Three-party Quantum Secret Research Articles

A novel three-party quantum secret sharing scheme based on Bell state sequential measurements with application in quantum image sharing

In this work, we present a quantum secret sharing scheme based on Bell state entanglement and sequential projection measurements. The protocol verifies the n out of n scheme and supports the aborting of the protocol in case all the parties do not divulge in their valid measurement outcomes. The operator–qubit pair forms an integral part of the scheme determining the classical secret to be shared. The protocol is robust enough to neutralize any eavesdropping on a particular qubit of the dealer. The experimental demonstration of the scheme is done on IBM-QE cloud platform with backends IBMQ_16_Melbourne and IBMQ_QASM_SIMULATOR_V0.1.547 simulator. The security analysis performed on the scheme and the comparative analysis support our claim of a stringent and an efficient scheme as compared to some recent quantum and semi-quantum techniques of secret sharing.

Improvement of High-Capacity Three-Party Quantum Secret Sharing with Single Photons in both the Polarization and the Spatial-Mode Degrees of Freedom

Recently, Wang et al. put forward a high-capacity three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol with single photons in both the polarization and the spatial-mode degrees of freedom (Int J Theor Phys (2013) 52:1043–1051). In this paper, the communication capacity of Wang et al.’s QSS protocol is improved by providing more composite unitary operations for Alice’s encoding. Compared with Wang et al.’s QSS protocol, the improved protocol doubles the communication capacity of the photon for sharing Alice’s secret bits. The improved protocol only needs two-qubit single-photon states in both the polarization and the spatial-mode degrees of freedom and single-photon measurements. Compared with the QSS protocols based on entangled states and entangled state measurements, the improved protocol is more feasible.

Comment on “Three-party quantum secret sharing based on d-dimensional Bell state”

In the paper [Mod. Phys. Lett. B 33 (2019) 1950023 ], Qin et al. proposed a three-party quantum secret sharing scheme based on [Formula: see text]-dimensional Bell states. We study the security of the proposed scheme and find that it is not secure, that is, one sharer can obtain Alice’s secret messages without the help of the other sharer.

Quantum secret sharing with polarization-entangled photon pairs

We describe and experimentally demonstrate a three-party quantum secret sharing protocol using polarization-entangled photon pairs. The source itself serves as an active participant and can switch between the required photon states by modulating the pump beam only, thereby making the protocol less susceptible to loss and amenable to fast switching. Compared to three-photon protocols, the practical efficiency is dramatically improved as there is no need to generate, transmit, or detect a third photon.

Three-party quantum secret sharing against collective noise

In this paper, based on logical GHZ states and logical χ-states, we present four three-party quantum secret sharing protocols immune to the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. They make full use of the measurement correlation property of multi-particle entangled states and local unitary operations. Compared with existing three-party quantum secret sharing protocols against collective noise, our protocols are the most efficient. Furthermore, these protocols are congenitally free from the Trojan horse attacks.

Verifiable Quantum Secret Sharing Protocols Based on Four-Qubit Entangled States

A new verifiable three-party quantum secret sharing protocol is proposed based on a special four-qubit entangled state which is inequivalent to four-qubit singlet states under stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC). The validity of the reconstructed secret is verifiable based on the method like Byzantine agreement. It is generalized to verifiable multiparty quantum secret sharing based on four-qubit entangled states. It is shown to be secure against common attacks and feasible with present-day technology. PACS number(s): 03.67.Dd, 03.67.Hk, 03.67.Lx.

Three-party quantum secret sharing based on d-dimensional Bell state

A three-party quantum secret sharing scheme is proposed, in which the dealer uses the d-dimensional Bell state to distribute the secret, the participants perform the single-particle measurements to get their shares, and the dealer performs the Bell-basis measurements to check the eavesdropping. The main merit of our scheme is that the participants only need to measure the particles in one basis. Compared to the existing schemes in which the participants need to measure the particles in two bases, our scheme will be more practical.

