Throat Part Research Articles

Assessment of Awareness and Knowledge of Proton Pump Inhibitors Among the General Population in Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundOne of the most commonly used classes of medications that are known for their excessively expanded misuse is proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Although they are profoundly useful, they also account for several adverse effects. Assessing the awareness of the general population may throw light on the problem and limit irrational use. This study aims to determine the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of the general population of Saudi Arabia regarding PPI use.Materials and methodsThis was a descriptive cross-sectional study using a structured online survey. The questionnaire comprised 1088 participants of the adult general population of Saudi Arabia to assess knowledge and awareness of proton pump inhibitors. ResultsOf the 1088 participants, 59% were men and 41% were women, 44.6% were aged 20-30 years, 25.4% were 31-40 years, and 16% were 41-50 years. Only 54% of the participants had previous knowledge of PPIs. Regarding PPI use, 25.7% of participants previously used PPIs with medical consultation and 10.3% without medical consultation, while 64% had never used PPIs. Reasons for PPI use included: heartburn (56.4%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (51.1%), gastritis (21.8%), as part of Helicobacter pylori infection therapy (20%), peptic ulcer (15.7%), esophagitis (7.1%), sore throat (6.1%), gastroenteritis (5.4%), hiatal hernia (5%), hoarseness (3.2%), asthma (2.1%), and bariatric surgery (2.1%). Of all the participants, 61.2% completed the treatment course while 38.8% did not.ConclusionGenerally, our population had moderate knowledge of PPI. However, it is not enough to eliminate this irrational use of PPIs.This study emphasizes the importance of effective provider-led patient education to raise awareness of potential risks and reduce inappropriate long-term use of PPIs. This is significant due to growing concern about the possibility of medication overuse and non-compliance due to a lack of awareness about PPIs. In addition, more research assessing the awareness of over-the-counter (OTC) medications should be taken into consideration.

Estimating The Aeration Performance Of Venturi-Conduit By Artificial Bee Colony Programming

Oxygen concentration dissolved in water is an important parameter used to measure the quality of water. Increasing the concentration of oxygen by transferring oxygen from the atmosphere is named as aeration. Aeration can be performed with many hydraulic structures. Two of the structures that have become widespread in the field of hydraulics are gated conduit and venturi. Venturi has throat part and air hole located into throat part. A difference of pressure, which provides aeration occurs between the venturi inlet and the throat part. A pressure difference occurs between up and down flows of the door in a partially opened gated conduit. Air entrains into flow from an air vent that were drilled downstream of the gate. A venturi was placed on air hole of a circular conduit that as called venturi-conduit, a new aeration system. The basic steps of the Artificial Bee Colony Programming (ABCP) developed for the solution of the symbolic regression problem come from the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC). In this study, ABCP is proposed to obtain functions that can model the ventilation performance of conduits with venture-conduit. The results of the method trained with experimentally measured data on 2 ventures with different contraction ratios were compared with artificial neural networks and genetic programming. ABCP outperformed genetic programming and neural networks on test data with an R2 value of 0.99 in both datasets. The RMSE values of 1.64 and 2.66, respectively, in the 2 data sets indicate that ABCP is capable of generating the appropriate function for the problem.

Using a Genetic Algorithm to Achieve Optimal Matching between PMEP and Diameter of Intake and Exhaust Throat of a High-Boost-Ratio Engine

With the increasingly stringent CO2 emission regulations, the degree of strengthening of the engines is increasing. Under high-pressure conditions, the airway throat parts of the intake and exhaust systems have a great influence on the flow loss of the diesel engine. The reasonable distribution of the throat area of the intake and exhaust ports in the limited cylinder headspace is key to improving the performance of supercharged engines. This study took a large-bore, high-pressure ratio diesel engine as the research object. Firstly, the three-dimensional (3D) flow simulation method was used to reveal the influence law of different throat areas on the engine intake and exhaust flow under steady-state conditions, and a steady-flow test bench was built to verify the accuracy of the simulation model and law. Secondly, based on the 3D steady-state calculation and test results, a more accurate one-dimensional simulation model was constructed, and a joint optimization simulation platform was established based on the dynamic data link library. On this basis, the mathematical description of the multi-objective optimization of airway throat size was established using machine learning methods, such as a genetic algorithm, the design domain and boundary conditions of variable parameters were clarified, and the collaborative optimization objective of integrated flow coefficient and flow loss is proposed to achieve the fast and accurate optimization of intake and exhaust throat diameters.

