It is postulated that the human digestive tract (DT) from mouth to intestine is differentiated into diverse niches. For example, Segata et al. discovered that the microbiomes of diverse habitats along the DT could be distinguished as 4 types (niches) including (i) stool; (ii) sub-gingival plaques (SubP) and supra-gingival plaques (SupP); (iii) tongue dorsum (TD), throat (TH), palatine tonsils (PT), and saliva (Sal); and (iv) hard palate (HP) and buccal mucosa (BM), and keratinized gingiva (KG). These niches are different not only in composition, but also in metabolic potentials. In a previous study, we applied Harris et al's multi-site neutral and Tang and Zhou's niche-neutral hybrid models to characterize the DT niches discovered by Segata et al. Here, we complement the previous study by applying Sloan's near-neural model and Ning et al's stochasticity analysis framework to quantify the niche-neutral continuum of the DT microbiome distribution to shed light on the possible ecological/evolutionary mechanism that shapes the continuum. Overall but excluding the stool site, the proportion of neutral OTUs (46%) is slightly higher than that of the positive selection (38%), but significantly higher than negative selection (15%). The gut (stool) exhibited 3 to 12 times lower neutrality than other DT sites. The analysis also cross-verified our previous hypothesis that the KG (keratinized gingiva) is of distinct assembly dynamics in the DT microbiome, should be treated as a fifth niche. Our findings offer new insight on the long-standing debate concerning whether a minimum of 2-mm of KG width is necessary for marginal periodontal health.

В статье рассматривается вопрос медикаментозной терапии боли в горле у детей. Представлено исследование препарата Септолете со вкусом лимона, яблока, дикой черешни (пастилки для рассасывания) у детей с катаральной ангиной, острым фарингитом, острым ларингитом. Результаты исследования показали, что эффективность применения Септолете со вкусом лимона, яблока, дикой черешни (пастилки для рассасывания) у данной категории больных составляет 93,3 %. Препарат обладает хорошей безопасностью и переносимостью.

Background: This study aimed to analyze the demographic and epidemiological features of identified COVID-19 cases in Kazakhstan. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze COVID-19 cases (n=5116) collected from March 13 to June 6, 2020, in Kazakhstan. The data were obtained from a state official medical electronic database. The study investigated the geographic and demographic data of patients as well as the association of COVID-19 cases with gender and age. The prevalence of symptoms, the presence of comorbidities, complications, and COVID-19 mortality were determined for all patients. Results: The mean±SD age of the patients in this study was 34.8±17.6 years, and the majority (55.7%) of COVID-19 cases were male and residents of cities (79.6%). In total, 80% of the cases had the asymptomatic/mild form of the disease. Cough (20.8 %) and sore throat (17.1%) were the most common symptoms among patients, and pneumonia was diagnosed in 1 out of 5 cases. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was recorded in 1.2% of the patients. The fatality rate was 1% in the study population and lethality was 2.6 times higher in males compared to females. Each additional year in age increased the probability of COVID-19 infection by 1.06 times. The presence of cardiovascular, diabetes, respiratory, and kidney diseases affected the rate of mortality (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results demonstrated a high proportion (40%) of the asymptomatic type of coronavirus infection in the Kazakhstan population. The severity of COVID-19 symptoms and lethality were directly related to the age of patients and the presence of comorbidities.

Background: Violence is one of the prevalent public health concerns that healthcare staff face; a serious problem needs to be focused. Objective: The objective of the study is to estimate the prevalence of workplace-related violence among ear, nose, and throat (ENT) residents in Riyadh, capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and to identify the common types, perpetrators, and precipitating risk factors of workplace violence (WPV). Design: This was a cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire study. Settings: The study was conducted at King Saud University Medical City. Subjects: The study subjects were Riyadh's ENT residents. Intervention: All Riyadh's ENT residents were invited to participate in the survey in which 80 out of 90 residents participated. Our questionnaire included two domains: one includes demographic data and other includes occupational characteristics and some details related to violence. Main Outcome Measures: (1) Prevalence of WPV among Riyadh's ENT residents. (2) Identification of types and risk factors of WPV. Results: More than half of our sample had been through a violent experience before, with 60% experiencing it at least once. Most of the violent experiences were with the adult age group of 25–55 years. Male and companions of the patients were found to the most common offenders, and the most leading factors for violence are misunderstanding and miscommunication being at the top of the list at 20%. Conclusion: As more than half of the sample has experienced violence, hence, this issues needs to be focused on through different ways, including improving resident's communication skills and improving the reporting system for violent behaviors.

