TiC Powders Research Articles

Characterization of hot‐pressed ZrC–TiC composites

AbstractSynthesis and consolidation of (Zr,Ti)C were investigated in the present work. ZrC–TiC powder mixture was synthesized at 1650°C for 90 min by the carbothermal method. The prepared powder mixture was hot‐pressed at 1800 C for 60 min under a pressure of 40Mpa and then heat‐treated at 2100 C for 60 min. There were ZrC‐rich and TiC‐rich phases together with zirconium oxide phases in powder mixture and hot‐pressed samples, while there were no oxide phases in the heat‐treated sample and only ZrC‐rich and TiC‐rich phases were present in the sample. The FESEM image of the fracture surface of the samples shows that the porosity of the samples decreases with increasing temperature. Relative density, microhardness, and flexural strength increased from 93.8% to 98.6%, from 15.26 to 21.41 GPa, and from 185.02 to 220.69 MPa, respectively, with increasing temperatures from 1800 C to 2100 C. In contrast to these properties, the fracture toughness of the samples was reduced from 3.71 to 3.47 MPa·m1/2. The investigation of oxidation behavior also showed that oxidation is influenced by oxygen diffusion and exhibits nonlinear behavior as a function of time. With increasing oxidation temperature of hot‐pressed and heat‐treated samples from 600 to 1000°C, parabolic oxidation rate constants (kp) increased from .267 to 11.793 and from .367 to 10.993, respectively.

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of AlN–TiC powder composition using sodium azide and C2F4 fluoroplastic

Producing powder compositions using conventional processing technology can lead to the formation of large agglomerates and, therefore, makes it difficult to obtain a uniform microstructure. The production of composites by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis can reduce costs and the number of technological stages, as well as lead to obtaining composites that are more homogeneous. Synthesis by the combustion of mixtures of powder reagents of sodium azide (NaN3), fluoroplastic (C2F4), aluminum and titanium with different ratios of reagents in a nitrogen gas atmosphere at a pressure of 4MPa was used for the production of a highly dispersed powder ceramic AlN–TiC composition. Thermodynamic calculations have confirmed the possibility of synthesis of AlN–TiC compositions of different formulations in combustion mode. The dependences of temperature and combustion rate on the composition of the initial mixtures of reagents were experimentally determined for all stoichiometric reaction equations. The study have shown that the experimentally found dependences of combustion parameters on the ratio of the initial components correspond to the theoretical results of thermodynamic calculations. The formulation of the synthesized composition differs from the theoretical composition by a lower content of target phases and the formation of Al2O3, Na3AlF6 and TiO2 side phases. The powder composition consists of aluminum nitride fibers with a diameter of 100–250nm and ultradisperse particles of predominantly equiaxed and lamellar shapes with a particle size of 200–600nm. As the combustion temperature increases to produce the largest amount of titanium carbide phase, the particle size increases to the micron level.

Processing and microstructure development of reactive sintered (Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta)B2 + (Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta)C high-entropy ceramics

A novel dual-phase (Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta)B2 + (Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta)C high-entropy, compositionally complex composite was synthesized by reactive spark plasma sintering using commercial ZrB2, NbB2, HfB2, TaB2 and TiC powders as starting materials. The composite with high density, consists predominantly of boride (∼39.7 vol%) and carbide (∼56.4 vol%) phases and with residual amount of (Hf-Zr)O2. The microstructure is homogenous and relatively fine due to the reaction and solid solution coupling effect with average grain sizes of 3.4 μm and 2.2 μm of the boride and carbide phases, respectively. Large-area SEM analyses confirmed no microcracks or micropore formation and no presence of large grains or clusters. Investigation from micro to nano and atomic level, focused on local chemical composition and spatial distribution of constituent elements, revealed that Ti preferentially dissolves into the boride and all other elements to the carbide phase creating a (Ti0.82Zr0.04Nb0.08Hf0.03Ta0.03)B2 + (Ti0.49Zr0.12Nb0.13Hf0.11Ta0.15)C system. The analysis of grain and phase boundary interfaces revealed a continuous, <1.5 nm wide, segregation of impurity atoms of Fe and Co. Continuous (>20 nm) and atomically flat basal interfacial termination planes (001) decorated with monoatomic Zr enriched layer in the boride phase were observed. Triple points at grain and phase boundaries exhibit metal-rich composition due to impurities from the starting raw powders.

