Tiller Buds Research Articles

Relationship between Main Stem and Primary Tillers in the Position of Lowest Elongated Internode of Deepwater Rice.

浮稲性(深水条件下における節間伸長性)は, 伸長最低節間位置(PLEI)に支配されているがこのPLEIは, 茎の発育相の第2次伸長節間形成相への転換までの遅速を意味する. 本研究は浮稲品種Habiganj Aman VIIIを用いて, 分げつ茎の第2次伸長節間形成相への転換は, 主茎と独立して起こるのか否かを明らかにするために行った. 主茎と分げつの相転換の遅速を表わす指標として, 未伸長節間数と第1次伸長節間数の和である非伸長節間数(NNEI)を設定した. 主茎の第1節から第15節までの着生節位の異なる1次分げつを対象に, 種々の時期に, 種々の程度に主茎切除処理を行なった結果, 主茎と分げつの相転換の間に, 密接な関係が認められ低節位の分げつほど, NNEIが大きな値をとる傾向を示した. 伸長茎の高節位分げつでは, NNEIは0個となった. しかし, 高節位の分げつでも, いったん休眠すると, 休眠解除までの期間が長いほどNNEIの増大が認められ, 分げつの第2次伸長節間形成相への転換は主茎の相転換によって支配されるが, 分げつのNNEIの決定には分げつ茎自体の発育ステージも関与していることが明らかにされた. ジベレリン処理でNNEIが減少することが認められた. 主茎と分げつとの関係, 主茎のPLEIの性質, 分げつのNNEIの意義について考察した.

Effect of different temperatures given to the culm-base of rice plant on the emergence and elongation of its tiller under controlled environment.

The emergence and elongation of the tiller buds of rice plants are greatly affected by the environmental temperature, especially by the temperature around the culm-bases where the tillers differentiate. Temperature switching from low to high and vice versa was carried out and varieties used were Norin 1 and Zosan 1. The experiments were conducted in growth cabinets at 25°C (light) and 18°C (dark). The results : (1) Compared with those given no temperature treatment, tillers increased in number in low temperature treatment (15°C) . On the contrary, emergence was inhibited in the high temperature treatment (33°C). (2) In Zosan 1, the emergence of secondary tillers ceased completely, while in Norin 1, there were six secondary tillers in the high temperature treatment. (3) In the temperature switching treatments in the 8th leaf stage of the main stems, the tillers which were inhibited in growth during the supply of high temperature water emerged after switching in the former treatment, and, synchronous regularity was disturbed in this case. In the inhibited in growth after switching to high temperature. The inhibition of emergence by high temperature was more conspicuous in Zosan 1 of the heavy panicle type.

Effects of plant growth regulators on tiller bud outgrowth in uniculm cereals

SummaryPlant growth regulators were applied either to seeds or to leaves of uniculm selections of barley and wheat. None of the treatments stimulated the growth and development of tiller buds in the barley selection. In contrast, in wheat the development of tiller buds was readily stimulated and tillers were produced following treatment with Terpal, Cerone, TIBA or nitrate. In Terpal and Cerone treated plants, the stimulation of tiller bud outgrowth and tillering was accompanied by a marked retardation of growth in the main shoot. The growth of the tillers was however not sustained in any of the treatments, and so at maturity all plants were virtually uniculm. The results are discussed in relation to the different overall response of the two species, the death of tillers, and the hormonal regulation of tiller bud development.

Studies on transplanting injury in rice plant. III. Effects of root pruning treatment on the organic constituents in each organ and rooting of seedlings after transplanting.

This study was undertaken to clarify the effects of root pruning on the organic constituents and early growth in each organ of seedling after transplanting, using 6 leaf aged seedlings without pruning roots (CS) or with pruning all roots (PS). The degree of transplanting injury was severer in PS than that in CS. Wilting of leaf blade and sheath in PS was conspicuous, and carbohydrate was scarcely accumulatcd as a whole after transplanting. Nevertheless, degradation of protein in the leaf blade and starch in the leaf sheath and stem was accelerated just after transplanting and non-protein nitrogen or sugars accumulated in the stem. The accumulation of these soluble substances in the stem promoted rooting of PS, so that there was little difference in taking roots relative to CS which markedly accumulated carbohydrate, especially sugars, in not only the stem but also in the leaf sheath just after transplanting. Moreover, root dry weight of PS recovered by 37% of CS untill 14 days after transplanting. However, growth and development of tiller buds of PS was inhibited, due to partitioning of most of the carbohydrate and nitrogen for the formation of new roots. Consequently, the dry weight in top organs decreased 35-40% as compared with CS during 8-14 days after transplanting by less development of leaf area of the tillers.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and Nutrient Supply on Tiller Bud Outgrowth in Barley (Hordeum distichum L.)