We report on a patient who presented to the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) clinic with an 8-month-old left non-pulsatile tinnitus. Imaging studies, Neck computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed soft tissue mass in the left middle ear with invasion to the middle cranial fossa and external auditory canal. J Med Cases. 2021;12(4):149-151 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3627

Objective To analyze the epidemiological and pathogenetic characteristics of a community outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection by Human adenovirus serotype 4 (HAdV-4) at a primary school in Baoan district, Shenzhen, Feb.22-28, 2019. Methods All epidemiological and clinical information of these cases was collected through field interviews and medical records. Throat swabs samples were collected and tested for influenza virus in quantitative fluorescence PCR. Influenza virus negative samples were then PCR tested for 6 other common respiratory virus. HAdV-4 positive samples were further tested using hexon gene sequencing of adenovirus. The sequences were aligned with the GenBank data to determine the genotypes and draw the phylogenetic tree. Results The epidemic occurred in Class 1, Grade 2, with a total of 54 students, including 29 boys and 25 girls. After investigation, there were no cases of similar symptoms in other classes of the school. Totally 13 patients were diagnosed, including 7 boys and 6 girls, the incidence rate was 24.1%(7 / 29) and 24.0% (6/25), respectively. The clinical symptoms included fever (13 cases, 100.0%), sore throat (8, 61.5%), muscular ache (8, 61.5%) and cough (5, 38.5%). All the symptoms were mild, and there were no severe cases. All 5 throat swabs samples were adenovirus positive by PCR, and these positive samples were confirmed to be HAdV-4 subgroups E by DNA sequence analysis. Conclusion The acute respiratory infection outbreak was caused by HAdV-4. The sequence of the strain is highly homologous with sequences from other districts of Shenzhen and Chinese cities. 摘要：目的 分析2019年2月22—28日深圳市宝安区某小学一起急性呼吸道病毒感染聚集性疫情的流行病学及 病原学特点。 方法 采用流行病学个案调査表对疫情进行现场调査, 使用荧光定量 PCR 方法对采集的咽拭子标本进 行流感样病例病原学筛査, 筛査阴性标本进行6种常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测。对腺病毒核酸阳性的标本, 用腺病毒六 邻体基因作为靶基因进行序列扩增及测定, 测序结果在GenBank上进行序列比较, 确定其病毒亚型并进行系统进化分 析。 结果 疫情发生在二年级(1)班, 全班共54名学生, 男29名, 女25名。经调査该学校其他班级其余年级未出现相 同症状病例。该起疫情共发现病例13例, 其中男生7例, 女生6例, 男女学生罹患率分别为24.1%( 7 /29)和24.0% ( 6 /25)。临床特征为发热13例(100.0%), 咽痛8例(61.5%), 全身肌肉酸痛8例(61.5%), 咳嗽5例(38.5%), 症状均较轻, 无重 症病例。共采集5份咽拭子标本 , 经荧光定量PCR检测均为腺病毒核酸阳性 , 5份标本用分型引物检测并分析序列确 定均为腺病毒E亚属4型。 结论 此次急性呼吸道感染聚集性疫情由腺病毒4型引起, 毒株序列与深圳其他区、国内 其他城市分离的腺病毒4型毒株序列具有髙度同源性。

One sob in the throat, one flutter of bosom – “My business is to sing” – and away she rose! (L269)Perhaps you smile at me. I could not stop for that – My Business is Circumference –. (L268)“ … a wo...

