Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol Research Articles

Integrated energy-efficient and location-aware routing in wireless sensor networks

Sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks are commonly distributed randomly across a given landscape, and their placement may be randomized for specific applications, even extending to national deployments. The energy consumption associated with data transmission and reception by the cluster’s leader is notably higher compared to other nodes. To address this issue, it is recommended that wireless sensor networks adopt a more energy-efficient routing technique. This proposed technique assumes a spatial separation between different node types. Elevating the threshold enhances the likelihood that nodes with ample remaining power will endure as cluster leaders. Ultimately, a hybrid data transfer strategy is formulated, wherein data is directly exchanged between the base station and cluster heads among the super nodes containing advanced nodes. Most nodes employ a combination of single-hop and multi-hop approaches for data transport, aiming to minimize the power required for transmission between the cluster’s control node and the base station. According to simulation results, this proposed method surpasses the stable election protocol (SEP), demonstrating superiority over the improved threshold-sensitive stable election protocol in terms of the operational duration of a wireless sensor network.

Enhancing the lifetime and performance of WSNs in smart irrigation systems using cluster‐based selection protocols

AbstractThis paper presents a comparative analysis of cluster‐based selection protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in smart irrigation systems. The study evaluates the performance of stable election protocol (SEP)‐based protocols, including conventional SEP, zonal SEP (ZSEP), enhanced SEP (ESEP) and threshold‐sensitive SEP (TSEP), and distributed energy‐efficient clustering (DEEC)‐based protocols, including conventional DEEC, developed DEEC (DDEEC), enhanced DEEC (EDEEC) and threshold‐sensitive DEEC (TDEEC). Simulation results show that TSEP and ZSEP outperform other SEP‐based protocols in terms of network lifetime, stability period, number of dead nodes and throughput. EDEEC and TDEEC show superior performance compared to other DEEC‐based protocols. However, TDEEC and EDEEC have a lower performance in terms of packets sent to cluster heads (CHs) due to the three levels of energy heterogeneity, which reduce the average packets sent to CHs. Finally, a comparative analysis between the SEP‐based and DEEC‐based protocols is presented. The findings reveal that TSEP outperforms all other protocols in terms of the performance metrics examined in this paper, except for throughput, which is higher in the case of ZSEP. Overall, the proposed cluster‐based selection protocols improve the energy efficiency and lifetime of WSNs in smart irrigation systems, and the results demonstrate their effectiveness in supporting the performance of smart irrigation systems.

Hybrid Clustering and Routing Algorithm with Threshold-Based Data Collection for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks.

The concept of the internet of things (IoT) motivates us to connect bulk isolated heterogeneous devices to automate report generation without human interaction. Energy-efficient routing algorithms help to prolong the network lifetime of these energy-restricted smart devices that are connected by means of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Current vendor-level advancements enable algorithm-level flexibility to design protocols to concurrently collect multiple application data while enforcing the reduction of energy expenditure to gain commercial success in the industrial stage. In this paper, we propose a hybrid clustering and routing algorithm with threshold-based data collection for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. In our proposed model, homogeneous and heterogeneous nodes are deployed within specific regions. To reduce unnecessary data transmission, threshold-based conditions are presented to prevent unnecessary transmission when minor or no change is observed in the simulated and real-world applications. We further extend our proposed multi-hop model to achieve more network stability in dense and larger network areas. Our proposed model shows enhancement in terms of load balancing and end-to-end delay as compared to the other threshold-based energy-efficient routing protocols, such as the threshold-sensitive stable election protocol (TSEP), threshold distributed energy-efficient clustering (TDEEC), low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), and energy-efficient sensor network (TEEN).

Energy-Aware Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (EATSEP) for Wireless Sensor Networks

In most of the traditional cluster-based hierarchical routing protocols, the cluster head (CH) selection is made on a random basis. As a result, some unlucky sensor nodes (SNs) become dead quickly; thereby, network lifetime reduces drastically. To overcome this problem, in this paper, a new cluster-based routing protocol- Energy-Aware Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (EATSEP) is presented for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the EATSEP protocol, the CH selection is an optimum process where the initial and residual energy of each SNs are considered within a heterogeneous SNs energy environment. Additionally, our proposed EATSEP protocol has managed to reduce long-distance transmission by routing data among CHs to the base station. In our present study, we have simulated the EATSEP protocol through MATLAB to compare its performance with other popular protocols under some well-known performance metrics. The experimental results indicate that the network stability of the EATSEP protocol improves by 80.81, 66.41, and 27.06 %, respectively, compared to the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), Stable Election Protocol (SEP), and Threshold Sensitive SEP under a particular setting. In terms of energy consumption and network throughput, the EATSEP is also superior to other protocols.