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and Nutrient Supply on Tiller Bud Outgrowth in Barley (Hordeum distichum L.)

Effects of Clipping Disposal, Nitrogen, and Growth Retardants on Thatch and Tiller Density in Zoysiagrass

Accumulation of thatch is a cultural problem affecting managers of ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.). Research was undertaken to investigate the effects of clipping disposal, N fertilization, and growth retardants on thatch accumulation and resistance of plant tissue to decomposition. In a 2‐yr field study, clipping disposal (removed or left on plots); N fertilization (98.0 kg ha−1 yr−1); and the growth retardants mefluidide (N‐[2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐[[(trifluromethyl)‐sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide) applied twice each year at 0.4 and 0.8 kg a.i. ha 1, and flurprimidol (α‐(1‐methylethyl)‐α(4‐trifluromethoxy)phenyl)‐5‐pyrimidine‐methanol) applied at 1.7, and 2.2 kg a.i. ha−1 twice in each year were examined for their effects on thatch, tiller density, verdure, and stolon weight. Relative degradation of leaves and stolons was compared by in vitro digestion in a prepared cellulase solution. Returned clippings increased thatch by only 3.4% and decreased tiller density by 12% when N was applied. Nitrogen increased thatch and tiller density. Growth retardants did not affect thatch. Degradation of leaves (64%) by the cellulase solution exceeded that of stolons (60%). The reduction in tiller density associated with returned clippings may be due to shading from clippings in the turf canopy resulting in leaf etiolation and reduced tiller bud development. Leaf clippings contributed slightly to thatch accumulation, most likely due to their physical accumulation rather than indirect effects of N recycling. Both stolons and, to a lesser degree, leaves appear to contribute to thatch accumulation in Meyer zoysiagrass. Decreased use of N in the culture of Meyer zoysiagrass, within limits required for acceptable appearance, might help reduce thatch accumulation. Removal of clippings is not recommended for thatch control considering their small contribution to thatch cover and due to the benefit of recycled nutrients.

Tillering and leaf area index in grasses in the vegetative phase

AbstractThe relationship between tillering of a vegetative grass stand and Leaf Area Index (LAI) has been studied during sward establishment of perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass with different seedling densities and nitrogen fertilizer rates and on established swards of tall fescue during winter and early spring after different dates of last cut in autumn.The different experiments on different species led to the conclusion that in every instance the tillering rate slows down as soon as the LAI reaches a value of 3 and terminates rapidly at higher LAI, which corresponds with the almost complete extinction of light at the level of the tiller buds. The results confirm the direct role of light on morphogenesis previously demonstrated by several authors. The existence of such a limit of LAI helps to explain some contradictory effects of temperature or nitrogen on tillering.

Effects of seed treatment with a plant growth regulator on growth and tillering in spring barley (Hordeum distichum) cv. Triumph

SUMMARY Doses of the growth retardant, Terpal, were applied to seeds of spring barley. Germination was delayed as the concentration and duration of exposure to Terpal increased. Tiller bud outgrowth was promoted in treated seedlings and at maturity the total tiller production and number of ear-bearing tillers per plant was increased by the Terpal treatment. The yield of the main shoot was similar in both control and treated plants but the mean ear weight of the tillers was reduced in the latter, and thus there was no overall effect of the treatment on yield. Observations on vegetative plants showed that Terpal also reduced the growth of successive main shoot leaves and the elongation and dry weight of the seminal root system. The results are discussed in terms of an early modification in the distribution of resources during establishment that favour the outgrowth of tiller buds at the expense of the initial development of the main shoot and root system. It is proposed that seed treatment is a viable alternative to foliar spraying particularly in arid regions.

Wheat Seedling Growth and Developmental Response to Incident Photosynthetically Active Radiation1

