Three-phase Brushless DC Motor Research Articles

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DUAL THREE-PHASE BLDC MOTOR OPERATION AT IMBALANCED MODULAR LOADING

Electric machines built according to the modular principle – with several three-phase windings on a stator – are a new direction of modern electromechanics, because they have a number of advantages compared to traditional single-winding machines. Among these benefits, the most important are increased efficiency and fault tolerance, which is especially important for self-powered electric vehicles. However, the presence of a mutual magnetic coupling between the modules, as well as their unequal electrical load, amplify the electromagnetic torque ripple inherent in one or another electric drive system. In this work, the electromagnetic torque ripples in a dual three-phase (DTP) brushless DC motor (BLDCM) under different loads of its modules were investigated for the cases of absence and presence of mutual magnetic coupling between armature winding sets and in the cases of the drive operation in open and closed control systems. The research was carried out by means of simulation in the Matlab/Simulink environment on a circular model of real mock-up sample of DTP permanent magnet machine developed based on the results of its magnetic field simulation using the finite element method. Adequacy of simulation results is confirmed by experimental investigation. The results of the DTP BLDCM simulation studies showed an increase in the relative electromagnetic torque ripples of individual modules due to both the presence of magnetic coupling between winding sets and the deviation from their equal loading. However, at the level of the whole DTP BLDCM, a significant mutual compensation the electromagnetic torque ripples of the modules is shown, especially if they are magnetically coupled. The presence of closed-loop control systems of individual modules significantly reduces the electromagnetic torque ripples caused by different loading of the modules, especially in the case of magnetically uncoupled modules. References 26, figures 7, tables 3.

Energy Auditing in Three-Phase Brushless DC Motor Drive Output for Electrical Vehicle Communication Using Machine Learning Technique

Using predictive nonlinear optimal control, this model examines the output power of a three-phase brushless DC motor (BLDC) drive to ensure that it is stabilized (PNOC). A BLDC is a kind of electric motor that is used in a variety of applications and is one of the models of electric motors that are utilized in constant speed applications. In this motor, the movable component of the rotor created torque and the rotor rotated in a position of low reluctance; the location of the rotor is determined by the motor’s maximum inductance value. The BLDC drive controls the motor via the converter circuit, and the converter circuit ensures that the motor receives the appropriate output power. The project manager should have a thorough discussion with the team about the demagnetization of the malfunctioning BLDC motor before beginning this job. It is possible to model a machine using many existing technologies, such as electrical equivalent circuit diagram (EEC), which are based on a number of assumptions that make the analysis process or the analysis approach simpler. Despite numerical methodologies, these approach scenarios give frequency domain loop (FDL) precision frequency domain, using a suitable weight strategy to deliver high power solution creation (NM). The purpose of this essay is to integrate these two technologies in order to make contributions via the development of a new hybrid EEC-FDL model closed-loop brushless DC motor. PNOC is a driving system that uses predictive nonlinear optimal control (PNOC). The generated model is subjected to simulations under both healthy and incorrect settings, respectively. MATLAB software is utilized to construct the simulation of the control circuit, and simulation outputs are validated by experimental findings. Predictive nonlinear optimal control (PNOC) is employed to eliminate torque ripple and improve system stability.

Online Monitoring of Power Converter Degradation Using Deep Neural Network

Power semiconductor devices in the power converters used for motor drives are susceptible to wear-out and failure, especially when operated in harsh environments. Therefore, detection of degradation of power devices is crucial for ensuring the reliable performance of power converters. In this paper, a deep learning approach for online classification of the health states of the snubber resistors in the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) in a three-phase Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive is proposed. The method can locate one out of the six IGBTs experiencing a snubber resistor degradation problem by measuring the voltage waveforms of the three shunt resistors using voltage sensors. The range of the degradation of the snubber resistors for successful classification is also investigated. The off-the-shelf deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture ResNet50 is used for transfer learning to determine which snubber resistor has degraded. The dataset for evaluating the above classification scheme of IGBT degradation is obtained by measuring the shunt voltage waveforms with varying snubber resistance and reference current. Then, the three-phase voltage waveforms are converted into greyscale images and RGB spectrogram images, which are later fed into the deep CNN. Experiments are carried out on the greyscale image dataset and the spectrogram image dataset using four-fold cross-validation. The results show that the proposed scheme can classify seven classes (one class for normal condition and six classes for abnormal condition in one of the six IGBTs in a three-phase BLDC drive) with over 95% average accuracy within a specific range of snubber resistance. Using grayscale images and using spectrogram-based RGB images yields similar accuracy.