Fish bones are frequently lodged in the upper digestive tract, usually at the palatine tonsils, tongue base, valleculae, and pyriform sinuses. The otorhinolaryngologist represents the first point of contact in such cases, which may in fact account for a sizeable percentage of ENT emergencies (1). Persistent sharp pain in the throat, experienced by the patient following eating fish, indicates that a fishbone has stuck. If the bone is not removed in a timely manner, it may result in serious septic complications (2). Fishbone removal requires dexterity on the part of the ENT Surgeon and co-operation on the part of the patient. Removal of fishbones in the oro-pharynx or base of tongue is usually easy; bones lodged further down may require a three-hand technique, i.e. the patient or an assistant holding the tongue, and not infrequently, turn out to be an intolerable task in the outpatient setting. We Have succeeded in managing such cases under general anaesthesia without intubation, with the use of a rigid anaesthetic video-laryngoscope and a pair of Magill forceps.

Background: Foreign bodies (FBs) in the ear, nose, and throat are frequently encountered clinical entities among the children. These ear, nose, and throat FBs are often seen by pediatricians, primary care physicians, and otolaryngologists. Aim of the Study: The objective of this study is to analyze various types of FBs in the ear, nose, and throat among children and its clinical profile with its treatment in the pediatric age group. Materials and Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was carried out at a tertiary care teaching hospital. During 10-year period from April 2010 to May 2020, 452 pediatric patients with FB in the ear, nose, and throat were managed. The clinical profile and management of these children were analyzed. The clinical data were collected from the admission charts and clinic tickets. Results: In this study, the majority of the FBs were found in the nasal cavity, which constitutes 30.53%, whereas 28.31% found in the external auditory canal, 11.72% in the pharynx, 13.49% in the esophagus and 15.72% in laryngotracheobronchial (LTB) tract. The age ranges from 0 to 16 years, with a mean age was 7.21 years. The majority of the ear, nose, and throat FBs were found in the age group of 0–5 years. Out of the 452 cases, 243 (53.76%) were removed under general anesthesia. Vegetable seed was the most common FB in the nose. Coin was the most common FB in the esophagus, whereas vegetable seeds were the most common FB found in the bronchus. The open safety pin is a hazardous LTB FB. Conclusion: FBs in the ear, nose, and throat of children are common. The accurate diagnosis and treatment of the FBs in the pediatric age is often challenging. These FBs can be associated with significant morbidity and complications if not removed immediately.

Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis is a viral infection predominantly caused by coxsackievirus and is seen in children. The infection is characterized by typical prodromal symptoms of mild fever, sore throat, difficulty in deglutition. The characteristic clinical presentation reveals multiple raised, discrete, yellowish-white non-vesicular lesions with surrounding erythematic appearance commonly seen on the roof of the posterior aspect of the oral cavity. The lesions have been identified as early as 1962, described in detail in the literature. These lesions may be common but are often overlooked due to less knowledge among the patients or rather the patients not directly reporting to the dental office. We present with a case of a five-year-old apparently healthy child with a detailed description of symptoms, clinical features, follow up, differential diagnosis and review. This article aims to bring awareness of the disease in the present form to the readers with the purpose of early detection and identification of condition for treatment. We found very less review in the literature over past years which bring us to understand that it is overlooked though it has been identified in the early years. The disease may be reported less, but it is not obsolete to be discarded.

INTRODUCTION: Lemierre syndrome is septic thrombophlebitis of internal jugular vein caused by oropharyngeal or head and neck infections The main causative organism is Fusobacterium necrophorum but rarely other organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, E coli, streptococci, staphylococci, Klebsiella etc can cause the syndrome as well Members of the Streptococcus Anginosus group are rare causes of Lemierre syndrome with very few pediatric case reports in the literature METHODS: A previously healthy 15-year-old female presented with four days of fever, throat pain, abdominal pain and persistent vomiting and was admitted with septic shock requiring extensive fluid resuscitation and vasopressor support Initial labs included WBC 15 2 x 10 9/ L, CRP 34 9 mg/dL, ESR 78 mm/Hr Review of systems was negative for tampon use Rapid streptococcus probe test, respiratory viral panel, and SARS CoV-2 tests were all negative Clindamycin was added to empiric coverage with concern for toxic shock syndrome Within 24 hours of hospitalization, she developed ARDS requiring non-invasive positive pressure ventilation She continued to complain of worsening throat pain and headache CT scan of the neck revealed extensive thrombosis of the left internal jugular and initial blood culture grew Streptococcus constellatus, a member of the S Anginosus group Antibiotic coverage was switched to piperacillin-tazobactam to cover anaerobic organisms such as Fusobacterium as well as Streptococcus Anginosis Enoxaparin was started Lupus antibodies were transiently positive secondary to infection Following discharge, she received intravenous ceftriaxone via PICC line and oral metronidazole for 3 weeks and then oral levofloxacin and metronidazole for 2 weeks She was followed up regularly to assure clearance of septic thrombi from internal jugular vein after 6 weeks of antithrombotic therapy RESULTS: Lemierre syndrome should be considered a diagnosis for an adolescent with throat pain presenting with shock

