Bone Of Thumb Research Articles

Determining normal and abnormal reference values for corrective osteotomy for congenital hand malformation: a study on the zone of provisional calcification and bone axis

PurposeThis study aims to establish reference values for the normal bone axis in children to assess the effectiveness of corrective osteotomy procedures and guide the treatment of congenital hand malformations and post-operative axis deviations.MethodsA retrospective study was carried out between January 1, 2022, and October 9, 2024. A total of 192 individuals were included. In both abnormal and normal individuals, we measured the angles within the zone of provisional calcification and the bone axis. The metacarpal, proximal, and distal phalanx of the thumb were measured in both males and females. We calculated the average and standard deviations for both groups. These normal reference values were then compared with the abnormal reference values of patients who had types II and IV polydactyly.ResultsOur work effectively established thorough reference values for the thumb's normal axis. Considering the success of corrective osteotomies in children with congenital deformities depends mostly on these values. In polydactyly type IV, we observed a change in the angle on the side with the axis deviation. Our results highlight the need for an exact preoperative design for thumb reconstruction. It also implies the possibility of choosing the side with little or no axis deviation during operation. This strategic selection can help prevent the need for additional osteotomies or subsequent surgeries.ConclusionEvaluating and preparing corrective osteotomy treatments benefits significantly from the reference values for the proper alignment of the thumb's bones. These results enable surgeons to predict the degree of corrective osteotomy needed, thereby improving postoperative surgical results and patient satisfaction.

Wrist Represent a Complex Anatomical System

The hand and wrist represent a complex anatomical system at the end of the upper limb of the human body, consisting of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons and muscles, nerves and blood vessels. This system allows a person to make very complex and precise movements and gives him the ability to use objects and move objects in space. The hand consists of 27 bones (8 bones of the carpus or metacarpus, 5 bones of the metacarpus or wrist and 14 phalanges or joints of the fingers), and in a broader sense we also include 2 bones of the forearm (radius or thumb bone and ulna). The upper arm bone, the humerus, and the forearm bones, the ulna and the radius, are the starting point for numerous muscles that very precisely move the joints and bones of the hand and wrist. Part of the muscle, the so-called short muscles of the hand, start and catch on the bones of the wrist and hand area. The range of motion in the joints, as well as the direction and position of the tendons next to the bones, is determined by the system of numerous ligaments. All these structures are subject to injuries and diseases caused by excessive use and pressure, as well as degenerative diseases. Numerous systemic diseases of an inflammatory nature and metabolic diseases also show their symptoms in the area of the hand and wrist.

The use of infrared thermography for non-invasive detection of bleeding and musculoskeletal abnormalities in patients with hemophilia: an observational study

BackgroundIn patients with hemophilia (PwH), bleeding often occurs in joints and muscles, and early detection of hemorrhage is important to prevent the onset and progression of mobility impairment. Complex-Image analysis such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are used to detect bleeding. On the other hand, no simple and rapid method to detect the active bleeding has been reported. Local inflammatory responses occur when blood leaks from damaged vessels, and the temperature at the site of active bleeding could be expected to increase in these circumstances, leading to an increase in surrounding skin temperature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the measurement of skin temperature using infrared thermography (IRT) can be used as a diagnostic aid to detect active bleeding.MethodsFifteen PwH (from 6 to 82 years old) complaining of discomfort such as pain were examined. Thermal images were obtained simultaneously at the affected sides and comparable unaffected sides. The average skin temperature of the affected side and of the unaffected side were measured. The temperature differences were calculated by subtracting the average skin temperature at the unaffected side from the affected side.ResultsIn eleven cases with active bleeding, the skin temperature at the affected side was more than 0.3 °C higher (0.3 °C to 1.4 °C) compared to the unaffected side. In two cases without active bleeding, there were no significant differences in skin temperature between the affected and unaffected sides. In two cases with previous rib or thumb bone fracture, the skin temperature at the affected side was 0.3 °C or 0.4 °C lower than that of the unaffected side, respectively. In two cases with active bleeding in which longitudinal evaluation was conducted, the difference in skin temperature decreased after hemostatic treatment.ConclusionThe analysis of skin temperature deference using IRT was a useful supportive tool to readily assess musculoskeletal abnormalities and bleeding in PwH as well as to determine the success of the hemostatic treatment.

