Tigray Ethiopia Research Articles

Application of Rhizobium inoculants and Phosphorus fertilizer for effective nodulation of Chickpea at T/koraro Tigray Ethiopia

This study was conducted over the 2015 and 2016 main cropping seasons under rain-fed conditions at T/koraro in the North Western Zone of Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. The objective was to evaluate the impact of different fertilizer treatments on chickpea agronomic performance and soil properties. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments: T1 (control without inoculant), T2 (50 kg DAP), T3 (50 kg DAP + CP inoculant), and T4 (CP inoculant + compost), each replicated three times. Composite soil samples were collected and analyzed for texture, pH, EC, organic carbon, available phosphorus, and CEC before planting. Agronomic data collected included biomass yield, grain yield, days to 50% emergency and flowering, plant height, number of nodules, and harvest index. Results showed that treatments significantly affected soil properties and chickpea growth parameters. T4 (CP inoculant + compost) produced the highest biomass (4412.3 kg/ha) and grain yield (2015.0 kg/ha), indicating a 40.03% increase over the control. The number of nodules per plant was highest in T4, emphasizing the role of phosphorus and inoculants in enhancing nitrogen fixation and plant growth. Days to 50% emergency and flowering were reduced in treated plots, suggesting an accelerated growth rate due to nutrient availability. Plant height and the number of pods per plant were positively influenced by the application of compost and DAP fertilizer. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and LSD tests confirmed significant differences between treatments at a 5% significance level. The study concludes that the combined application of compost and CP inoculant significantly improves chickpea yield and soil health, offering a sustainable approach to crop production in the region.

Review on Environmental Impact of Unsafe Dairy Waste Disposal in Maychew Town of Southern Zone of Tigray Ethiopia

Review on Environmental Impact of Unsafe Dairy Waste Disposal in Maychew Town of Southern Zone of Tigray Ethiopia

Postpartum Weight Change in Relation to Pre-Pregnancy Weight and Gestational Weight Gain in Women in Low-Income Setting: Data from the KITE Cohort in the Northern Part of Ethiopia.

(1) Background: Postpartum weight may increase compared to pre-pregnancy due to weight retention or decrease due to weight loss. Both changes could pose deleterious effects on maternal health and subsequent pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess postpartum weight change and its associated factors. (2) Methods: A total of 585 women from the KIlte-Awlaelo Tigray Ethiopia (KITE) cohort were included in the analysis. (3) Results: The mean pre-pregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy were 19.7 kg/m2 and 10.8 kg, respectively. At 18 to 24 months postpartum, the weight change ranged from −3.2 to 5.5 kg (mean = 0.42 kg [SD = 1.5]). In addition, 17.8% of women shifted to normal weight and 5.1% to underweight compared to the pre-pregnancy period. A unit increase in weight during pregnancy was associated with higher weight change (β = 0.56 kg, 95% CI [0.52, 0.60]) and increased probability to achieve normal weight (AOR = 1.65, 95% CI [1.37, 2.00]). Food insecurity (AOR = 5.26, 95% CI [1.68, 16.50]), however, was associated with a shift to underweight postpartum. Interestingly, high symptoms of distress (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI [0.03, 0.48]) also negatively impacted a change in weight category. (4) Conclusions: In low-income settings such as northern Ethiopia, higher weight gain and better mental health during pregnancy may help women achieve a better nutritional status after pregnancy and before a possible subsequent pregnancy.

Experience of nutritional counselling in a nutritional programme in HIV care in the Tigray region of Ethiopia using the socio-ecological model