Asymmetrical Four-Phase Combined Winding Arrangement for Bearingless PM Motors

Conventional bearingless motors typically comprise two sets of independent windings in the stator to produce torque and suspension force, denoted by a separated winding in this study. However, several approaches to combine suspension and rotation windings into one set of windings, known as combined winding, have been investigated for torque density improvement and for increasing the instantaneous suspension force production at start-up. This study proposes a method to convert a typical three-phase brushless dc motor into a four-phase bearingless motor with combined winding, based on the magnetomotive force (MMF) distribution. As an example, a 12-slot/10-pole surface-mounted permanent magnet motor was investigated. The calculation results demonstrate that the suspension force cannot be generated at certain rotational angles when the four phases are symmetrically located. This study introduces torque and force current factors based on the MMF distribution to select several asymmetrical four-phase winding arrangements. The radial force trajectory calculated by the finite element method was evaluated to determine the final model. To verify the proposed method, the prototype was built and tested, and the test results showed that the rotor was levitated successfully and could be driven up to 5000 r/min.

A sustainable process for conversion of petrol engine vehicle to battery electric vehicle: A case study

A clean environment and sustainable society can be achieved by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which are measured by the amount of CO2 equivalents in the air. A major part of air pollution is attributed to the exhaust expelled by automobiles which can be reduced by converting existing vehicles to pure battery electric vehicles (BEV). This paper presents the process to convert a petrol-based vehicle (624 cc petrol engine vehicle) to a pure BEV suitable for the Indian automotive sector, aimed at minimizing the cost of conversion and operating cost of the vehicle. The main components used in the conversion of the vehicle are presented and their overall placement is also detailed in the paper. A three-phase brushless DC motor is used with a custom-made Li-ion battery pack along with a motor controller to realize the conversion. While carrying out the conversion process, the coupling of the motor to the gearbox was observed to be a complex task. Additionally, the development of a fool-proof circuit for effective control was observed to be a challenging task too. To tackle the circuitry issue, a novel circuitry was developed to make the connections between the motor, controller, and subsidiary parts for highly efficient vehicle operations. The prototype of the proposed conversion was also developed and tested for regular warehouse applications.

Model-free-adaptive-based data-driven method for three-axis Gimbal control

This study uses a three-axis Gimbal model to inertially stabilize a platform that can be used to feed smooth images from a camera. In this article, three-axis Gimbal performance analysis is presented. An inertial measurement unit responds to movement and a three-phase brushless DC motor with 14 poles and 12 coils is used to rule out vibrations and movement from the surroundings. The controller combines sliding-mode control and model-free-adaptive control to design a novel control method based on data, which can decrease the computational time and difficulty of a nonlinear system. Simulations on MATLAB prove the efficiency of the given method. The simulation results validate that the designed controller has improved position control than the traditional proportional integral derivative, model-free-adaptive control, and model-free-learning-adaptive control.

Reduced inverters fed BDCM drives: an attempt to improve cost‐effectiveness, compactness and reliability in hybrid vehicles

Following the climatic changes, there is a universal commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially those due to mobility. A particular interest is addressed to hybrid propulsion systems, which are currently considered as viable candidates for a sustainable mobility. Within this commitment, the study proposes an approach to improve the cost-effectiveness, compactness and reliability of the electric drive unit of hybrid propulsion systems. This is achieved thanks to different associations of brushless DC motors (BDCMs) and reduced topologies of DC/AC converters such as the four switch inverter and three switch inverter. A special attention is focused upon the analysis of the sequences and commutations characterising the six-phase and three-phase BDCM drive operation. Implementation schemes of dedicated control strategies are given. Moreover, a comparison of selected features related to the ratings of the investigated BDCM drives is carried out and commented. Experimental results are provided to validate the performances of a reduced structure inverter fed three-phase BDCM under the dedicated control strategy.

Simple and Effective Digital Control of a Variable-Speed Low Inductance BLDC Motor Drive

This paper presents a simple digital control applied to a low inductance 5 kW/48 V three-phase brushless DC motor. Controlling the VSI as a full-bridge converter allowed the use of unipolar switching strategy, increasing the output equivalent frequency up to 100 kHz. The aforementioned strategy has made it possible to control the three-phase currents using a single deadbeat controller without a back-EMF feed-forward compensation. Stability analysis is performed to show that the proposed current control presents good transient response under reasonable parametric variations, as well as zero steady-state error. Precise regulation with no overshoot was obtained using an IP controller to regulate the motor speed. Experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis and to compare with a conventional PI compensator and a predictive controller.