March 2, 2020; Morocco announced its first positive new coronavirus case in a Moroccan from Italy after the epidemic of this new infection emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Since then, new coronavirus pneumonia has spread quickly and many countries and territories were affected. Influenza virus, a common virus often occurring in winter as well, appears to be similar to COVID-19 in terms of transmission characteristics [1] [2]. The common clinical manifestations of patients with influenza virus included fever, cough, rhinitis, sore throat, headache, dyspnea, myalgia, and radiographic evidence of pneumonia, which are similar to those of COVID-19 patients [2] [3]. The speed of transmission is an important point of difference between the two viruses. Influenza has a shorter median incubation period and a shorter serial interval than COVID-19 virus. Also the Mortality for COVID-19 appears higher than for influenza, especially seasonal influenza. Currently, there are few specific antiviral strategies, but several potent candidates of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under urgent investigation [4]. Pending the discovery of a specific vaccine or treatment, many have carried out hygienic rules and traditional herbal medicine to prevent or relieve the common symptoms of corona virus diseases (cough; fever; runny nose) and strengthen the immune system. In this mini review, we report traditional recipes based on medicinal plants used in Moroccan folk medicine and known for their virtues therapeutic.

Infections caused by Klebsiella sp. are increasingly becoming difficult to treat partly due to the rise in trend of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella sp. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of ESBL-producing Klebsiella sp. and SHV, TEM, CTX-M, and OXA beta-lactamase encoding genes in isolates of Klebsiella sp. from two healthcare facilities in Port Harcourt. A cross-sectional study of 146 clinical specimens was analyzed using standard bacteriological identification techniques. ESBL-producing Klebsiella sp. was identified using clinical laboratory standard institute standards. Beta-lactamase genes SHV, TEM, OXA, and CTXM were extracted and amplified. Of the 146 clinical specimens; 47 (32.2%) were from males and 99 (67.8%) females. The number of Klebsiella sp. isolated from the female samples 11 (73.3%) was more than 2-fold higher than those isolated from male samples 4 (26.7%). Eighty different bacterial isolates were obtained from which 15 (18.8%) were Klebsiella sp. while 12 (80%) of the identified Klebsiella sp. were β-lactamase producing Klebsiella sp. The prevalence of the Klebsiella sp. according to the different samples were 8 (53.3%), 1 (6.7%), 2 (13.3%), 2 (13.3%), 1 (6.7%), 1 (6.7%) were obtained from urine, endocervical, sputum, high vaginal, throat, hospital environment samples respectively. Isolates 2, 4-6, and 9-11 were positive for SHV gene (293 bp); all the Klebsiella isolates were positive for TEM gene (840 bp); isolates 4-8 showed positive bands for CTX-M gene (550 bp); and isolates 2, 3, 6, 8, and 12 showed positive bands for OXA gene (908 bp). The urine sample numbered 106, 42, and 55 exhibited complete resistance to all the antibiotics used and showed different types of ESBL genes: SHV; SHV, TEM, CTX-M and OXA; and OXA, and TEM respectively. This study shows that β-lactamase genes were differentially expressed in the various types of samples collected. Again, total resistance to beta-lactam drugs may not be completely dependent on the constitutive expression of several ESBL genes but TEM is present in all the sample that showed complete resistance.