Experimental and CFD study on the optimization of valve lintel’s structural parameters under critical self-aerated conditions

Self-aerated technology of valve lintel (SATVL) is widely used in high head navigation lock water delivery system to address the cavitation problem. To optimize the structural parameters of valve intel including the height of the throat () and divergent part enhance (), the length of the throat part () and the divergent part (), and the diffusion angle () for better self-aerated performance, the dimensionless structural parameters and beta were chosen as the variables. The conception of critical self-aerated conditions was proposed via theoretical analysis and experimental verification for the first time, and the slope m of critical self-aerated conditions was taken as the response to assess self-aerated performance. The method of combing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) was introduced to systematically investigate the effects of the structural parameters on the self-aerated performance. A 1: 1 full-scale slicing physical model and CFD simulations were designed to capture the critical self-aerated conditions. Finally, though multiple regression analysis, a quadratic polynomial equation between m and structural parameters was obtained. It was found that: (i) the results of theoretical analysis and physical model verification confirmed the hypothesis of critical self-aerated conditions. (ii) with the aid of ANOVA, the sensitivity of structural parameters which influenced critical self-aerated conditions is . (iii) the optimal structural parameters are and . The result indicate that the substantial improvement of self-aerated performance can be achieve by using those optimal structural parameters.

Evaluation of Failure Factors of a Small-Scale Motor in Laboratory Testing

The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the failure of a small-scale motor in static tests and provide a solution to prevent it. The small-scale motor in this research has four SRM segments that are modeled on the internal ballistics of the shuttle booster motor and the construction of the Arian5 booster. First, a summary of the factors affecting the failure of solid rocket motors is presented, and then, the small-scale motor design and its prediction of ballistic performance are discussed. Following is the success of the first test and the failure of the second and third tests of the motor and its results. In order to evaluate the causes of second and third motor failure in static testing, the possible causes of the motor failure phenomenon are discussed, and finally, the main cause of motor failure is identified. The most common cause of failure in this project was the human error in defining the assembly of the throat parts and due to the closure of the combustion path.

A New Method to Experimentally Investigate Local Pressure Loss of Oil-Water Two-Phase Flow through Pore Throats

To investigate the resistance performance of pore throats in porous media, a new method was used to conduct experiments to indirectly measure the local pressure loss of single-phase water and oil- water two-phase flow through pore-throat structures. Four microchannels were designed and manufactured with MEMS technology. One of the four microchannels is a straight duct with no throat and each of the other three has one throat within the passage. By comparison of total pressure drops between the straight duct with no throat and the channel with a throat at the same flow rate, the local pressure loss over a pore- throat structure can be determined. In this paper, the pore-throat structure is defined as a combination of a contraction, an expansion and a throat to stimulate the pore throat in porous media. Experimental results show that local pressure loss, nonlinear with the flow rate, grows up with the decrease of throat size and the increase of oil volume fraction. Local loss coefficient, characterizing the local resistance performance of pore-throat structure, diminishes with the increase of Reynolds number. Reynolds number (in throat part) is in the range of 100-1100. A new empirical correlation of local loss coefficient is proposed for single-phase water and oil-water two-phase flow through pore-throat structure.

ON THE POROUS SOUND-ABSORBING PANELS WITH THE END LOW-FREQUENCY RESONANT CAVITIES

Technical rooms of the construction units with noise generating technical objects inside require the use acoustic boards. To provide more effective dissipation of low-frequency sound energy, the acoustic boards made of porous sound-absorbing structures are used; and volume structural composition of these boards can contain hollow resonator elements. They can be represented as Helmholtz acoustic resonator (RIII), half wave (RII), and quarter wave (RI) acoustic resonators. Their distinctive feature is that their chamber, tube and throat parts can be made of non-air-blown sound transparent elastic membrane. Such types of modified acoustic boards are mounted on wall structures of technical rooms with set slotted air gaps between their opposite end faces; and open throat parts of acoustic resonators RIII,RII, and RI are on end faces of acoustic panels. Quoted results of experimental researches prove the effectiveness of using the offered technical method to modify acoustic boards.

