported at the first time of measurement. However, dispositional resilience scores were not predictive of number of stressors and psychological distress over time. Wagnild and Young's scale assesses a psychological resource that may have positive short-term effects but is of limited value for predicting change in positive psychological outcomes over time.

Life goals and purpose in life in cancer patients

The purpose of the study was to analyze associations between life goals and purpose in life in cancer patients. A sample of 153 cancer patients was assessed before the start of chemotherapy and about 9 months later. Purpose in life was measured with a German version of Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life test, and the perceived importance of social, psychological, materialistic, and health-related goals was assessed with Likert scales. High importance of social, psychological, and health-related goals was related to higher purpose in life. In addition, having high levels of social goals at the first time of measurement predicted an increase in purpose of life over time. However, higher importance of material goals was associated with lower purpose in life at the second time of measurement and with a decline of purpose in life over time. There is continuity and change in the sources of purpose in life during cancer therapy, and a lack of fit between goals and changed living conditions is a risk factor for a decline in purpose in life.