BackgroundIn many resource-poor settings, nutritional counselling is one of the key components of nutrition support programmes aiming to improve nutritional and health outcomes amongst people living with HIV. Counselling methods, contents and recommendations that are culturally appropriate, locally tailored and economically affordable are essential to ensure desired health and nutritional outcomes are achieved. However, there is little evidence showing the effectiveness of counselling in nutritional programmes in HIV care, and the extent to which counselling policies and guidelines are translated into practice and utilised by people with HIV suffering from undernutrition. This study aimed to explore these gaps in the Tigray region of Ethiopia.Methods and participantsA qualitative study was conducted in Tigray region Ethiopia between May and August 2016. Forty-eight individual interviews were conducted with 20 undernourished adults living with HIV and 15 caregivers of children living with HIV enrolled in a nutritional programme in three hospitals, as well as 11 health providers, and 2 programme managers. Data analysis was undertaken using the Framework approach and guided by the socio-ecological model. Qualitative data analysis software (QSR NVivo 11) was used to assist data analysis. The study findings are presented using the consolidated criteria for the reporting of qualitative research (COREQ).ResultThe study highlighted that nutritional counselling as a key element of the nutritional programme in HIV care varied in scope, content, and length. Whilst the findings clearly demonstrated the acceptability of the nutritional counselling for participants, a range of challenges hindered the application of counselling recommendations in participants’ everyday lives. Identified challenges included the lack of comprehensiveness of the counselling in terms of providing advice about the nutritional support and dietary practice, participants’ poor understanding of multiple issues related to nutrition counselling and the nutrition programme, lack of consistency in the content, duration and mode of delivery of nutritional counselling, inadequate refresher training for providers and the absence of socioeconomic considerations in nutritional programme planning and implementation. Evidence from this study suggests that counselling in nutritional programmes in HIV care was not adequately structured and lacked a holistic and comprehensive approach.ConclusionNutritional counselling provided to people living with HIV lacks comprehensiveness, consistency and varies in scope, content and duration. To achieve programme goal of improved nutritional status, counselling guidelines and practices should be structured in a way that takes a holistic view of patient’s life and considers cultural and socioeconomic situations. Additionally, capacity development of nutritional counsellors and health providers is highly recommended to ensure counselling provides assistance to improve the nutritional well-being of people living with HIV.

Production Efficiency of Sorghum: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in Kafta-Humera District Tigray Ethiopia

Efficiency is an important factor for increasing productivity which leads to increase market output to achieve the goal of food security. In economics where resources are scarce and opportunities to use new technologies are limited, increasing efficiency remains the most reasonable means to raise productivity without necessarily developing new technologies or increasing the resource base. So, this study aimed to investigate level of production efficiency, factors affecting production inefficiency of sorghum small holder farmers in Kafta-humera district of Tigray Ethiopia. A two stage sampling technique was used to select 289 sample farmers who were interviewed using a semi- structured questionnaire to obtain data pertaining to sorghum production during the year 2016/2017.Stochastic production frontier model was used to identify production efficiency levels, where as Tobit models was used to estimate factors affecting production efficiency levels. Accordingly, the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.01%, 65.21% and 39.91% respectively. This implies that output can be increased by 21.99% or cost can be reduced by 34.79% with the existing level of technology and resources. Input variables such as land, labor, tractor plow power, chemicals, DAP and Urea fertilizers positively affects production of sorghum. The discrepancy ratio (γ) implied that about 91.91% of the variation in sorghum production was attributed to technical inefficiency effects. Tobit model revealed that age, education, non-farm income, credit, extension service and training positively and significantly affected technical efficiency while age square and total livestock holding had negatively and significantly affected. Additionally, age square, education and frequency of farm visit positively and significantly affected allocative efficiency, while age, non-farm income, credit and extension contact have a negative and significant affect. Economic efficiency was positively and significantly affected by age, education, non-farm income, credit, extension contact and frequencies of farm visit but negatively affected by age square. These indicate that there is a room to increase in production efficiency of sorghum in the study area. Therefore, government authorities and other concerned bodies should take into consideration the above mentioned demographic, socioeconomic and institutional factors to increase efficiency of sorghum.

From section to landscape(s): reconstructions of environmental and landscape changes for the past 8000 years around the site of Wakarida (Ethiopia) using chronostratigraphy

