Three-phase Meter Research Articles

A fast detection method for metering anomalies of three-phase energy meters based on sliding filter and decision tree

In the actual measurement of three-phase electricity meters, the presence of electromagnetic interference, environmental temperature, and other factors increases the noise in the measurement data, which affects the accuracy of anomaly detection. In this regard, a fast detection method for three-phase meter measurement anomalies based on sliding filters and decision trees is studied. Firstly, sliding filtering and sliding window matrix methods are used to reduce the dimensionality and filter the measurement data of three-phase electric meters. Then, a cascaded random forest is constructed using a CART decision tree, and the filtered three-phase meter measurement data is input into the cascaded random forest. The CART decision tree uses a binary method to partition the nodes. Finally, using the Gini coefficient as a measurement indicator, a cascaded structure is formed through layered stacking to output rapid detection results of outliers in three-phase electricity meter measurements. The experimental results show that this method can quickly detect measurement abnormalities of three-phase energy meters, timely detect meter flying anomalies and unexpected mutations, and improve the fault handling efficiency of three-phase energy meters.

Paradigm towards ensuring of energy saving in the crisis management conditions in the aspect of sustainable environmental development

The aim of the article is to develop the theoretical foundations of energy saving as a factor in achieving the goals of sustainable environmental development on the principles of crisis management. The growth in the volume of energy consumption in the world is accompanied by the increase in anthropogenic pressures on the environment and humans and actualizes the issue of achieving sustainable environmental development of the society while reducing the resources use and solving environmental problems. Based on the use of economic and mathematical methods it is substantiated the feasibility of household consumers to use three-phase meters and it is proved the need to switch to a combined electric heating system which allowed to stimulate the electricity users to use electricity economically and solve the problem of load leveling in accordance with the crisis management principles. In practice, the implementation of the proposed activities will make it possible to activate the transition of household consumers to a differentiated tariff and achieve the goals of crisis management and environmental efficiency.

Development of a Module for Measuring Electrical Variables in Power Transformers Based in IoT, to Manage and Monitoring by Telemetry Mechanism

This work shows the development of a module that performs measurements of electrical variables in a low voltage power transformer. These variables are sent by means of the IEEE802.11 standard, connecting to a database stored in the cloud; associating with the meter IoT concepts, this to allow a client to perform an analysis, monitoring and management of their electrical network. For the construction of this module, non-invasive current sensors connected to a three-phase meter are used and a communication card is used that allows data to be extracted from the meter and sent to the cloud database. This module, to convert a conventional electrical power transformer into a smart electrical power transformer, making it a Smart Object and thus extract information from it telemetrically in real time.

State estimation of a three-phase four-wire secondary distribution network

A state estimation algorithm for assessing the state of a power delivery network according to the measurement information performed by smart meters is proposed and its efficient use in a real low-voltage three-phase four-wire secondary distribution network demonstrated. Nonlinear state estimation is performed by a method of simple iterations, at each step of which an overdetermined system of linear equations of measurements is solved by the method of weighted least squares. State estimation is performed independently for each phase and the neutral wire; phase voltage estimates relative to the neutral wire are determined according to estimates of the phase wire voltages and the neutral wire relative to the ground. Testing of the method is carried out on the example of a real 11-node main feeder, on the poles of which MIR S-04, MIR S-05 and MIR S-07 single-phase and three-phase meters of Russian production are installed. For the state estimation, information was used on the hourly average power of loads and voltage modules for 576 measurement sections taken from the protocols of an automated commercial electricity accounting system. The high accuracy of the obtained estimates is confirmed by no more than 1.2 V residues between the measured values of the variables and their estimates. Two methods for determining energy losses by estimating voltages - with respect to earth and a neutral wire, respectively - are presented. The possibility of balancing loads by moving single-phase loads of the most loaded phase to a less loaded phase is demonstrated. The calculations performed for a real network show the proximity of variables measured by smart meters to their estimates, confirming the effectiveness of the presented algorithm for assessing the state of the secondary distribution network with explicit consideration of the neutral wire.

Static energy meter errors caused by conducted electromagnetic interference

Static, or electronic, energy meters are replacing the conventional electromechanical meters. Consumers are sometimes complaining about higher energy readings and billing after the change to a static meter, but there is not a clear common or root cause at present. Electromagnetic interference has been observed between active infeed converters as used in photo-voltaic systems and static meters. Reducing the interference levels eliminated inaccurate reading in static meters. Several field investigations failed to identify a clear root cause of inaccurate readings of static energy meters. Experiments were performed in a controlled lab environment. Three-phase meters showed large deviations, even when supplied with an ideal sinusoidal voltage from a fourquadrant power amplifier. Large variations could be observed when non-linear, fast switching, loads were connected. A deviation of +276 % was measured with one static energy meter, +265% with a second and -46% with a third static energy meter. After dismantling it was revealed that the meters with the positive deviation used a Rogowski coil current sensor. The meter with a Hall effect-based current sensor gave the -46% deviation. The fourth meter, with a current transformer, resulted in -10% in one experiment and +8% in another experiment, where the deviations are with respect to a conventional electromechanical meter. Measurements were repeated with more meters and supplied from standard, low internal impedance, mains supply in the laboratory. Deviations of +475%, +566%, +569%, +581%, +582% and -31% and -32% were registered, with again the positive deviation for Rogowski coil current sensors and negative deviations for the Hall sensors.