EyeCom: an IoT based affordable wearable solution for paralyzed people to interact with machines

The world is innovating rapidly, and there is a need for continuous interaction with technology. Sadly, there do not exist promising options for paralyzed people to interact with the machines, i.e., laptops, smartphones, and tabs. A few commercial solutions such as Google Glasses are costly and cannot be afforded by every paralyzed person for such interaction. Towards this end, the paper proposes a retina-controlled device called EyeCom. The proposed device is constructed from off-the-shelf cost-effective yet robust IoT devices (i.e., Arduino microcontrollers, Xbee wireless sensors, IR diodes, and accelerometer). The device can easily be mounted on to the glasses; the paralyzed person using this device can interact with the machine using simple head movement and eye blinks. The IR detector is located in front of the eye to illuminate the eye region. As a result of illumination, the eye reflects IR light which includes electrical signals. As the eyelids close, the reflected light over the eye surface is disrupted, and the change in reflected value is recorded. Further to enable cursor movement onto the computer screen for the paralyzed person a device named accelerometer is used. The accelerometer is a small device, with the size of phalanges, a human thumb bone. The device operates on the principle of axis-based motion sensing and it can be worn as a ring by a paralyzed person. A microcontroller processes the inputs from the IR sensors, accelerometer and transmits them wirelessly via Xbee wireless sensor (i.e., a radio) to another microcontroller attached to the computer. With the help of a proposed algorithm, the microcontroller attached to the computer, on receiving the signals moves the cursor onto the computer screen and facilitate performing actions, as simple as opening a document to operating a word-to-speech software. EyeCom has features which can help paralyzed persons to continue their contributions towards the technological world and become an active part of the society. Resultantly, they will be able to perform a number of tasks without depending upon others from as simple as reading a newspaper on the computer to activate word-to-voice software.

Some Experience on Thumb Reconstruction Using 3D Printing Technology

We have experience on thumb reconstruction using 3D printing technology in three main aspects. First, 3D printing technology improved accuracy in measuring the reconstructed thumb bone length. Second, we used mirroring technology to obtain the 3D image of normal shape of the injured thumb. Third, we used the bone segment model printed for accurate preoperative design and simulation of the operation. We also used models for preoperative communication. In future work, we plan to focus on the procedures and standardization of the 3D printing technology in thumb reconstruction. We intend to use 3D printing technology in the treatment of congenital hand malformations and to explore micro-3D technology.

Morphometric analysis of articular cartilages of knee joint using MRI

To identify the anatomical basis of entrapment of radial sesamoid bone of thumb into intercondylar notch of first metacarpal head and to reproduce radiographic “overlapping sign” on sesamoid subluxation.Ten human cadaveric hands were dissected to measure the anthropometric parameters of radial sesamoid bone and intercondylar notch of first metacarpal head. Radiographs were taken to identify and to reproduce “overlapping sign” on sesamoid subluxation into intercondylar notch.Intercondylar notch of first metacarpal head was consistently larger than radial sesamoid bone, which allowed the entrapment. Radiographic “overlapping sign” was reproducible when such subluxation occurred.This anatomical study identifies sesamoid subluxation into intercondylar notch as the cause of first metacarpophalangeal joint rotary subluxation. Radiographic “overlapping sign” is diagnostic of this clinical entity and is an important consideration for open reduction.確認拇指橈端種籽骨陷入拇指掌骨頭髁間凹口的解剖依據和重塑X射線照片中在種籽骨半脫位的重疊徵 兆。解剖並量度10隻人類屍手的橈端種籽骨和第一個掌骨頭髁間凹口的參數。 使用X射線照相確認和重塑在種籽骨半脫位進入掌骨頭髁間凹口的“重疊徵兆”。拇指掌骨頭髁間凹口一致地大於橈端種籽骨，能讓種籽骨陷入其中。 當這樣半脫位發生時，X射線照相中“重疊的徵兆”是可重塑的。這項解剖研究確認橈端種籽骨半脫位陷入拇指掌骨頭髁間凹口，可成為拇指指掌關節旋轉式半脫位的起因。 X射線照相中的重疊徵兆是重要的臨床確診手段及考慮手術復位的關鍵。