In Northern Tigray (Ethiopia), the combined presence in the valley bottoms of sedimentary fills several meters thick and of archaeological remains of human settlements (homes, camps) raises the question of the socio-environmental processes at the origin of these deposits and their interactions with human populations. However, in certain (national, legislative) contexts, it can be difficult to apply very advanced techniques or to perform a large number of analyses. This paper shows that a chronostratigraphic approach based on laser granulometry, loss on ignition and radiocarbon dating provides satisfactory answers to the main geoarchaeological questions. Our specific objective was to reconstruct the landscape and environmental changes in the region around the Wakarida archaeological site, based on the sedimentary deposits in the valley bottoms. These deposits are now cultivated by the inhabitants, thanks to the construction of agricultural terraces in the 20th century. Archaeological excavations unearthed an urban settlement at Wakarida which dates from the classical Aksumite (150–400/450 AD) and post-Aksumite (800/850 AD) periods, and traces of earlier archaeological occupations (pre- and proto-Aksumite periods, 800–50 BC) in the study area. These remains raise questions about the influence of societies on their environment. A method based on a combination of fieldwork, sedimentological analyses and dating was used to answer these questions. This chronostratigraphic study is partially based on the identification of chronological inversions, revealing ablation and depositional phases in the sedimentary cascades, which have to be taken into account to understand the evolution of the site. We identified several phases in the establishment of the present-day landscape around the Wakarida site. During the Northgrippian (Early Holocene), the valleys were progressively filled by low-energy alluvial and/or colluvial processes. During the Meghalayan (Middle Holocene), ablation processes alternated with depositions resulting from climatic processes and possible anthropogenic influences. From the 1st millennium BC, the impact of the population on its environment (deforestation) has resulted in chronological inversions in the deposits, particularly around the 14th and 17th centuries AD.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Cervical Cancer Screening and Associated Factors Among Women Aged 15-49 Years in Adigrat Town, Northern Ethiopia, 2019: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundCervical cancer, mainly attributed to persistent infection with a high-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV), is one of the most common types of women’s cancer globally, with more than 90% of new cases occurring in developing and resource-limited countries. In Ethiopia, cervical cancer ranks as the most frequent cancer among women and cause for 4732 deaths annually.ObjectiveTo assess knowledge, attitude, practice towards screening on cervical cancer and associated factors among women aged 15–49 years in Adigrat town, northern Tigray Ethiopia.MethodsA community based quantitative study design was conducted among 617 samples in Adigrat town, northern Tigray Ethiopia. Data were collected using a structured, semi-structured, and pre-tested questionnaire. Associations between dependent and independent variables were tested using logistic regression with the assumptions of p-values <0.05 and confidence interval 95% and considered to be statistically significant.ResultsThis study indicated that 46.4%, 53.3%, 38.1% of participants had knowledge, positive attitude, and screened on cervical cancer, respectively. Diploma and above [AOR=3.7, 95% CI (1.443, 9.433) were significant factors associated with knowledge of cervical cancer screening utilization. Primary school (1–8) [AOR=2.7, 95% CI (1.297, 5.699)], greater than 500 ETB household income [AOR = 4.8, 95% CI (2.783, 8.577)] were significant factors associated with attitude of cervical cancer screening utilization. Secondary school (9–12) [AOR = 3.4, 95% CI (1.565, 7.458)], not knowledgeable of cervical cancer [AOR = 1.8, 95% CI (1.156, 2.698)] were significant factors associated with practice of cervical cancer screening utilization.ConclusionFactors like age, educational status, anyone knowing with cervical cancer and ever received cancer information had a significant association with knowledge of cervical cancer screening utilization. Educational status and perceived income of the household had a significant association with an attitude of cervical cancer screening utilization. Educational status perceived income of the household, anyone knowing with cervical cancer, ever received cancer information, and knowledge of cervical cancer screening utilization were predictors of cervical cancer screening practice.

Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and risk of still birth in hospitals of Tigray region Ethiopia

BackgroundPregnancy may represent a time of exceptional vulnerability to intimate partner violence because of changes in women’s conditions. Despite the fact that intimate partner violence during pregnancy confers considerable risk to the health of the woman and her fetus, data regarding to association of stillbirth and intimate partner violence is lacking in Tigray region. The objective of this study is to assess intimate partner violence during pregnancy and its association with still birth among postpartum mothers in hospitals in Tigray Region of Ethiopia.MethodsCross-sectional study design was used to assess 648 women about intimate partner violence during pregnancy and its association with still birth. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select health facilities and systematic sampling was used to select the study participants. Data was entered by using Epi info version 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression analysis was done to assess the association between exposure to intimate partner violence during pregnancy and stillbirth while adjusting for possible confounders.ResultsThe prevalence of still birth was 3.6%in this study population. There was a statistically significant association between exposure to intimate partner violence during pregnancy and still birth. Pregnant women who were exposed to intimate partner violence during pregnancy were three times more likely to have still birth 3.3(95% CI: 1.1–9.7) as compared to those who were not exposed. Another important factor associated with stillbirth was low birthweight 16.7(95% CI,6–46).ConclusionsThe prevalence of still birth in this study was high. Women who subjected to intimate partner violence during pregnancy had greater risk of having stillbirth baby.