Effect of TiC particle size on the microstructure and properties of CuCr-TiC composites manufactured by powder metallurgy

Poor thermal stability limits the application of CuCr alloys at high temperatures. In this work, non-stoichiometric TiC particles (7 vol%) reinforced CuCr matrix composites were fabricated. The effects of TiC powders with different particle size (1 μm, 2 μm, 4 μm) on the microstructure and properties were studied. The diffusion of supersaturated Ti atoms induced the formation of Cu (Ti) solid solution transition layer at the interface, which improved the interface bonding. Dislocations caused by thermal mismatch promoted heterogeneous nucleation, which led to the precipitation of coarse Cr clusters. The strength and plasticity of composites increased with the reduction of TiC particle size. Strengthening and fracture mechanisms were discussed, and the strength difference was mainly attributed to thermal mismatch strengthening. Meanwhile, TiC particles refined the matrix grains and improved the activation energy of grain growth. The strength and softening temperature of CuCr alloy were 520 MPa and 540 °C, while that of CuCr-1TiC composite were 530 MPa and 915 °C. CuCr-TiC composites displayed much superior thermal stability than the CuCr alloy. These findings provide practical approaches for developing particle-reinforced copper matrix composites with excellent interfacial bonding and thermal stability.

Electromagnetic characterization of MAX phase and MXene in Ti–Al–C ternary system

The present paper set out to investigate the synthesis and electromagnetic characterization of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase and Ti3C2Tx MXene in Ti–Al–C ternary system. In this regard, Ti3AlC2 MAX phase was synthesized using mechanical milling process of TiC, Al, and Ti powder mixtures based on 2TiC–Al–Ti + xAl (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1). The HF acidic etching was also employed to synthesize the Ti3C2Tx MXene. Structural and electromagnetic characterizations of the prepared samples were conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vector network analyzer. The obtained results point to the impossibility of the formation of Ti3AlC2 single-phase structure in stoichiometric system. In other word, development of the Ti3AlC2 single-phase structure is only possible in non-stoichiometric 2TiC–2Al–Ti system. The minimum reflection losses of the prepared Ti3AlC2 MAX phase was estimated to be around −30.73 dB at the matching frequency of 15.25 GHz. The results further revealed that the etching time affects electromagnetic behavior of the MXene. That is, an increase in the etching time brings about a change in the reflection loss (RL) from −24.17 to −5.69 dB within the frequency range of 1–18 GHz.

Effect of SiC and TiC content on microstructure and wear behavior of Ni-based composite coating manufactured by laser cladding on Ti–6Al–4V

The low hardness and poor wear resistance of titanium alloys limit their widespread industrial use. In this study, a composite coating made of Ni60, SiC, and TiC powders using laser cladding technology was used to improve the wear resistance of Ti–6Al–4V (TC4), with the microstructural characteristics, phase style, microhardness, wear behavior, and corrosion resistance studied to clarify the effects of SiC and TiC contents. The experimental results show that the main phases in the composite coatings are TiC, Ti5Si3, and Ti2Ni, which change little with changes in the TiC and SiC content. The prepared composite coatings significantly improved the hardness and wear resistance of the TC4 substrate with the 20% SiC coating showing the lowest wear rate. The main wear mechanisms of the composite coatings were the complex modes of adhesive, abrasive, and oxidative wear, and that of the TC4 substrate was microcutting. The corrosion potential (Ecorr) of TC4 is lower than that of the prepared composite coatings, and the corrosion current (Icorr) of TC4 is also higher. The corrosion resistance of the composite coatings—with intracrystalline corrosion as the primary corrosion mechanism—was better than that of the TC4 substrate.

Study of the Phase Composition and Microstructure of Complex Carbide (Ti, W)C Obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering of WC and TiC Powders

Study of the Phase Composition and Microstructure of Complex Carbide (Ti, W)C Obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering of WC and TiC Powders

Restoration of the Impact Crusher Rotor Using FCAW with High-Manganese Steel Reinforced by Complex Carbides

Abstract A new hardfacing alloy within the Fe-Ti-Nb-Mo-V-C alloying system was utilized to restore the working surfaces of cone crusher rotors using Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). TiC, NbC, Mo2C, VC, Mn, and ferromanganese powders were selected as the base materials for manufacturing the welding wire. The resulting hardfaced layer exhibits a composite structure, with manganese austenite as the matrix and complex solid solution reinforcements with a NaCl structure, closely resembling the formula (Ti0.3Nb0.3Mo0.3)C. The primary advantages of this hardfacing alloy include its capacity for intensive deformation hardening along with high abrasion resistance. The hardness of the hardfaced layer is approximately 47 HRC in the as-deposited state and increases to around 57 HRC after work hardening, surpassing typical hardfacing alloys derived from high manganese steel by about 10 HRC. The efficacy of the alloy was tested in restoring rotors made of Hadfield steel in a PULVOMATIC series crusher model 1145, during the milling of sand-gravel mixtures ranging from 25 to 150 mm into spalls measuring 5 to 20 mm. With an average productivity of approximately 60 tons per hour and a production volume of 300 tons, the utilization of this hardfacing alloy enabled multiple restorations of the rotor while maintaining productivity at a level of 15 thousand tons of spalls.