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is a nonsurgical treatment that provides a flow of air to the lungs from the nose. Nasal CPAP is a common treatment for those with, a sleep disorder that disrupts normal breathing and interrupts deep sleep. It may also help infants with underdeveloped lungs breathe more easily. Individuals of all ages who have obstructive sleep apnea often make good candidates for nasal CPAP therapy. Some obstruction in the airway typically creates these pauses in breath. Throat muscles that relax too much to allow normal breathing can block the flow of air. A large tongue or tonsils may also create an obstruction. A blocked ai rway can cause the individual to snort, choke, or gasp. At this point, the problem tends to correct itself and breathing resumes, only to become blocked again moments later

Objective To compare the therapeutic effects and adverse drug reaction between monotherapy and combination therapy of Lopnavir / Ritonavir and Arbidol in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods Retrospective analysis were conducted on 75 cases with common COVID-19，in Yongwu Hospital affiliated with the People′ s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region between February 16 and 26, 2020. According to medication history, patients were assigned into Lopnavir/Ritonavir combine with Arbidol-based therapy (Group A), Lopnavir/Ritonavir-based therapy (Group B), and Arbidol-based therapy (Group C). The three groups were compared in results of therapeutic effects, ratio of negative conversion in nucleic acid, absorption of pulmonary exudation and adverse drug reactions. Results The average age of the patients in the three groups was (42.68 ± 3.44) years old. The main symptoms of admission were fever (88.00%), cough (84.00%), sore throat (29.33%) and chest tightness (17.33%). There are no significant difference of related results of sex, age, basic disease, blood routine, liver function, kidney function, etc between three groups at the time of admission ( P >0.05); After intervention of treatment, the similarity has been showed in the three groups at the ratio of recovery(group A 94.28%, group B 86.21%, group C 90.91%), absorption of pulmonary exudation(group A 88.57%, group B 82.76%, group C 72.73%) and negative conversion in nucleic acid (group A: 48.57%, group B: 48.28%, group C: 54.55%) ( P >0.05); The diarrhea, nausea, bloating adverse drug reactions rate of group A and B were much more higher than that of group C (group A 88.57%, group B 82.76%, group C 18.18%), (group A 88.57%, group B 82.76%, group C 36.36%), (group A 88.57%, group B 82.76%, group C 36.36%)( P 0.05)，治疗后相比，三组患者发病症状好转率(A 组 94.28%，B 组 86.21%，C 组 90.91%)、肺部病灶吸收率(A 组 88.57%，B 组 82.76%，C 组 72.73%)、鼻咽拭子核酸转阴率(A 组 48.57%，B 组 48.28%，C 组 54.55%)差异无统计学意义( P >0.05)；A 组、B 组患者出现腹泻、恶心、腹胀等药物不良反应症状率显著高于 C 组患者(A 组 88.57%，B 组 82.76%，C 组 18.18%)(A 组 88.57%，B 组 82.76%，C 组 36.36%)(A 组 88.57%，B 组 82.76%，C 组36.36%)( P <0.0167)。 结论 洛匹那韦/利托那韦和阿比多尔及两者联合用药三种治疗方案用于治疗新型冠状病毒肺 炎均取得良好疗效，但临床上洛匹那韦/利托那韦较阿比多尔出现较多药物不良反应

Editorial note and Conference Highlights of Journal of Otology & Rhinology

BACKGROUND The latest highly contagious disease Covid - 19 has created a havoc all over the world pausing everyone's normal life and has become a major public health concern This novel corona virus with human to human transmission has put the world to halt and has become a major concern for all healthcare professionals Patients infected with COVID - 19 present with dry cough, sore throat, fever and more severe cases exhibit shortness of breath Loss of smell and loss of taste are other symptoms observed in infected patients The routes of transmission of Sars - CoV - 2 are direct contact and airborne transmission Infection by direct contact occurs through close contact of surfaces that are contaminated and subsequent touching of nose, mouth or eyes Dental practitioners are at a higher risk because of its potential transmission via saliva, water droplets, and aerosols generated during most of the dental clinical procedures Because of its highly contagious nature, it possesses serious life-threatening problems for both patient and the dentist Many patients with dental pain and infections approach dental professionals at this time of crisis Hence, dental professionals must be ready to provide emergency dental services by taking precautionary and safety measures This COVID - 19 pandemic has posed economic and social difficulties for all including dental professionals Therefore, instead of restricting dental procedures, it is better to think of tackling the risk of infection by following all the safety procedures and by orienting the dental treatment by taking a more preventive, conservative and less invasive approach Infection control and management becomes very important in treating patients in the coming months Hence, use of personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, use of mouth rinses during the procedure, rubber dam isolation, and disinfection of the dental clinic help in reducing the risk of infection to a great extent This article gives a view of symptoms, routes of transmission, and safety measures to be considered, to overcome the fear of dental practice during this time of high risk and in the coming future