Enhancing health facility-based data quality and use for decision making at primary health care units to improve health service delivery of maternal newborn child and adolescent health, Tigray Ethiopia 2018

Objective: information use is fundamental for evidence based decision making but data quality and information use in health facility is limited in low and middle income countries. Therefore, a facility based cross sectional using mixed approach was conducted to assess data quality and use for decision making in 12 selected health facilities of Tigray, Ethiopia, 2018.

Evaluation of Sesame Yield and Yield Component under Different NPSZnB Fertilizer Rates in Western Tigray, Ethiopia

Sesame is one of the most popular oil crops in the Western Tigray Ethiopia. Blended fertilizers containing N, P, S, Zn and B have been recommended to ameliorate site specific nutrient deficiencies in different districts of Tigray. Field experiment was conducted during rainfall season of 2018 and 2019 to study the effect of NPSZnB fertilizer on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in vertisols of Western Tigray at the Humera station, Banat and Kebabo Kafta Humera and Tsegede Wereda’s. The treatments consisted of six levels of NPSZnB 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1 and one blanket recommendation NP was applied. Data were recorded on sesame yield and yield components. The results revealed that addition of graded rate of NPSZnB significantly increased yield and yield attributes over the control. Analysis of variances showed that grain yield, number of capsule per plant, number of seeds per capsule and number of branching per plant was significant differences at (P&lt; 0.001). Grain yield increases from 421 kg ha-1 to 630.1 kg ha-1 as NPSZnB increases from 0 (control) to 150 kg ha-1 and 421 kg ha-1 to 626.2 kg ha-1 as NP increases from 0 (control) to 41 N kg and 46 P205 kg ha-1 respectively. But NPSZnB was not significant with blanket recommendation of NP (41 kg N and 46 kg P205 ha-1), this indicates that either the blend or blanket NP can be used but not one to replace the other.

Effects of improved practices on grain sorghum stalk borer and weeds: case studies from three regions of Ethiopia

We conducted three different on farm experiments in three major sorghum producing areas of Ethiopia to find solutions to major grain sorghum pests (weeds and stalk borer) prevailing in the respective areas. These were: 1) effect of integrated technologies to control grain sorghum stalk borer, 2) screening early maturing grain sorghum varieties that could tolerate stalk borer, and 3) weeding effect on sorghum yield. These experiments were conducted on farm and demonstrated to farmers in south Tigray, west Hararghe and south west Ethiopia, respectively. In south Tigray, we found that grain sorghum yield increased by 68% (5600 kg ha−1). Whereas, among the five varieties introduced in west Hararghe, Gedo variety outstripped, and gave the highest yield (2162 kg ha−1) but, notably, with the highest infestation of stalk borer. In southwest Ethiopia, about three-fold yield increment was obtained by hand-removing weeds and applying 100 kg ha −1 DAP and urea. Applied the same amount and types of fertilizers, but without removing the weeds, resulted in total crop failure because broad-leaved weeds might have competed for nutrients and light and suppressed the crop. We conclude that weeds and stalk borer are significantly reducing grain sorghum yield in the respective areas, but they can be managed with integrated approaches to potentially enhance sorghum grain yield.

Response of Primary Production and Physiochemical Properties to Nutrients: A Mesocosm Experiment

Eutrophication is one of the major problems facing aquatic systems over the world. Currently, nutrient inputs to aquatic ecosystems have been studied in different parts of the globe. In the present study, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dissolved nutrients on primary production and physicochemical properties of tap water in Mekelle Tigray Ethiopia. Four containers with four replicate water samples were collected from a Mekelle canal and one was enriched with Nitrogen (N), one with phosphorous (P), one with both nutrients, one control without any nutrients added. Data on primary production and physiochemical properties of canal water were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with R-software. The result shows that the effect of N and P input on primary production and physiochemical properties of the mesocosm experiment were statistically significant. In particularly, Nitrogen was the limiting factor in the net primary production, periphyton, pH and dissolved oxygen of the water. According to the result of this experiment, it is important to do further investigation for better understanding the effect of nutrient input on an aquatic ecosystem

Phytochemical and Biochemical Compostion of Wild Honey A Case Study in Estern Zone Areas in Tigray Ethiopia