Cadaveric Study of Locked Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Caused by Entrapment of Radial Sesamoid Bone

Purpose To identify the anatomical basis of entrapment of radial sesamoid bone of thumb into intercondylar notch of first metacarpal head and to reproduce radiographic “overlapping sign” on sesamoid subluxation. Methods Ten human cadaveric hands were dissected to measure the anthropometric parameters of radial sesamoid bone and intercondylar notch of first metacarpal head. Radiographs were taken to identify and to reproduce “overlapping sign” on sesamoid subluxation into intercondylar notch. Results Intercondylar notch of first metacarpal head was consistently larger than radial sesamoid bone, which allowed the entrapment. Radiographic “overlapping sign” was reproducible when such subluxation occurred. Conclusion This anatomical study identifies sesamoid subluxation into intercondylar notch as the cause of first metacarpophalangeal joint rotary subluxation. Radiographic “overlapping sign” is diagnostic of this clinical entity and is an important consideration for open reduction.

Human Shaped Thumb Bone Tissue Engineered by Hydrogel-β-Tricalciumphosphate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffolds and Magnetically Sorted Stem Cells

Traumatic amputation of a thumb with bone loss leaves a patient in severe disability. Reconstructive procedures are restricted by limited shape and have the disadvantage of severe donor-site morbidity. To overcome these limitations, we used a tissue engineering approach to create a distal thumb bone phalanx, combining magnetically sorted 133+ human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) suspended in successful tested hydrogels for bone formation and porous 3-dimensionally printed scaffolds (3DP) in the shape of a distal thumb bone phalanx. Collagen I and fibrin glue hydrogels with suspended hMSCs were first histologically evaluated in vitro for bone formation after 6 weeks. Then 3DP scaffolds, made from a mix of osteoinductive and -conductive beta-tricalciumphosphate (beta-TCP) and poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL), with hydrogels and suspended hMSCs, were implanted into nude mice subcutaneously for 15 weeks. Histologic evaluation, high-resolution volumetric CT (VCT) scanning, and biomechanical testing confirmed formation of bonelike tissue. Both hydrogels with CD 133+ hMSCs on 3DP scaffolds supported bone formation. Collagen I resulted in radiologically better bone formation. Bone tissue can be successfully tissue engineered with CD 133+ hMSCs, collagen I hydrogels, and porous 3DP beta-TCP/PCL scaffolds.

Metacarpophalangeal pattern (MCPP) profile analysis in a family with triphalangeal thumb.

Triphalangeal thumb (TPT) is a rare congenital disorder characterised by a long, finger-like thumb with three phalanges instead of two. It can occur as an isolated defect, in association with...

Some aspects of the analysis of hand‐wrist bone‐age readings

AbstractPrincipal components analysis was applied to the individual center bone‐age readings from the study outlined by Sproul and Peritz ('71) in the preceding paper. The first two components are amenable to a simple interpretation. The first one is a general skeletal maturity factor, which can be expressed as a weighted mean bone‐age, with slightly higher weights attached to the metacarpals and phalanges II to V than to the other bone centers. The second component is a measure of the contrast between hand‐bone and finger‐bone ages, with generally high positive weights for the bone‐ages of radius and carpals, low weights for metacarpals and negative weights for phalanges. The weights for the first component vary little between races and sexes or with children's height. The weights for the second component are less homogeneous. The first component accounts for some two thirds of the variability; the second component accounts for roughly nine percent of it. Mean values for the first two components vary considerably with the children's height. Various other results relating the first two components to height and parents' height are presented. An analysis of the correlation matrices of individual center bone ages revealed particularly high correlations (0.8 to 0.9) within rows, with the exception of thumb bone centers.

The thumb in the congenital malformation syndromes.

Anomalies of the thumb which may be associated with congenital malformation syndromes include enlargement, duplication, and hypoplasia. The thumb may also be absent, have abnormal ossification centers, or be abnormal in position. The normative values of the ratio of the lengths of each bone to the others as well as to the second metacarpal are tabulated. These ratios are useful for objective evaluation of relative lengthening or shortening of the thumb bones. The radiographic appearances of the thumb in various syndromes are described and illustrated.

Crush Fracture of Sesamoid Bone of Thumb

Crush Fracture of Sesamoid Bone of Thumb