As of 14th July 2020, 12,964,809 confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and 570,288 deaths had been reported globally In Kuwait, the numbers stood at 55,508 confirmed cases and 393 deaths The disease seems to be hitting hard on the country despite the measures that have been put in place The current study sought to examine healthcare workers HCWs awareness and perceptions of coronavirus disease in Kuwait hospitals A prospective study design was used to examine the development of the disease among 28 HCWs between mid-May and the start of June 2020 The primary findings were as follows;most of the study participants had attended lectures/ discussions on COVID-19, only few HCWs could identify the incubation period of the novel coronavirus However, the majority could identify the most common symptoms of the disease as fever, cough, headache, sore throat, runny nose, and skin rashes Most of the HCWs were aware that the virus transmitted through contact A good number of the study participants also identified pneumonia, respiratory failure and death as complications associated with coronavirus disease The study recommends running health education programs in Kuwait to promote knowledge on the coronavirus and help the HCWs develop positive attitudes and uphold important practices © 2020, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences All rights reserved

Sinusitis is a disease of the nose, which occurs due to inflammation of the sinuses due to allergies or infection with viruses, bacteria or fungi. Sinusitis can occur in any of the four sinuses (maxillary, etmoidalis, frontalis, sphenoidalis). The most common causes of sinusitis are due to viral infections. Often times it is caused by a cold or flu virus that is spread by the sinuses from the upper respiratory tract. After a cold or flu, secondary bacterial infection can occur. This will cause the walls of the sins to become inflamed or inflamed. An infected tooth can also make the sinuses infected. A doctor can diagnose sinusitis by looking at the symptoms that occur. For example, nasal congestion or runny nose with facial pain. If the sinusitis is severe or recurs, You are advised to see an ENT specialist (ear, nose, throat). These specialists will try to find the main cause of sinusitis that occurs. CT scans can also be used to find out the cause of sinusitis. Therefore, an expert system application was made using the forward chainy method to diagnose sinusitis. This system application is a system that helps doctors (experts) and the public in diagnosing sinusitis with symptoms felt by users. an expert system application was made using the forward chainy method to diagnose sinusitis. This system application is a system that helps doctors (experts) and the public in diagnosing sinusitis with symptoms felt by users. an expert system application was made using the forward chainy method to diagnose sinusitis. This system application is a system that helps doctors (experts) and the public in diagnosing sinusitis with symptoms felt by users

Pandemic times: Contemporary public health catastrophe terrifying the world over with the rapidly spreading of 2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2.Coronaviruses have pass over the species barriers to cause fatal disease in human since the 2002 and 2012; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome respectively.It was suggested that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are firmly related to each and hypothesized it originated in animal (bats) and was transmitted to humans.Though Novel Covid-19's intermediary animal is not clear.As a matter of fact, transmission of Covid-19 is direct contact with infected people or inhalation of droplets thus; escalate its spread.World Health Organization stated the novel SARS-CoV-2 is one of the epidemic disease on January 30, 2020 and on March 11, 2020 declared a pandemic the rapidly spreading SARS-CoV-2-a globe first for corona virus.Additionally, the incubation phase is from 2 to 14 days.Usually the sign and symptoms are high temperature, dry cough, tiredness, sore throat, difficulty breathing (severe cases) AND malaise among others.The diagnosis can be done with Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction test to suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection along with chest X-ray.Till time, no medicine or vaccines are prepared that can approved against SARS-CoV-2 or any human-infecting corona viruses.But some researchers have confirmed to curtail its effects by administrating antiviral drugs such as Oseltamivir, Ribavirin, Ganciclovir, Lopinavir AND Ritonavir.