Calculation of the offset amplitudes in the Helmholtz resonators’ throat part at the resonance frequencies

The purpose of the work is to analyze the amplitudes of the oscillations in the Helmholtz resonators’ throat at the resonance frequencies. This type of resonators is actively used to solve various problems in acoustics: is widely used as the basic element in the acoustic metamaterial structure (in particular, focusing metamaterials), as the basic element of muffler etc. So the relevance of the research related to Helmholtz resonators is increasing. It is assumed as a simplification, that the Helmholtz resonator has only one resonant frequency, but the great number of additional resonances was detected in practice. The new approach to the question of finding additional resonant frequencies is shown in this paper. Here is the proposition to consider the cavity as a system consisting of two more simple elements, to go by solving two more simple tasks and to bring the results together, to reconcile them. The calculation of the resonant frequencies and the offset amplitudes of the Helmholtz resonators’ throat are given for a frequency range from 0 to 4409 Hz. These results were used for further evaluating the relationship between the resonant frequencies, obtained experimentally (for Helmholtz resonator) with the calculated resonant frequencies of one of the main elements of the resonator. The existence of the additional resonances can help to improve old designs or to create new designs of the broadband acoustic systems or acoustic metamaterials based on Helmholtz resonators. Using the Matlab software environment, the necessary calculations to obtain the values of resonant frequencies and the values of the offset amplitudes in the range from 0 to 4200 Hz were made. The throat parameters were chosen equal to the throat parameters of one of the resonators investigated in the experiment. As a result of the calculation, numerical values of the first sixty seven resonance frequencies and the values of the oscillation amplitudes on these frequencies are obtained. Some of these resonances will not have a significant effect on the resonances of the system, due to the smallness of their amplitudes of oscillations. This may explain the difference of the number of resonances obtained as a result of the calculation and experimentally (the smaller the amplitude of the oscillations, the more difficult to fix the resonance experimentally). The calculated results were compared with the results obtained experimentally (9 resonant frequencies in the range from 99 to 4060 Hz were obtained experimentally). The analysis of the results is presented in the article. According to the results of the calculation and of the experiment, the significant resonances won’t be observed in the throat part of the resonator at some resonant frequencies of the system (Helmholtz resonator). According to the results of the experiment the resonance of the bulb was detected on such frequencies. To take into account the influence of the bulb on the value of the resonance frequencies of the Helmholtz resonator, it is necessary to analyze the resonance frequencies of the bulb of the selected resonator. Therefore, the purpose of further research will be to calculate and estimate the resonant frequencies of the Helmholtz resonator bulb. Ref. 13, fig.3, tabl. 4.

An investigation on the performance of a micro-scale Venturi bubble generator

Venturi-type bubble generators exhibit a simple structure, high efficiency, low power consumption, and high reliability. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a micro-scale Venturi channel as a bubble generator. In addition, the mechanisms dominating the bubble breakup were analyzed based on observations. With a liquid Reynolds number in the throat part of 0.7–1.2 × 104 and a void fraction below 0.1, the micro-scale Venturi-type bubble generator can produce micro-bubbles with average diameters of approximately 0.2–0.4 mm. Bubble breakups induced by shear stress, shear-off, and interfacial instability were observed in the experiments. The dominating bubble breakup type was multiple breakup arising from interfacial instability and eddy collisions. The recirculation process played a crucial role in the bubble deformation and prolonged the residence time of bubbles in the diverging section, thereby intensifying the energy transmission between the turbulent flow and bubbles. A negative aspect associated with the bubble generator was identified—a limitation of the void fraction to values below 0.1 had to be imposed on the micro-scale bubble generator because it would be very difficult for the bubble generator to produce microbubbles at high void fractions. The larger fragments from bubble breakups would escape the diverging section, thereby experiencing only a small influence from the turbulence flow.

Calculation of the Resonant Frequencies of the Throat Part of the Helmholtz Resonator