AbstractShade from residues of previous crops in high residue seedbeds may limit development of winter cereal seedlings. A growth chamber experiment with photosynthetic photon flux densities of 140, 275, or 500 µmol−2s−1 for 12 h each day was designed to reveal the growth and development patterns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) under light limiting conditions. Daily totals of light received during winter months at 46°N Lat are within this range. Leaf and tiller growth and development were observed daily on 6 to 12 separately potted plants in each of seven treatments for 1 month after emergence. At 140 µmol m−2s−1, a higher fraction of specific tiller buds failed to elongate than at either higher irradiance. Failure to elongate one tiller bud did not influence the point of development of subsequent tillers. Plants developed at 0.0097,0.0117, and 0.0138 leaves per degree day (0°C base) under 140, 275, and 500 µmol m−2s−1 treatments, respectively. An average of only four tillers per plant were present after 27 days under 140 µmol m−2s−1 while 12 tillers per plant were produced under 500 µmol m−2s−1. The basic relationship between main stem leaf and individual tiller development was not changed by different amounts of light. Specific tillers appeared at essentially the same point in plant development regardless of irradiance. At 140 µmol m−2s−1, the slower leaf development and reduced tillering both contributed to reduce plant weights to only one‐fifth those from the 500 µmol m−2s−1 treatment. The irradiance required for maximum development rate of winter wheat seedlings exceeds that expected in shaded areas of a seedbed from November through February at 46° N Lat. Based on this experiment, irradiance will not change the point of development of specific tillers relative to main stem leaf development. Irradiance will influence the fraction of plants with specific tillers and the rate (leaves per degree day) of leaf appearance. Leaf development rate (leaves per degree day) appears to be buffered by short term (a few days) energy reserves. Winter wheat seedlings that are shaded over winter will skip a higher fraction of the early tillers (T0, T1) than unshaded seedlings, reducing the population of potentially large heads.

Growth of Tiller Buds of a Floating Rice Variety under Deep Water with Special Reference to Submergence of the Subtending Leaf Sheaths

Growth of Tiller Buds of a Floating Rice Variety under Deep Water with Special Reference to Submergence of the Subtending Leaf Sheaths

Studies on Tillering of Rice Plants. Differentiation and growth of tiller buds in rice varieties differing in plant type

Studies on Tillering of Rice Plants. Differentiation and growth of tiller buds in rice varieties differing in plant type

The role of hormone transport and metabolism in apical dominance in oats.

14C-benzyladenine (BA) and 14C-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were used to study hormone transport to the tiller bud and hormone catabolism in excised oat stem segments. Acropetal BA transport was greatest from upright stem segments to tiller buds suppressed by apical dominance. IAA, abscisic acid (ABA), and C2H4 inhibited BA transport to the tiller bud. IAA transport to the tiller bud site was inhibited by BA, C2H4, or after gravistimulation, which affected BA transport to a lesser extent than IAA transport. Multiple peaks of radioactivity were observed in 14C-BA- or 14C-IAA-treated stem segments after 9 h of transport. IAA, ABA, and C2H4 promoted BA catabolism. Auxin, ABA, and C2H4 may inhibit tiller bud release by inhibiting cytokinin transport to the tiller bud and by promoting cytokinin catabolism. Gravistimulation may promote tiller release by inhibiting IAA transport to the tiller bud and allowing cytokinins to accumulate there preferentially.

Highly regenerative tissue cultures from axillary tiller buds of sexually mature oat plants (Avena sativa L.)

Competent tissue cultures were initiated from axillary tiller buds and immature leaves of two cultivars ofAvena sativa L. and cultured on agar nutrient medium containing 2 mg/l of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1 mg/l benzyladenine. Using a technique of selective excision and subculturing of the shoot-forming tissues and rejecting the root-froming tissues, we regenerated numerous plants either on hormone-free medium or by allowing the subculture with hormone to age under usual culture-room light conditions.

Effects of applied nitrogen on grass yield, nitrogen content, tillers and leaves in field swards

SummaryEffects of three levels of N application and four intervals between harvests on field swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were studied during 6-week periods in summer and spring. Ryegrass was compared with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in spring and autumn.An increase in the interval between harvests from 1 to 6 weeks allowed a larger, positive response to applied N to develop in respect of dry-matter yield, weight per tiller, and leaf blade and sheath length. Response to N was expressed more in terms of larger leaf blades than in a larger number of tillers. Tall fescue leaf blade size was increased more than that of ryegrass by a period of uninterrupted growth in May.Within 1 week of its application, N had increased the N content of both emerging and dying leaf blades and had increased the width and reduced the weight per unit area of the emerging blades. The positive effect of N on blade width (and on blade length where uninterrupted growth was allowed) and its negative effect on weight per unit area were ‘carried through’ the sward, to be recorded a second time when that generation of blades had become the dying blades.Applied N increased the number of tillers, the rate of emergence of new tillers, the proportion of tiller buds which developed into tillers, and the proportion of relatively young tiller buds which developed.