Three-party quantum secret sharing based on phase shift operation

An efficient three-party quantum secret sharing scheme is proposed. The dealer uses the phase shift operation to encode the secret information into some EPR pairs. The members use the phase shift operation to decode the EPR pairs, and measure the EPR pairs to reconstruct the secret. Our scheme does not need the BB84 protocol or the decoy particles to protect the transmitted particles, and can use the phase shift operation to prevent the attacker from stealing secret information from the transmitted particles. So all the particles can be used to bring the secret information, and the utilization efficiency of the particles of 100% can be achieved. With the prevent technology, our scheme is more practical than the existing schemes.

Quantum secret sharing protocol based on four-dimensional three-particle entangled states

In this paper, we proposed a three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) scheme using four-dimensional three-particle entangled states. In this QSS scheme, each agent can obtain a shadow of the secret key by performing single-particle measurements. Compared with the existing QSS protocol, this scheme has high efficiency and can resist the eavesdropping attack and entangle-measuring attack, which using three-particle entangled states are based on four-dimensional Hilbert space.

Robust Quantum Secure Communication with Spatial Quantum States of Single Photons

The polarization quantum states of photon systems are fragile to the channel noise. However, recent experiments showed that the spatial quantum states of photon systems are robust. Recently, Ren et al. proposed a robust quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol with spatial entanglement (Ren et al., Eur. Phys. J. D 67:30, 2013). Here we proposed a robust QSDC protocol and a robust three-party quantum secret sharing protocol with the four nonorthogonal spatial quantum states of a sequence of single photons, respectively. Both these two quantum secure communication protocols have the advantage of having a robust character and not increasing the difficulty of their implementations in experiment, compared with almost all the existing quantum secure communication protocols which are based on the polarization quantum states of photon systems. Moreover, they are more feasible than the QSDC protocol by Ren et al. as they do not require Bell-state measurements.

The general theory of three-party quantum secret sharing protocols over phase-damping channels

The general theory of three-party QSS protocols with the noisy quantum channels is discussed. When the particles are transmitted through the noisy quantum channels, the initial pure three-qubit tripartite entangled states would be changed into mixed states. We analyze the security of QSS protocols with the different kinds of three-qubit tripartite entangled states under phase-damping channels and figure out, for different kinds of initial states, the successful probabilities that Alice's secret can be recovered by legal agents are different. Comparing with one recent QSS protocol based on GHZ states, our scheme is secure, and has a little smaller key rate than that of the recent protocol.

Improved Three-Party Quantum Secret Sharing Based on Bell States

Hwang et al. (Phys. Scr. 83:045004, 2011) proposed a high efficient multiparty quantum secret sharing by using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. But Liu et al. (Phys. Scr. 84:045015, 2011) analyzed the security of Hwang et al.’s protocol and found that it was insecure for Charlie who might obtain half of information about the dealer’s secret directly. They put forward an improved protocol by adding operation on photons in sequence S3. However, we point out Liu et al.’s protocol is not secure too if a dishonest participant Charlie carries out intercept-resend attack. And a further improved quantum secret sharing protocol is proposed based on Bell states in this paper. Our newly proposed protocol can stand against participant attack, provide a higher efficiency in transmission and reduce the complexity of implementation.

High-Capacity Quantum Secret Sharing with Hyperdense Coding Assisted by Hyperentangled Photon Pairs

We presents a high-capacity three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol with a sequence of photon pairs in hyperentangled Bell states in both the polarization and the spatial-mode degrees of freedom. In our scheme, the boss Alice prepares a sequence of photon pairs in hyperentangled Bell states and divides them into two photon sequences which are sent the two agents, respectively. Alice exploits four subsets of decoy photons to assure the security of the photon transmission between her and her agents. The present QSS scheme has the advantage of having a high channel capacity as each photon pair can carry 4 bits of secret message in principle, two times of that by Deng et al. (Phys. Lett. A 372: 1957, 2008). We give out the setups for the preparation of the photon pairs in hyperentangled Bell states with a beta barium borate crystal and the manipulation of the photons with linear optical elements. It will be shown that our QSS protocol is feasible with current experimental technology.