The calculation of the resonant frequencies of the Helmholtz resonator neck for the purpose of further evaluating the relationship between the resonant frequencies, obtained experimentally with the resonant frequencies of one of the main elements of the resonator to create broadband acoustic systems or metamaterials is presented. Recently, the issues concerning Helmholtz's resonators are of increasing interest in the scientific world. They are actively used to solve various problems in acoustics and find more and more applications - from use as mufflers, for use in the composition of metamaterials. As a simplification, it is assumed that the Helmholtz resonator has only one resonant frequency. In practice, the presence of a number of additional resonances was discovered. In this paper, it is proposed to approach the question of finding additional resonant frequencies on the other hand and consider the cavity as a system consisting of two more simple elements, to go by solving two more simple problems and to bring the results together, to reconcile them. The aim of the work is to calculate the resonant frequencies of the Helmholtz resonator neck. The throat parameters are chosen equal to the throat parameters of one of the resonators investigated in experiment. Using the MathCad software environment, the necessary calculations to obtain the values of resonant frequencies in the range from 0 to 4200 Hz were made. The 9 resonant frequencies in the range from 99 to 4060 Hz was obtained experimentally. As a result of the calculation, numerical values are obtained for the first sixty four resonant frequencies. Some of these resonances will not have a significant effect on the resonances of the system, due to the smallness of their amplitudes of oscillations. This may explain the difference in the number of resonances obtained as a result of the calculation and experimentally (the smaller the amplitude of the oscillations, the more difficult to fix the resonance experimentally). At a frequency of 3978 Hz, resonance was observed inside the flask experimentally; in the throat region, resonance was absent. At the frequencies 3037Hz, 3568Hz and 4060Hz, the resonance in the neck was poorly expressed. It can be concluded that the resonant frequencies of the throat, exceeding the value of 3000 Hz, will not have a significant effect on the resonance values of the entire resonator, i.e. for these values of frequency, resonance in the throat part was not observed experimentally. Taking into account the amplitudes of oscillations inside the neck will help reduce the number of frequencies that are interesting for further calculations and select among them the frequencies that will have the greatest influence on the value of the resonance frequencies of the entire resonator, that is, they will have the greatest amplitudes of fluctuations within the neck. Therefore, the purpose of further research is to calculate the amplitudes of oscillations that correspond to the received resonance frequencies. Ref. 12, fig. 3, tabl. 3.

Flow turbulization in a pseudo-shock forming in an axisymmetric duct with a frontal inlet

The results of the numerical modeling of the supersonic flow in an axisymmetric duct in which a pseudo-shock arises are presented. The duct includes the frontal inlet with a funnel-shaped part of initial compression of the supersonic flow and with a cylindrical throat part as well as the subsequent (cylindrical or diverging) diffuser where the flow slows down to a subsonic velocity. The flow conditions at the freestream Mach number M = 6 have been considered. Numerical computations of the flow have been done using a Navier–Stokes equations code and the k-ω SST turbulence model. As a result of computations, such flow parameters have been determined as the location of the pseudo-shock beginning, the length of the pseudo-shock supersonic part, the pressure distribution on the duct wall, the total pressure losses as well as the characteristics of flow turbulence. In particular, the variation of the turbulence intensity and turbulent viscosity along the pseudo-shock length have been examined and, based on these characteristics, the possibility of determining the location of a cross section, in which the pseudo-shock can be treated as completed, have been considered.

Numerical simulation of the flow with a pseudo-shock in an axisymmetric expanding duct with a frontal inlet

The results of the numerical modeling of a flow with a pseudo-shock in an axisymmetric duct are presented. The duct included a frontal inlet with the initial funnel-shaped compression part and the cylindrical throat part as well as the subsequent expanding diffuser. To create a flow with a pseudo-shock, the duct was throttled with the use of the outlet converging insert. Numerical computations of the axisymmetric flow have been conducted on the basis of the solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier−Stokes equations and with the use of the k-ω SST turbulence model. As a result of computations, such parameters of the flow were determined as the location of the beginning of the pseudo-shock, the length of its supersonic part, the velocity profiles in different cross sections of the pseudo-shock, the pressure distribution on the duct wall, the total pressure recovery factor, and others. The behavior of these parameters at the freestream Mach number М = 6 was analyzed versus the diffuser opening angle and different degree of the inlet duct throttling.