Effects of WC/TiC addition on the thermodynamic behavior of TiB2-based cermet during sintering process

The heat absorption, weight change and exhaust behavior of TiB2-based cermet powder mixtures with additions of WC, TiC and WC-TiC were analyzed by a simultaneous thermal analyzer coupled with a mass spectrometer (TG/DSC-QMS). Thermodilatometry was used to investigate the densification behavior due to sintering process of cermets. During the sintering process, the order of degassing is: water vapor, CO2 released by the reduction of adsorbed oxygen in the raw material powder, CO and CO2 released by the reduction of surface oxides of Co and Ni powder, WC powder, TiB2 and TiC powder. The addition of WC, TiC and WC-TiC accelerated the reduction of oxides on the surface of Co and Ni powders, and decreased the temperature point of liquid phase formation in TiB2-based cermet. WC and TiC dissolved in liquid CoNi binder and then precipitated on the undissolved TiB2 particles to form a typical core-rim structure during the sintering. This study is expected to lay a solid foundation for the development of high-performance TiB2-based cermets based on TiB2-CoNi, TiB2-WC-CoNi, TiB2-TiC-CoNi and TiB2-WC-TiC-CoNi cermets in the future.

Microstructure and properties of bilayered B4C-based composites prepared by hot-pressing

Bilayered B4C-based composites were prepared by hot-pressing method. One layer was a B4C ceramic layer using C and Ti powders as sintering assistants. The other layer was a B4C ductile layer named as BST layer, in which TiC, Si and Ti mixed powders were added to synthesize Ti3SiC2 phase to improve toughness of B4C. Although XRD results showed that no Ti3SiC2 was found in the BST layer, SEM and EDS analyses proved that trace amount of lamellar Ti3SiC2 structure was observed under high magnification fractographs in the BST layers with additive contents (x) equal to 30 and 40 wt%. Both the flexural strength and fracture toughness of the bilayered B4C-based composite increased with the increase in the amount of additions in the BST layer, reaching optimum values of 550 MPa and 6.6 MPa m1/2 at x = 40 wt%, respectively.

Wetting kinetics of TixMo1-xC in molten Fe and its influence on bicontinuous TixMo1-xC/Fe composite mechanics: Experimental, DFT and ML studies

The TixMo1-xC precursor was rendered porous through PUF foam replication using a slurry of TiC and Mo powders. Mo was incorporated to increase the strength of pressureless sintering (PS). The precursor served as a reinforcement for bicontinuous TixMo1-xC/Fe composites through pressureless infiltration. The interaction between Fe and TixMo1-xC was studied through experimental and theoretical analyses, establishing interfacial adhesion as a key determinant of wettability. At 1550 °C, the TiC/Fe interface exhibits non-reactive wetting, with a contact angle of 9.5°. Addition of 10 wt% Mo escalates interfacial adhesion to 3.768 J/m2 and reduces the contact angle to 9.3° at 1400 °C. TixMo1-xC's precursor has a continuous structure, while composites exhibit slight continuity as predicated by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The morphological classifications of TixMo1-xC/Fe composites were posited. Alteration from TiC to Ti0.95Mo0.05C increases Young's modulus and hardness from 449.74 GPa to 28.58 GPa–520.55 GPa and 32.32 GPa, respectively. Without heat treatment, the tensile strength of composites rises from 125 MPa to 208 MPa. Increased strain energy density increases the prominence of dimples.

Microstructure and performance optimization of laser cladding nano-TiC modified nickel-based alloy coatings