High-Capacity Three-Party Quantum Secret Sharing with Single Photons in Both the Polarization and the Spatial-Mode Degrees of Freedom

We present a high-capacity three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol with a sequence of single photons in both the polarization and the spatial-mode degrees of freedom. By inserting the boss Alice into the middle position between the two agents Bob and Charlie, our QSS protocol is secure in theory. The boss Alice chooses some unitary operations to encode her information on the single photons. It is interesting to point out the fact that Alice does not change the bases of the single photons which are used to carry the useful information about the private key, which improves its success probability for obtaining a private key. Compared with the QSS protocol by Zhou et al. (Chin. Phys. Lett. 24, 2181 (2007)), our QSS protocol has a higher capacity without increasing the difficulty of its implementation in experiment as each correlated photon can carry two bits of useful information. Compared with those QSS protocols based on entangled photon pairs and Bell-state measurements, our QSS protocol is more feasible as it does not require the complete Bell-state analysis which is not easy with linear optics. We give out the setup for the implementation of our QSS protocol with linear optical elements.

High-Capacity Three-Party Quantum Secret Sharing With Hyperentanglement

We presents a novel scheme for high-capacity three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) with the hyperentanglement in both the polarization and the spatial-mode degrees of freedom of photon pairs. The boss Alice need only prepare a sequence of photon pairs and some decoy photons. Her two agents measure their photons received from the boss Alice with two bases by choosing two unsymmetrical probabilities. The present QSS scheme has a high capacity as each pair can carry 2 bits of information, several times as other QSS schemes. Moreover, our setups with linear optical elements show that our QSS scheme does not increase the difficulty of its implementation in experiment and it is feasible with current techniques.

Multi-party quantum secret sharing with the single-particle quantum state to encode the information

We present a three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) scheme via the entangled Greenberger---Horne---Zeilinger state. In this scheme, the sender Alice encodes her arbitrary secret information by me...

Cryptanalysis and improvement of a quantum secret sharing scheme based on χ-type entangled states

In the paper [2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 050306], Yang et al. put forward a novel three-party quantum secret sharing protocol of secure direct communication based on χ-type entangled states, they claimed that the scheme is secure. However, in this paper, we study the security of the protocol and find that it is insecure. Applying intercept and resend attack, the agent Bob can obtain Alice's secret without the help from the other agent Charlie. In the end, we give our effective modification for its improvement.

Comment on “Eavesdropping on the improved three-party quantum secret sharing protocol”

In the comment, we show that the attack [G. Gao, Opt. Commun. 43 (2010) 902], which claims to be able to eavesdrop all the transmitted secret message of the improved three-party quantum secret sharing protocol [S. Lin, et al., Opt. Commun. 281 (2008) 4553], is invalid in the sense that it introduces 25% error rate.

Quantum secret sharing protocol with four state Grover algorithm and its proof-of-principle experimental demonstration

In this article, we propose a three-party quantum secret sharing protocol with four-state Grover algorithm. The protocol has several advantages. It uses only four initial states which simplifies its experimental implementation. It has a higher encoding capacity, each two-qubit state provides two bits of information. We have experimentally demonstrated the protocol in a nuclear magnetic resonance quantum information processor successfully.

Fault-Tolerate Three-Party Quantum Secret Sharing over a Collective-Noise Channel

We present a fault-tolerate three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) scheme over a collective-noise channel. Decoherence-free subspaces are used to tolerate two noise modes, a collective-dephasing channel and a collective-rotating channel, respectively. In this scheme, the boss uses two physical qubits to construct a logical qubit which acts as a quantum channel to transmit one bit information to her two agents. The agents can get the information of the private key established by the boss only if they collaborate. The boss Alice encodes information with two unitary operations. Only single-photon measurements are required to rebuilt Alice's information and detect the security by the agents Bob and Charlie, not Bell-state measurements. Moreover, Almost all of the photons are used to distribute information, and its success efficiency approaches 100% in theory.