Numerical simulation of two-phase flow behavior in Venturi scrubber by interface tracking method

From the viewpoint of protecting a containment vessel of light water reactor and suppressing the diffusion of radioactive materials from a light water reactor, it is important to develop the device which allows a filtered venting of contaminated high pressure gas. In the filtered venting system that used in European reactors, so called Multi Venturi scrubbers System is used to realize filtered venting without any power supply. This system is able to define to be composed of Venturi scrubbers (VS) and a bubble column. In the VS, scrubbing of contaminated gas is promoted by both gas releases through the submerged VS and gas-liquid contact with splay flow formed by liquid suctioned through a hole provided by the pressure difference between inner and outer regions of a throat part of the VS. However, the scrubbing mechanism of the self-priming VS including effects of gas mass flow rate and shape of the VS are understood insufficiently in the previous studies. Therefore, we started numerical and experimental study to understand the detailed two-phase flow behavior in the VS. In this paper, to understand the VS operation characteristics for the filtered venting, we performed numerical simulations of two-phase flow behavior in the VS. In the first step of this study, we perform numerical simulations of supersonic flow by the TPFIT to validate the applicability of the TPFIT for high velocity flow like flow in the VS. In the second step, numerical simulation of two-phase flow behavior in the VS including self-priming phenomena. As the results, dispersed flow in the VS was reproduced in the numerical simulation, as same as the visualization experiments.

Two new Phrynobatrachus species (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae)from the Republic of the Congo.

We describe two new species of puddle frogs, genus Phrynobatrachus, from the south-western Republic of the Congo. One of them, P. horsti sp. nov., occurs also in neighbouring Gabon and is morphologically most similar to the Cameroonian P. ruthbeateae. It differs from the latter species by smaller males with longer thighs and shanks. The new species comprises various colour morphs but always has less conspicuous black borders between flanks and belly than P. ruthbeateae. The distinct and large black axillary blotch of P. ruthbeateae is either much smaller in P. horsti sp. nov., or broken into numerous irregularly shaped smaller dots. Similarly, a black transversal line at the anterior ventral border of thighs and the black face mask is less distinct and irregularly delimitated in P. horsti sp. nov. when compared to P. ruthbeateae. The mean genetic difference in the sampled region of the 16S rRNA gene between P. horsti sp. nov. and 40 other western African congeners range from 3.66-18.10%. The second new species, P. mayokoensis sp. nov., differs from all other known congeners by the combination of a compact and warty body, the absence of a spiny eyelid tubercle and pedal webbing, a conspicuous black triangle on throat and anterior part of the belly, and a distinct large red blotch on the anterior-proximal surface of the thighs. It exhibited a mean genetic difference in the 16S rRNA to 40 other western African congeners ranging from 1.34-16.98%. The genetically most similar sequence stems from a GenBank entry of a Gabonese frog, determined as P. ogoensis. A comparison of the new species with P. ogoensis syntypes confirmed their specific distinctiveness, most convincingly underlined by the absence of pedal webbing in the new species and the pronounced pedal webbing in P. ogoensis. The GenBank entry thus most likely is based on a misidentification and P. mayokoensis sp. nov. may also occur in neighbouring Gabon. The discovery of the two new frog species is further evidence of the huge gap in our knowledge concerning the species richness in the Guineo-Congolian rainforests.

Performance of a centrifugal compressor with holed casing treatment in the large flowrate condition

As demonstrated by former work, the holed casing treatment can be used to expand the stall margin of a centrifugal compressor with unshrouded impeller. In addition, the choked margin can also be expanded as experimental results indicated. Moreover, the compressor performance, especially the efficiency, on the whole working range is improved. As shown by experiments, the stall margin and choked margin of the compressor are extended, and the maximum efficiency improvement is 14% at the large flowrate of 1.386. Numerical simulations were carried out to analyze the flow in the impeller and in the holes in the case of large flowrate. The results indicate that in large flowrate conditions, there is a low-pressure region on the throat part of the impeller passage, leading to the bypass flows appearing in the holes, which means the flow area at the inlet of the impeller is increased. The bypass flow can also contribute to the decrease of the Mach number at the throat part near the shroud end-wall which implies that the choked margin is expanded. Besides, as the bypass flow would inhibit the development of the vertexes in the tip clearance and suppress the flow recirculation in the shroud end-wall region, both the pressure ratio and efficiency of the compressor are improved, which agrees well with the experiments.

Numerical simulation of rock pore-throat structure effects on NMR T2 distribution

We built a three-dimensional irregular network model which can adequately describe reservoir rock pore-throat structures. We carried out numerical simulations to study the NMR T2 distribution of water-saturated rocks. The results indicate that there is a good correlation between T2 distribution and the pore radius frequency histogram. The total T2 distribution can be partitioned into pore body and pore throat parts. The effect of parameters including throat radius, pore-throat ratio, and coordination number of the micropore structure on the T2 distribution can be evaluated individually. The result indicates that: 1) with the increase of the pore throat radius, the T2 distribution moves toward longer relaxation times and its peak intensity increases; 2) with the increase of the pore-throat ratio, the T2 distribution moves towards longer T2 with the peak intensity increasing and the overlap between pore body T2 and pore throat T2 decreasing; 3) With the increase of connectivity, the short T2 component increases and peak signal intensity decreases slightly.