The study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical and biochemical composition of wild honey available in different were das of eastern zone of Tigray The Moisture and ash contents of the samples had average values of plusmn g g and plusmn g g respectively The protein contents ranged between and g g with a mean of plusmn g g while fat content lied between and g g with a mean of plusmn g g Total carbohydrate contents and Energy values showed average values of plusmn g g and plusmn KJ g respectively Fructose contents have an average of plusmn g g while glucose contents had a mean value of plusmn g g The sucrose contents of the honey samples had a mean value of plusmn g g Total polyphenols and vitamin C contents showed mean values of plusmn mg Gallic Acid Equivalent GAE g and plusmn mg g respectively The results of this study indicate that the samples compare favorably with samples in many parts of the world and also fall within the limits of international standards Due to this high honey production potential of the study area for apiculture and good quality standard of honey it is advised to exploit the potential for export market with better intervention More study is also required to characterize the honeybees of the area and major pests and diseases of economic importance

Complications of Instrumental Vaginal Deliveries and Associated Factors in Suhul General Hospital, Shire, North-West Tigray, Ethiopia

Instrumental vaginal delivery is a key element of essential obstetric care, and scaling up its use in resource poor countries through training and supply of appropriate equipment is likely to contribute significantly to reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality and objective of the study was to assess complications of instrumental vaginal delivery and associated factors. A two years retrospective cross sectional analytical study was conducted from July 2013 to June 2015 in the obstetric department of Shire, Suhul General Hospital, North-West zone, Tigray Ethiopia. Records of 357 mothers managed with operative vaginal delivery were retrieved, 224 (62.7%) were rural residents. Low instrumental vaginal delivery was the most common type of practiced station (208, 58.3%) but mid instrumental delivery is highly associated with complications [AOR 95% CI 12.2 (4.79-31, 4)]. Fetal distress was the most common indication of operative vaginal deliveries, 158 (44.3%) as well as the commonest cause of low 1st minute Apgar score, 97 (54.8%). More than half of mothers were assisted with forceps, 187 (52.4%), and it was the, commonest cause for perineal tear (67.4%) and significantly associated with feto maternal complications [AOR 95% CI 1.73 (1.07-2.80)]. Even though forceps had higher maternal complications, vacuum extraction has higher fetal complications. We conclude that obstructed labor (OL), mid pelvic instrument application, increases in birth weight and forceps application were significantly associated with feto maternal complications.

Phytochemical and Biochemical Composition of Wild Honey A Case Study in Eastern Zone Areas in Tigray Ethiopia

The study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical and biochemical composition of wild honey available in different were das of eastern zone of Tigray. The Moisture and ash contents of the samples had average values of 16.00 ± 2.19 g/100 g and 0.47 ± 0.09 g/100 g, respectively. The protein contents ranged between 0.35 and 1.08 g/100 g with a mean of 0.67 ± 0.25 g/100 g while fat content lied between 0.10 and 0.50 g/100 g with a mean of 0.29 ± 0.11 g/100 g. Total carbohydrate contents and Energy values showed average values of 82.30 ± 2.03 g/100 g and 1,401.33 ± 33.71 KJ/100 g, respectively. Fructose contents have an average of 38.94 ± 0.90 g/100 g, while glucose contents had a mean value of 31.65 ± 2.79 g/100 g. The sucrose contents of the honey samples had a mean value of 1.84 ± 0.79 g/100 g. Total polyphenols and vitamin C contents showed mean values of 65.31 ± 19.50 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100 g and 21.15 ± 3.99 mg/100 g, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the samples compare favorably with samples in many parts of the world and also fall within the limits of international standards. Due to this high honey production potential of the study area for apiculture and good quality standard of honey, it is advised to exploit the potential for export market with better intervention. More study is also required to characterize the honeybees of the area and major pests and diseases of economic importance.

Phytochemical and Biochemical Composition of Wild Honey A Case Study in Eastern Zone Areas in Tigray Ethiopia

Phytochemical and Biochemical Composition of Wild Honey A Case Study in Eastern Zone Areas in Tigray Ethiopia

Determination of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Vegetables Consumed in Mekelle Tigray Ethiopia

Vegetables are widely consumed in Mekelle and imported from different regions and zones of the countries. This study was performed to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of vegetables commonly consumed in Mekelle. Kale, carrot, cabbage and barcoli were used in the study. This research studies in detail the contents of phenolic compounds determined by the Folin−Ciocalteu reagent and the antioxidant activities determined by DPPH (using diphenyl-p-picrylhydrazyl radical). Among all vegetables kale showed highest phenolic content followed by barcoli, cabbage and carrot and the highest antioxidant activity were barcoli followed by kale, cabbage and carrot which was expressed in % of DPPH consumption after 30 minutes of reaction. The data shows the importance of antioxidant activity of vegetables in the diet.