Coriolis mass flow metering for three-phase flow: A case study

Previous work has described the use of Coriolis mass flow metering for two-phase (gas/liquid) flow. As the Coriolis meter provides both mass flow and density measurements, it is possible to resolve the mass flows of the gas and liquid in a two-phase mixture if their respective densities are known. To apply Coriolis metering to a three-phase (oil/water/gas) mixture, an additional measurement is required. In the work described in this paper, a water cut meter is used to indicate what proportion of the liquid flow is water. This provides sufficient information to calculate the mass flows of the water, oil and gas components. This paper is believed to be the first to detail an implementation of three-phase flow metering using Coriolis technology where phase separation is not applied.Trials have taken place at the UK National Flow Standards Laboratory three-phase facility, on a commercial three-phase meter based on the Coriolis meter/ water cut measurement principle. For the 50mm metering system, the total liquid flow rate ranged from 2.4kg/s up to 11kg/s, the water cut ranged from 0% to 100%, and the gas volume fraction (GVF) from 0 to 50%. In a formally observed trial, 75 test points were taken at a temperature of approximately 40°C and with a skid inlet pressure of approximately 350kPa. Over 95% of the test results fell within the desired specification, defined as follows: the total (oil+water) liquid mass flow error should fall within ±2.5%, and the gas mass flow error within ±5.0%. The oil mass flow error limit is ±6.0% for water cuts less than 70%, while for water cuts between 70% and 95% the oil mass flow error limit is ±15.0%.These results demonstrate the potential for using Coriolis mass flow metering combined with water cut metering for three-phase (oil/water/gas) measurement.

Transforming Production Data Into Knowledge

This article, written by Assistant Technology Editor Karen Bybee, contains highlights of paper SPE 112517, "Transforming E&P Data Into Knowledge: Applications of an Integration Strategy," by Jean-Paul Couput, Alain Louis, SPE, and Jacques Danquigny, SPE, Total S.A., originally prepared for the 2008 SPE Intelligent Energy Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, 25-27 February. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Data validation and reconciliation (DVR) applied to flow-measurement systems improves the reliability and accuracy of production estimates. The potential of DVR to analyze, quantify, and interpret large amounts of data and provide more information from existing sensors is of particular value when key measurement devices fail or are not available. Introduction The main objective of the digital-oilfield concept is to maximize production and recovery by integrating all production operations, from the reservoir to export, by use of suitable models and optimization techniques. The combination of both existing and leading-edge technologies ensures that field optimal efficiency is achieved. Today, most production systems require accurate raw production data. All measured data contain various types of errors (e.g., intrinsic measurement errors, gross errors, and noise). Moreover, when real-time measuring systems, such as multiphase flowmeters (MPFMs), are used, errors may originate from the inaccuracy of the model used to compute the flow rates of the individual phases. Operating decisions based on such data can affect reserves calculations. The traditional approach to overcome these issues by combining best practices and measurement devices is not sufficient any longer. In the upstream area, new sensor technologies including three-phase metering and virtual metering have emerged. They still remain a challenge, especially in deepwater subsea applications, where equipment repair or replacement involves large costs. One solution is to combine data from physical sensors with virtual metering and DVR models. This is an innovative approach that has been proved in the downstream area and that effectively helps increase oil production and recovery. Data-Quality Issues Building strong and robust field-monitoring systems assumes that the right and correct measurement and data are made available for further processing at the right time. This constitutes a real challenge for existing and future upstream installations, where both instrumentation and associated measurements are deficient and inconsistent. Another issue is the lack of measurement in case of a failure or in the case of measurement systems designed with minimum equipment. Such questions are not new, but now they are critical and more difficult to address, mainly because requirements are more stringent and measurement accessibility and quality control (QC) are more problematic, especially in deepwater-field developments and in unmanned situations.

Genesis of a Three-Phase Subsea Metering System

Summary This paper describes the development of a three-phase metering system for installation on seabed templates at or near subsea wellheads. It tracks the development of the system from its conception through continuing tests on a production platform in the North Sea. The paper also reviews modification of the original design as a result of 1989 offshore tests.

Relative accuracy of three-phase metering combinations

Relative accuracy of three-phase metering combinations

Relative Accuracy of Three-Phase Metering Combinations

This paper grades several three-phase combinations of instrument transformers and watthour meters under various conditions according to their approach to the best standard practice. The combinations are described and sources of uncertainty or of error are discussed. Diagrams are included to show the schematic connections of the component transformers and meters, both separately and in combination and of the power systems to be metered.

Relative accuracy of three-phase metering combinations

This paper grades several three-phase combinations of instrument transformers and watthour meters under various conditions according to their approach to the best standard practice. The combinations are described and sources of uncertainty or of error are discussed. Diagrams are included to show the schematic connections of the component transformers and meters, both separately and in combination and of the power systems to be metered.