The development of winter wheat in the field. 1. Relation between apical development and plant morphology within and between seasons

SUMMARYMain-stem apical development and its inter-relations with other aspects of plant morphology were studied in seven field crops of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL., cv. Maris Huntsman).Apical primordia were produced slowly in autumn and winter, then faster in spring as the weather became warmer. Spikelets were initiated about three times as fast as leaves. Leaf initiation ended at around the time that tiller bud initiation stopped. Apical dome length and diameter both increased during leaf initiation, reached a maximum at double ridges and then decreased. Double ridges appeared when very nearly 50% (range 49–52%) of the final number of spikelets was present. Spikelet initiation ended a few days after the first florets were initiated and when stem extension began, but usually before the stem apex rose above the soil. Floret initiation finished at about the time that the flag leaf appeared. Throughout tillering there was a strong association between tiller emergence and leaf appearance.There were considerable differences between seasons in the timing of developmental events on the apices of main stems, but a difference in sowing date of 5 months was reduced to little more than 1 month in the timing of anthesis and the maximum numbers of organs varied only slightly with sowing date.

Estimates of free and bound indole-3-acetic acid and zeatin levels in relation to regulation of apical dominance and tiller release in oat shoots

Oat stem segments containing quiescent lateral (tiller) buds during times of strong apical dominance, and growing buds released from this inhibition, were collected for analysis of native auxin and cytokinins. Free IAA and IAA conjugates were determined by a14C-IAA and14C-IBA double isotope dilution assay. Free zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (Z-r), and their glucoside conjugates were purified from butanol-soluble fractions by means of a cellulose phosphate exchanger and thin-layer chromatography. Hormones were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results of these analyses indicate that changes in free and bound IAA within the stem do not correlate well with the release of tiller buds (as brought about by decapitation, gravistimulation, or the emergence of the inflorescence). However, increases in Z-r levels are well correlated with tiller release. The glucoside conjugate of Z-r may act as a storage form of cytokinin in quiescent tiller buds. In light of these results, we find that the auxin-cytokinin ratio in oat stem segments is shifted during tiller

Regrowth of perennial ryegrass as affected by simulated leaf sheaths

SUMMARYSimulating the accumulation of dead leaf sheaths in perennial ryegrass by masking the tiller bases increased leaf and sheath length and tiller weight but decreased tiller production. Exposure of previously masked tiller bases or stripping back the subtending leaf and sheath to expose the tiller bud in its axil stimulated tiller production. A photomorphogenic effect is postulated which controls the partitioning of dry matter between the growth of new leaf and sheath tissue on existing tillers, and the development of new tillers from tiller buds.

Rates of Leaf and Tiller Production in Young Spaced Perennial Ryegrass Plants in Relation to Soil Temperature and Solar Radiation

In an experiment designed to investigate the rate of leaf appearance and tiller production in young spaced plants of three clones of perennial ryegrass grown in the field, it was found that the rate of leaf appearance per tiller increased linearly with mean soil temperature up to approx. 14 °C. The rate of production of tillers in relation to the rate of leaf appearance (site filling) appeared to be virtually independent of weather conditions. In plants which were adequately established, but still relatively small, site filling was equal to or exceeded the theoretical steady state; all the tiller buds which were being formed were developing into visible tillers. Thus the relative rate of tiller production was controlled by the rate of leaf appearance. In larger plants site filling was less complete, and site redundancies were probably caused by within-plant competition for light at the tiller bases.

オーチャードグラスの出穂制御に関する研究 : X.母茎の春化が分げつ芽の出穂に及ぼす影響,ならびにその栄養系間差異

オーチャードグラスの出穂制御に関する研究 : X.母茎の春化が分げつ芽の出穂に及ぼす影響,ならびにその栄養系間差異

Leaf and tiller growth ofLolium perenneandAgrostisspp. and leaf appearance rates ofTrifolium repensin set-stocked and rotationally grazed hill pastures

Abstract Growth components of Lotium perenne and Agrostis spp. tillers and Trifolium repens stolon apices were compared for one year under set stocking and rotational grazing with sheep on hill pastures which had had low and high levels of fertiliser input. Leaf appearance rates of L. perenne and Agrostis spp. were unaffected by grazing management or fertiliser level. Leaf appearance in T. repens was also largely unaffected by treatments except in summer when rotational grazing allowed some relief from defoliation stresses and leaf appearance rates were greater than under set stocking during 3 grazing rotations. T. repens leaf appearance rates were slower in winter and increased later in spring than the grasses. For most of the year, tiller bud development in L. perenne was well below the maximum possible because of mutual shading in dense swards (mean total tiller density 29700 tillers/m2 under set stocking and 20 l00/m2 under rotational grazing). L. perenne lamina lengths, tiller lengths, and leaf extension rates were approximately twice those of Agrostis spp. Leaf extension rates were faster under rotational grazing for L. perenne and Agrostis spp. but tiller densities of both species were greater under set stocking. Total leaf growth per unit area is, therefore, likely to be similar under both managements. Slightly greater L. perenne growth and less Agrostis spp. growth per unit area under rotational grazing than under set stocking is indicated by a comparison of individual tiller growth and tiller density data. The results are discussed in relation to published findings from the same systems.