In this study, different alloy powders containing nano-sized TiC were prepared using a combination of mixed ball milling adsorption, electroless Ni-P-TiC, and Ni-B-TiC plating techniques. The effects of different nano-TiC addition methods on the microstructure, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of laser-coated nickel-based self-fusing alloy coatings were comprehensively studied. The effects of the nano-TiC method on the microstructure, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of laser-coated nickel-based self-fusing alloy coatings were comprehensively studied. The results show that agglomerated TiC particles appeared in the coatings prepared with ball-milled powder. In contrast, the coatings produced by introducing nano-sized TiC through the chemical plating methods exhibited a uniform distribution of the TiC phase. The coatings prepared with Ni-B-TiC plating powder showed a bimodal microstructure and most of the TiC particles are distributed at grain boundaries, which hinders grain growth and refines the microstructure of the coating. The corrosion resistance of the Ni2 coating prepared with ball milling adsorbed nano TiC powder shows the best corrosion resistance. The wear resistance of the Ni4 coating prepared with the Ni-B-TiC plating powder was significantly better than that of the other samples. This study provides an effective way to improve the wear or corrosion resistance of laser cladding nickel-based self-fluxable alloy coatings.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC/WC-Reinforced AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloys Prepared by Laser Cladding

By employing the technology of laser cladding, AlCoCrFeNi–TiC20−x/WCx high-entropy alloy coatings (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 is the mass fraction) were fabricated on 316L stainless steel (316Lss). The effects of changes in different mass fractions on the morphology, phase composition, microstructure, microhardness, and corrosion resistance of the composite coatings were studied. This demonstrates that the addition of TiC and WC powder produces an FCC phase in the original BCC phase, the morphology and size of the coatings from top to bottom undergo some changes with x, and the grain size evolution follows a cooling rate law. The evolution of microhardness and corrosion resistance of the coatings exhibit a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with an increase in x. The coatings exhibited their best microhardness and corrosion resistance when x = 15, and their corrosion resistance and microhardness were much better than those of the substrate.

Retracted: Synthesis and Workability Behavior of Cu-X wt.% TiC (x = 0, 4, 8, and 12) Powder Metallurgy Composites.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/8101680.].

Lightweight TiC based cermet fabricated by a pre-solid phase sintering-assisted pressureless infiltration process

This paper introduces a novel process, known as pre-solid phase sintering-assisted pressureless infiltration (PSPS-PI), aimed at addressing issues related to the segregation of hard particles and excessive porosity in the manufacturing of lightweight cermet based on TiC. The PSPS-PI process involves compressing a green TiC powder compact with a minor Ni powder addition, followed by vacuum-based solid-phase sintering to create a fully consolidated TiC preform. This study explores the influence of TiC particle size and Ni content on the microstructure and properties of TiC–Cu composites, conducting a comparison with direct pressureless infiltration (D-PI). The results indicate that the high-melting-point Ni element promotes the formation of sintering necks between TiC and Ni, aiding in the consolidation of TiC particles. The stable skeleton ensures that TiC particles remain in their initial positions during subsequent pressureless infiltration, effectively preventing TiC powder segregation. TiC and Ni create a dissolutive wetting system during pressureless infiltration. The formation of the Ni2SnTi intermetallic compound significantly enhances the wettability with Cu alloy, leading to a reduction in porosity and the occurrence of crack defects within the composite. As particle size decreases, the preform's porosity decreases, resulting in a reduced proportion of soft metal binder and lower residual stress. Consequently, finer TiC powder leads to improved cermet hardness and a reduction in the number of micro-crack defects. In general, PSPS-PI allows for the attainment of low porosity, a uniform microstructure, enhanced hardness, and outstanding wear resistance in the lightweight cermet based on TiC with the appropriate TiC particle size (D50 = 10.2 μm), achieving a remarkable hardness of 642.9 (Hv30) and excellent toughness.

Pulsed laser cladding on IN718 alloy using pre-coated CrCoNi-TiC/SiC powders for enhancing wear resistance

By employing a pulsed laser, laser cladding was performed on IN718 alloy pre-coated with CrCoNi-TiC/SiC powders and three defect-free coatings were prepared successfully. Microstructures of these coatings were subjected to dedicated characterization and well correlated with their surface performances (hardness/wear resistance). The CrCoNi coating was found to be predominantly composed of coarse grains. The addition of TiC and SiC powders will not only generate fine carbides dispersed in the coatings but also lead to the changes of grain and substructure morphologies through modifying the solidification thermodynamics in the cladding zone. The CrCoNi-TiC and the CrCoNi-SiC coatings have average grain sizes of 8.1 ± 7.9 μm and 6.6 ± 5.6 μm, respectively, much smaller than that of the CrCoNi coating (19.3 ± 19.2 μm), indicating effective grain refinement after incorporating such carbides. The average hardness values of CrCoNi-TiC and the CrCoNi-SiC coatings are measured as 315.9 ± 5.3 HV and 321.8 ± 8.6 HV, respectively, considerably higher than those of the CrCoNi coating (265.3 ± 6.9 HV) and the substrate (255.3 ± 4.5 HV). Both the composite coatings also have lower wear rates (6.6 × 10−4 mm3·N−1·m−1 for the CrCoNi-TiC coating and 2.9 × 10−4 mm3·N−1·m−1 for the CrCoNi-SiC coating) than the CrCoNi coating (9.3 × 10−4 mm3·N−1·m−1) and the IN718 substrate (11.1 × 10−4 mm3·N−1·m−1). Based on dedicated microstructural analyses, the synergistic strengthening effects due to grain refinement, second phase particles, and solid solution of alloying elements are found to have contributed to the superior surface performances of both the composite coatings, with the SiC demonstrated to be a more effective additive.