Performance evaluation of electric vehicle brushless direct current motor with a novel high-performance control strategy with experimental implementation

In this article, a new control strategy for electric vehicle battery autonomy and performance improvements is proposed. This method is based on the use of a DC-DC converter combined with a brushless DC motor as an electric vehicle propulsion engine. First, an analysis of the three-phase brushless DC motor performance based on analytical modeling is addressed. This model stands on the derivative of the commutated and non-commutated phase currents from which the speed response is induced. The proposed model presents different brushless DC motor pulse width modulation control modes and allows highlighting the most appropriate mode with lower current ripple and power loss, higher efficiency and faster response. Furthermore, a DC-DC boost converter is integrated in the motor control scheme, to describe after, how the electric vehicle performance is increased when implementing this control mode. Evaluation of the analytic results has been validated through simulations on MATLAB/Simulink. The evaluation focuses on speed response for different pulse width modulation control modes, current ripple rate in addition to the electric vehicle performance with and without DC-DC converter. In addition, an experimental validation using a laboratory designed platform is performed. The proposed method demonstrates a better electric vehicle performance in terms of increasing the battery autonomy and speed range.

Proposal of a Bi-Objective Kriging Adapted Output Space Mapping Technique for Electromagnetic Design Optimization

Multi-objective optimization with finite-element model (FEM) for the optimal design of electromagnetic devices is a complex task and also time costly. Output space mapping (OSM) techniques allow having an affordable computation cost with a minimum number of computationally expensive FEM evaluations. In this paper, a bi-objective Kriging adapted OSM, an original space-mapping technique based on adaptive nonlinear corrective projection, is proposed. First, the proposed technique is validated using a mathematical test function; Second, it is applied on a three-phase brushless dc motor, which is represented through two modeling levels: 1) coarse (analytical model) and 2) fine (2-D FEM). An advantage of this new technique is its ability to make the coarse model converge effectively toward the fine model.

A New Method to Minimize Overall Torque Ripple in the Presence of Phase Current Shift Error for Three-Phase BLDC Motor Drive

Torque ripple is always problematic in brushless dc (BLDC) motor drive. It is caused by nonsymmetric commutating phase current rate and phase current shift error. The latter is inevitable even in the latest sensor/sensorless BLDC motor control and drive. In this paper, a simple, robust, and low-cost method of minimizing overall torque ripple in the presence of phase current shift error is presented. It works and manages well to maintain the torque ripple increase within 10% even with 27° phase current shift, compared with more than 25% torque ripple increase without any compensator. The proposed technique is theoretically elucidated in detail, and the performance is verified via MATLAB/Simulink simulation and experiments.

Soft Computing Technique of Bridgeless SEPIC Converter for PMBLDC Motor Drive

A novel speed controller for the three-phase Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor Drive is proposed using a closed-loop AC-DC Bridgeless SEPIC Converter in continuous Conduction mode. This design proposes a single stage AC-DC converter with ON and OFF state equivalent circuits for 400W, 48V at 2450 rpm PMBLDC motor drive. The Fuzzy based voltage and current controlling method is proposed in this design. The voltage controlling method is used to control the speed for BLDC motor and the current controlling method is used to improve the power factor in AC supply. The speed of BLDC motor is observed with voltage disturbance and the constant motor speed is maintained. The proposed control method on SEPIC converter fed PMBLDC motor drive is modeled by Simulink/Matlab.

Current Spikes Minimization Method for Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor with Real-Time Implementation

Due to their high efficiency and low cost of maintenance, brushless DC motors (BLDCMs) with trapezoidal electromotive forces (back-EMFs), have become widely used in various applications such as aerospace, electric vehicles, industrial uses, and robotics. However, they suffer from large current ripples and current spikes. In this paper, a new method for minimizing current spikes appearing during BLDCM start-up or sudden set point changes is proposed. The method is based on controlling the MOSFET gates of the motor driver using R-C filters. These filters are placed between the PWM control signal generator and the MOSFET gates to smooth these control signals. The analysis of the proposed method showed that the R-C filter usage affects the BLDCM steady-state performances. To overcome this limitation, the R-C filter circuit was activated only during current spikes detection. The effectiveness of the proposed method was analytically analyzed and then validated through simulation and experimental tests. The obtained results allowed a reduction of 13% in current spikes amplitude.

Torque Ripple Minimization Control Technique of High-Speed Single-Phase Brushless DC Motor for Electric Turbocharger

The electrification of a forced induction system (FIS) has emerged as a feasible solution for low greenhouse gas emission and high fuel economy in passenger cars and light-duty trucks. A high-speed electric motor in conjunction with the conventional FIS has numerous benefits including better transient response and higher engine output power. A single-phase brushless dc (BLDC) motor possesses a number of attractive features for this application including high efficiency, low cost, robustness, and high-speed operation capability. However, it generates higher torque ripple than that of three-phase BLDC motor due to the lack of alternate phases and phase current distortion. This paper proposes a new torque ripple minimization control technique, which has a linearly decreasing reference voltage to regulate phase current. The analytical estimation and experimental results verify that the new control technique reduces the motor vibration while improving the maximum speed and the efficiency of the motor drive.