SCSAP: Spiral Clustering Based on Selective Activation Protocol for industrial tailored WSNs

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are generally deployed with low-cost devices that have low power consumption and small-size sensor nodes. They can be used in several monitoring and control applications such as; health, agriculture, and environment. With the advent of Industry 4.0 and Artificial Intelligence (AI), WSNs attracted many industrial applications and specific implementation scenarios. In general, the sensor nodes compromising of WSNs consume vast energy during tracking and monitoring. This poses a challenge especially since most of WSNs are battery-operated and have very limited energy sources. Therefore, it is important to optimize power consumption and prolong the lifetime of WSNs. Many protocols have been proposed with emphasis on data forwarding and routing. These protocols, however, have not been designed to address interference and transmissions issues, such as communication link instability and packet drops. In addition, a quiet substantial amount of energy would be consumed during transmission, which leads to a degradation in network performance. In this research, an effective solution is proposed based on Spiral Clustering Based on Selective Activation Protocol (SCSAP). The objective is to enhance energy consumption and improve network performance, which makes it a good candidate for several Industrial tailored WSNs. In this solution, the network nodes are classified into two types; super and normal. Super nodes have a significant power source and are utilized to construct clusters and act as Cluster Heads (CHs). They have pre-defined locations with an optimized number of nodes selected for the best coverage that is determined in the Stable Election Protocol (SEP). As a result, the power consumption is reduced in the dynamic formatting of clusters. Normal nodes, on the other hand, are static. They have limited power and are connected to the super nodes. Normal nodes operate in two modes; active and sleep. In the active mode, they send data to the CHs and the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is used to guarantee that the transmitted data are correctly received by the other nodes and that the power consumption of re-transmission is largely reduced. The simulation results of SCSAP have shown a 40% enhancement of network lifetime over the Threshold-sensitive Stable Election Protocol (TSEP). They have also shown that SCASP’s remaining power has descended slower than the Low-energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol.

Effect Of Increasing Node Density On Performance Of Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Protocol

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become an interesting field of research even as its technology is being used largely in Internet of Things (IoTs) and many areas of human endeavour such as civil surveillance, medical diagnosis and so on. This has attracted several research interest including improving the routing and energy efficiency of the sensor nodes in the network to prolong the life of the nodes and the entire system robustness. Hence, many routing protocols have been proposed to improve sensor networks. Nevertheless, most of the proposed protocols are implemented with just some 50 to 100 sensor nodes without considering the efficiency or effectiveness of these protocols in terms of increasing number of nodes per sensor network area (field). In this paper, the effect of increasing node density on performance of Threshold-sensitive Stable Election Protocol (TSEP) is presented. The number of nodes in sensor network of (100 × 100) square metre area was varied from 50, 100, 500, and 1000. The simulation study revealed that increasing the node density increased the number of node alive and throughput performance of TSEP. However, this came with a price as the simulation time was prolonged and the computational complexity increased. Generally, the essential take away or contribution of this paper was to examine the effectiveness of TSEP as the number of nodes per field (or area) in the network is increased, and the simulations conducted revealed that the performance efficiency of the routing protocol drops in terms of computational flexibility and capacity as the node density increases.

Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Zone for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

In heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are randomly distributed in some regions. In some applications, they may be randomly distributed in different regions. Besides, nodes with the same type have almost the same probability to be selected as cluster head. The cluster head will consume much more energy to receive and transmit data than the other nodes. If nodes with little residual energy have been elected as cluster heads, it will affect the efficiency of the network due to its early death. An improved energy-efficient routing protocol is proposed for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Firstly, it supposes that the different types of nodes are distributed in different zones. Secondly, by improving the threshold, nodes with large residual energy have a greater possibility of becoming cluster heads. In the end, it designs a mixed data transmission method. The cluster heads of supper nodes and advance nodes directly transmit data to the base station. The normal nodes adopt single hops and multiple hops mixed methods to transmit data. This can minimize the energy of the communication from cluster head to base station. Simulation results show that this algorithm has achieved a longer lifetime for the wireless sensor network than stable election protocol and threshold-sensitive stable election protocol algorithm.

NSMTSEP: Neighbor Supported Modified Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol for WSN

The way by which we select a cluster head critically affects the overall futuristic structure in the network. Cluster head wastes more energy for long distance transmission in the network. Sometimes, due to incomplete information of neighbor nodes, a proper cluster head is not selected and deplete energy quickly. This paper, presents a clustering protocol (NSMTSEP) based on neighbor support. Support of the neighbor node is used to calculate the threshold. Neighbor nodes are labeled based on dynamically changing parameters. The total energetic value of different nodes, cluster heads degree, the summative information of distances of member nodes, etc. is dynamically changing parameters. The label of a node is used to calculate the weight of that particular node. Weight is finally used to formulate equations for threshold calculation. The fundamental target is to increase the stable time, throughput, and network lifespan by reducing the cost incurred in intra-cluster communication. Neighbor supported labeled method is suitable for increasing longevity in the network. NSMTSEP upgrades stability by 8.6%, 36.9% as compared to enhanced threshold sensitive stable election protocol (ETSSEP) and threshold sensitive stable election protocol (TSEP). NSMTSEP is three times more stable than stable election protocol (SEP) and low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol (LEACH). Improvement in the lifespan of NSMTSEP is recorded by 11.98%, 3.43% and 24.9% over ETSSEP, TSEP, and LEACH respectively whereas more than twice in comparison with SEP. The throughput enhanced by 32.2% and 55.7% respectively over TSEP and LEACH, twice over SEP and ETSSEP respectively.