Occupational Risks and Hazards Exposure, Knowledge of Occupational Health and Safety Practice and Safety Measures among Workers of Sheba Leather Plc, Wukro, Tigray Ethiopia

Background: Working in an industry is full of potential risks and hazards that can be mitigated through proper occupational health and safety practices or adoption of safety precautionary measures and use of personal protective equipments among workers. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate exposure to occupational risks and hazards, knowledge of occupational health and safety practices, safety precautionary measures and use of protective equipments among workers at Sheba Leather Company. Method: A close-ended structured questionnaire adapted and modified from the Weymouth and Portland health and safety questionnaire was used to investigate health and safety of the workplace. The questionnaire consists of four sections which sought information on workers sociodemographic characteristics, occupational risks and hazards exposure, knowledge of occupational health and safety practices and safety precautionary measures and use of personal protective equipments among workers. Sample of convenience was used to recruit a total of 231 workers at the Sheba Leather Company Plc Maiduguri. Result: It is a male dominated workplace comprising of 226(97.8%) males with mean age 25.2±7.1 years. About 50.6% of the participants were permanent staff, while 43.3% had a diploma. Exposure to occupational risks and hazards in this leather company was majorly moderate among workers (48.5%) with (24.7%) high exposure among workers. Significant association was found between occupational risks and hazards exposure and age (p 0.05) and educational status of the participants (p>0.05). The workers have a good level of knowledge of occupational health and safety practices (66.7%). Significant association was found between knowledge of occupational risks and hazards, age (p=0.05) and educational status (p<0.001). Participants in this bottling company also have good adoption of safety precautionary measures and use of personal protective equipments. Conclusion: The study revealed more than a quarter of the workers were exposed to high occupational risks and hazards exposure among workers at the Sheba Leather Company Plc. Also majority of the workers have good knowledge of occupational health and safety practice with good adoption of safety precautionary measures and use of personal protective equipments. It is recommended that government should enforce compliance to health and safety measures in industries so as to minimize to minimum the level of occupational risks and hazards. In the same light government and supervising institutions should enforce compliance to occupational health and safety measures in the industries.

Phytochemical andAntimicrobial Potentials Leaves Extract of Eucalyptus Globulus Oil from Maichew Tigray Ethiopia

The extracts for phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity were carried out on dried fresh leaves, Eucalyptus globulus using water as solvent. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that the plant parts contained saponins, tannins, phenols and glycosides. The disc diffusion method was adopted for the antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts. The antimicrobial activity test of the plant extracts on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis showed that water extracts had inhibitory activity on all the tested organisms. The results obtained from this study revealed that extracts of Eucalyptus globules possess antimicrobial activities against some microorganism that causes diseases.

Retrospective Assessment of Malnutrition among Under-five Children in Ayder Referral Hospital, Tigray Ethiopia

Currently worldwide there are about 60 million children with moderate acute and 13 million with severe acute malnutrition. About 9% of sub-Saharan African and 15%of south Asian children have moderate acute malnutrition and about 2% of children in developing countries have severe acute malnutrition. The objective of aim the study was&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;to assess the magnitude of malnutrition in under five children in Ayder referral hospital using a retrospective cross-sectional study design. This study showed that male children, 168(58.1%), were higher than female, 121(41.9%).. Majority, 133(46%), were in the age group b/n 12 to 24 months .More than half, 186(64.4%) were rural dwellers. The types of malnutrition identified were Marasmus, kwashiorkor, Marasmic kwash and underweight which account for 116(40.1%), 69(23.9%), 54(18.7%) and 50(17.5%) respectively. Marasmus was the predominant type of malnutrition in all age groups of under five malnourished children with prevalence of 40.1% where as underweight was the prevalent type of malnutrition (17.3%). More over the infant feeding practices such as exclusive breast feeding, timely initiation of complementary feeding, and having history of breast feeding once in their life during infancy were relatively higher among the children as compared with other studies.