Saving Energy by Replacing IM with BLDC Motor in Fan Application

Electrical drives with single-phase and three-phase induction motors have been dominant in electromechanical energy conversion in industrial, residential and automotive applications. So far the using of induction motor in these sectors has been a good choice because of its reliability, long life, simple structure, stability, etc. Technological progress in magnetic material technology, power electronics, integrated circuits and microcontrollers have enabled alternative motor technologies such as brushless direct current (BLDC) motors. BLDC motor possesses many advantages comparing with induction motor also DC motor. The using of intelligent control methods improves its performance. These reasons bring to an increasing of the application of this motor in many sectors. The paper aims to show a way of increasing the efficiency of electrical drives through replacing the induction motor with the BLDC motor. In the paper is compared a permanent magnet based three-phase brushless DC motor with single phase induction motor used in fan application in terms of efficiency. The analysis is specifically related to low power fan applications. Based on the experimental results presented in the paper is clearly noticed that BLDC motors used in fan application can increase efficiency and bring energy saving up to 35% compared to three-phase induction motors.

一种基于ARM + CPLD的三相无刷直流电机模型参考自适应PI调速控制系统

本文设计并开发了一种基于ARM + CPLD的三相无刷直流电机模型参考自适PI调速控制系统：由CPLD芯片实现无刷直流电机的换相与方波驱动、快速故障保护，兼具电机转子机械转速实时测量功能；由ARM芯片实现模型参考自适应PI控制算法。ARM与CPLD之间通过SPI总线接口实现全双工通信，两块芯片联合工作实现电机转速的精确控制。通过Simulink仿真和实际试验，验证了该驱动控制系统硬件结构和控制算法的有效性。采用的模型参考自适应PI控制算法，提高了无刷直流电机闭环负反馈控制的鲁棒性，使得电机参数或者电机负载发生变化时，在不重新整定PI参数的前提下，闭环控制系统依然能够保持良好的控制性能。 A three-phase brushless DC Motor (BLDCM) speed control system is designed and developed by using ARM and CPLD: motor drive commutation, square wave drive, fast fault protection and motor speed measurement logic being realized by CPLD chip; model reference adaptive PI control algorithm is implemented by ARM chip. Full duplex communication between ARM and CPLD is conducted over SPI bus interface. Precise control of motor speed is achieved by two chips’ joint work. The effectiveness of the control system structure and control algorithm was tested through Simulink simulation and actual experiment. Model reference adaptive PI algorithm improved the robustness of the BLDCM closed loop feedback control system. Consequently, when the motor pa-rameter or the motor load changes, without adjusting PI parameters, the closed-loop control system is still able to maintain excellent control performance.

Research on Control System of Three - phase Brushless DC Motor for Electric Vehicle

In order to study the three-phase brushless motor control system of electric vehicle, Freescale9S12XS128 chip is used as the control core, and the power MOSFET is used as the inverter device. The software is compiled by Codewarrior software. The speed control link adopts open-loop control, and the control chip collects the external sensor signal voltage Change control PWM signal output control three-phase brushless DC motor speed. The whole system consists of Hall position detection module, current detection module, power drive module and voltage detection module. The basic functions of three-phase brushless DC motor drive control are realized.

Unipolar PWM predictive current‐mode control of a variable‐speed low inductance BLDC motor drive

This study presents the design and implementation steps of a digital predictive controller to regulate a low-inductance, three-phase, three-wire permanent magnet brushless DC motor currents. These types of motors are usually driven by multi-stage converters, switched at high frequencies, or use additional inductances to limit the current ripple. The motor's trapezoidal back electromotive force and rectangular currents waveforms make the design and the tuning process of linear controllers difficult. This task complexity increases when a wide speed range is considered. Digital predictive controllers are easily implemented in digital signal processors (DSPs), being successfully used to regulate currents of different types of power electronic converters. A unipolar pulse width modulation predictive controller is proposed here to regulate the rectangular currents of a brushless DC motor, without the need for any additional filter or converter. Experimental and simulation results using a 5 kW/48 V three-phase brushless DC (BLDC) motor are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this proposal. It will be presented a methodology to compensate the conditioning and sampling circuits delays as well as the inverter's semiconductors voltage drop. The control algorithm was implemented in a TMS320F28335 DSP.

Design of Optimal Position Controller for Three-Phase Brushless DC Motor Applying Adaptive Sliding Mode Control

Design of Optimal Position Controller for Three-Phase Brushless DC Motor Applying Adaptive Sliding Mode Control

Mathematical Model of Brushless DC Motor in Phase Loss Operation Mode

A mathematical model of a three-phase brushless DC motor was developed for studying the phase loss mode and developing fault-tolerant algorithms. The motor model is obtained on the basis of a synchronous motor with rotor position feedback and is comprised of a matrix of failures. The adequacy of the developed model is shownby the comparative analysis of simulation results of the motor phase loss and experimental results received on the test bench with the functioning recovery algorithm.