QoS provisioning-based routing protocols using multiple data sink in IoT-based WSN

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising paradigm in which the objects are fused with the capabilities of sensing, networking, identifying and processing to make it feasible for them to communicate with one another and with the other dedicated devices over the Internet to acquire some goals. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based IoT has proliferated its manifold applications in almost every sector of human lives. Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning in WSN-based IoT still requires significant research attention. In this paper, QoS provisioning-based routing protocols are proposed that use multiple data sinks in WSN-based IoT. The proposed protocols are named as Optimized-Energy and Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (O-ETSSEP) and Multiple data Sinks-based Optimized-ETSSEP (MSO-ETSSEP). The Cluster Head (CH) selection is optimized by incorporating distance, residual energy, node density and energy threshold factors in both protocols. Both protocols use three levels of energy heterogeneity for the energy balancing in the network. MSO-ETSSEP employs multiple (four) data sinks around each periphery of the square-shaped network to mitigate the hot-spot problem by circumventing multi-hop communication. The performance evaluation of these protocols is done based on the QoS provisioning performance metrics. The simulation results obtained confirm the superiority of the proposed protocols over the state-of-the-art protocols.

An Improved Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Routing Energy Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

In the Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Protocol, sensors are randomly deployed in the region without considering the balanced energy consumption of nodes. If a node that has been selected as a cluster head is located far away from the base station, it will affect the efficiency of the network due to its early death. This paper proposes an improved energy efficient routing protocol named Improved Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election protocol (ITSEP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Firstly, we use a node state transformation mechanism to control the number of cluster heads in high-density node areas. Secondly, the proposed protocol improves the threshold formula by considering the distance from the node to the base station, the number of neighbor nodes, its residual energy, and the average distance between nodes. In addition, an optimal route with minimum energy consumption for cluster heads has been selected throughout data transmission. Simulation results show that this algorithm has achieved a longer lifetime than the stable election protocol algorithm, modified stable election protocol algorithm, and threshold-sensitive stable election protocol algorithm for the heterogeneous wireless sensor network.

Dual Cluster Head Routing Protocol with Super Node in WSN

This paper introduces dual cluster head routing protocol with super node (DCHRP4) having dual cluster head with four level of heterogeneity to improve the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. The main objective is to reduce the number of selection of cluster head so that the energy consumption can be minimized. In a clustering based sensor network cluster head does all the work from collecting to transmitting data to sink. Therefore, Cluster head loses its energy very fast. Energy plays an important role in efficient management of sensor network. Due to the handling of multiple tasks, energy of a cluster head is lost very fast. So, the paper focuses on reduces the energy consumption, improving the stability, the lifetime of the network, and throughput. From the simulation performed it is observed that the stability period of DCHRP4 upgrade 56.11% over enhanced threshold sensitive stable election protocol (ETSSEP) and twice and more than thrice over threshold sensitive stable election protocol (TSEP) and stable election protocol (SEP) respectively. The overall lifetime of DCHRP4 also upgrade by 8.29% and 49.22% over ETSSEP and TSEP respectively whereas about thrice in comparison with SEP. The throughput improved by 7.75% over ETSSEP, twice over TSEP and SEP respectively.

Implementation and Analysis of Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol

Implementation and Analysis of Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol

A Swarm Optimization Based Power Aware Clustering Strategy for WSNs

T he technique of division of a wireless sensor network (WSN) into clusters has proved to most suitable for the reliable data communication inside the network. This approach also improves the throughput of the system along with other attributes such as rate of delivering data packet to the base station (BS) and overall energy dissipation of the sensor nodes in the network. This in turn results in the increased network lifetime. As the sensor nodes are operated by battery or some other source, this introduces a constraint in energy resource. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop a novel approach to overcome this constraint, since this phenomenon leads to the degradation of the network. The swarm intelligence approach is able to cope with all such pitfalls of WSNs. In this paper, we have presented a cluster-head (CH) selection technique which is based on swarm optimization with the main aim to increase the overall network lifetime. The proposed approach gives higher effects with regards to power utilization of nodes, data packets received at BS and stability period, and for this reason serves to be a higher performer as compared to Stable Election Protocol (SEP) and Enhance Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol(ETSSEP). MATLAB simulation outcomes exhibit that the proposed clustering strategy outperforms the SEP and ETSSEP with regards to the above noted attributes.

Enhanced Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

The major challenges in wireless sensor network include energy conservation, node life time, stability and throughput of network and its node. Clustering is widely used to reduce the energy consump...