Effects of tapered diffuser vane on the flow field and noise of a centrifugal compressor

The effects of a three-dimensional tapered diffuser vane on the flow field and noise radiated from a centrifugal compressor are investigated by both CFD analyses and experiments. Tapered diffuser vanes are very useful not only for the reduction of the interaction tone noise but also for the improvement of the pressure recovery characteristics within the diffuser passage. By using tapered diffuser vanes, the interaction area between the impeller-discharge flow and diffuser vanes becomes small, and then the noise level of the discrete tone can be reduced remarkably as a result. Furthermore, by utilizing the visualization technique of vortical structures based on the CFD results, the scale of vortex shedding leaving from the leading edge of the diffuser vanes is found to be contracted and a tendency for the turbulence level to decrease is observed. This may be the cause of the attenuation of broadband noise components. The secondary flow, which is considered to be an obstruction of diffuser pressure recovery, can also be suppressed by the tapered diffuser vanes, and the pressure decrease observed in the throat part of the diffuser passage is further reducible.

Aerodynamic performance and noise characteristics of a centrifugal compressor with modified vaned diffusers

Improvement of aerodynamic performance and reduction of interaction tone noise of a centrifugal compressor with vaned diffusers are discussed by experiments and visualization techniques using a colored oil-film method. The focus of the research is concentrated on the leading edge shape of diffuser vanes that are deeply related to the generation mechanism of the interaction tone noise. The compressor-radiated noise can be reduced by more than ten decibels by using modified diffuser vanes which have 3-D tapered shapes on both pressure and suction surfaces of the leading edge. Furthermore, by adopting the proposed modified diffuser vanes, the secondary flow which is considered to be an obstruction of diffuser pressure recovery can be suppressed, and also the pressure decrease observed in the throat part of the diffuser flow passage is reducible. Thus, the proposed diffuser vanes show a favorable result for both noise and the aerodynamic performance of the centrifugal compressor, and offer a few basic guidelines for the diffuser vane design.

Experimental analysis of unsteady separated flows in a supersonic planar nozzle

The unsteady aspects of shock-induced-separation patterns have been investigated inside a Mach 2 planar nozzle. The mean location of the shock can vary by changing, relatively to the nozzle throat, the height of the second throat which is positioned downstream of the square test section. This study focuses on the wall pressure fluctuations spectra and the unsteady behaviour of the shock. Symmetric shock configurations appear both for the largest openings of the second throat, and for the smallest openings. For an intermediate opening the shock system exhibits asymmetrical configurations. A coating with roughnesses sticked on the throat part of the nozzle in order to modify the state of the incoming boundary layers (from smooth to rought turbulent statement) is a driver for the asymmetry. The fluctuating displacements of the shock patterns were analysed by using an ultra fast shadowgraph visualization technique. A spectral analysis of the unsteady wall pressure measurements has revealed low frequency phenomena governed by large structure dynamics in the separated flows.

Thermoelastic Analysis of a Kick Motor Nozzle Incorporating Spatially Reinforced Composites

The mechanical and thermal properties of spatially reinforced composites are predicted using volume average and rules of mixture of the rods and matrix properties for stiffness, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The distribution of Young's modulus, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion for three-dimensional/four-dimensional spatially reinforced composites are demonstrated. The study examines the elastic behavior, the temperature distribution, and the thermoelastic behavior of a kick motor nozzle, which includes a carbon/carbon spatially reinforced composite as a throat part. The elastic deformation of the nozzle composed of three-dimensional carbon/carbon spatially reinforced composite shows asymmetry, whereas the elastic deformation of four-dimensional carbon/carbon spatially reinforced composite nozzle shows uniformity in the circumferential direction. The thermoelastic deformations of both the three- and four-dimensional spatially reinforced composite nozzles are uniform in the circumferential direction. The deformation of the three-dimensional spatially reinforced composite nozzle is slightly smaller than that of the four-dimensional spatially reinforced composite nozzle in the nozzle throat. Circumferential stress is the critical stress component of the kick motor nozzle.