Thermosetting polymer composites: Manufacturing and properties study

Abstract In the proposed study, TiC is used in different sizes (i.e., 70–150 nm and 200–250 μm) and different ratios (e.g., 0, 10, 20, and 30 wt%) to reinforce the epoxy matrix. Micro- or nano-epoxy–TiC mixtures are poured into molds that have been prepared. The results obtained show a significant improvement in hardness, impact, creep, and tensile strength when the hard particles of nano- and micro-TiC are increased up to 20 wt%. This is due to the good dispersion of the TiC powder with minimal agglomeration and air bubbles. In addition, the results obtained show a decrease in hardness, impact, creep, and tensile strength when the ratio of the hard particles of nano- and micro-TiC is increased to 30 wt% due to agglomeration and air bubbles, which create a path for cracks to propagate. The results of the hardness, impact, creep, and tensile strength tests when 20 wt% nano-TiC composite specimens are used are 22.4, 67.55 J·m−2, 0.0132, and 34.7 MPa, respectively. These results show higher values than other composite specimens. A pin-on-disc wear testing process with various sliding lengths is used to analyze wear behavior. The maximum wear resistance of the 10 wt% of micro-epoxy–TiC composites is found at a load of 5 N and a 100 m sliding distance. Optical microscopy shows small scratches on the 10 wt% micro-epoxy–TiC composite specimens in comparison with the 10 wt% nano-epoxy–TiC composites at a load of 5 N and a 200 m sliding distance.

Effects of TiC Powder Characteristics and Sintering Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC–20Mo–10Ni Cermets

Effects of TiC Powder Characteristics and Sintering Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC–20Mo–10Ni Cermets

Carbothermal-sulfurization of TiO2 into Ti2SC MAX phase in TiO2/C/FeS2 ternary system

The conventional method for synthesizing Ti2SC depends on the reaction between TiS and TiC, which requires the utilization of costly Ti, TiC, or TiS2 powders. Utilizing TiO2 as the raw material for the synthesis of Ti2SC enables the cost-effective preparation of this compound. However, the optimization of the TiO2/C/XnSm (sulfides) system is of utmost importance when aiming to synthesize Ti2SC through carbothermal-sulfurization of TiO2, as the formation temperature of TiS and TiC greatly depends on the XnSm. In this study, the identification of the thermodynamically dominant region for the formation of TiS and TiC in the TiO2/C/XnSm systems was conducted by utilizing various sulfides (63 types). Considering factors such as the challenges associated with removing by-products, accessibility, and toxicity, FeS2 was ultimately chosen as a highly promising candidate. Thanks to the low melting point of FeS2, Ti3O5, the preliminary carbothermal reduction product of TiO2, has achieved rapid-deep deoxidation and phase reconstruction processes in the molten phase. Meanwhile, unlike the conventional solid-solid sintering reaction, which often results in residual reactants that are challenging to eliminate. This novel one-step phase transformation process that occurs in the molten phase exhibits minimal impurity phases, apart from the by-product Fe. Ti2SC with a purity greater than 99 wt% was obtained when the TiO2/C/FeS2 was pickled to remove Fe after sintering at 1600 °C for 5 min. This work will provide the theoretical basis and a new path for the low-cost preparation of sulfur-containing MAX phases.

Influence of TiC powder content on wear behaviour of Inconel 625 clads developed by hybrid-mode wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) on EN-8 steel

Inconel 625 was cladded on EN-8 along with the blending of TiC powder (10%, 20%, and 30%) by utilizing the hybrid-mode Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process, with an aim to increase the resistance against abrasive wear of tillage tools. Cladded specimens with maximum blending of 30% TiC showed superior wear resistance owing to higher microhardness and formation of elongated dendrites. However, the coefficient of friction enhanced with the addition of TiC particles. Specimen with oblique orientation showed better wear resistance owing to irregular and stronger grain orientation. Composite clads with TiC blend have been worn out with mixed mode of failure comprising of plastic deformation at Inconel 625 pool sites and no penetration in high TiC content regions.