Three-particle GHZ State Research Articles

An identity-verifiable quantum threshold group signature scheme based on three-particle GHZ states

With the advancement of the new generation of information technology in recent years, quantum digital signatures have been widely concerned. Among them, quantum threshold group signatures have become a hot research field due to their advantages such as low cost and strong scalability. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an identity-verifiable quantum threshold group signature scheme based on three-particle GHZ states. The characteristics of the scheme are as follows. The signers can reconstruct the key K for signature’s generation and verification by using the Shamir threshold secret sharing scheme. A quantum signature is generated by performing controlled-not operations, von Neumann measurements, and quantum Fourier transform. When the signature is verified, only classical hash values need to be compared, without comparing quantum states. Identity verification is performed between participants by using hash functions. The efficiency of the scheme is improved by using super-dense coding. Security analysis shows that our scheme is unforgeable and undeniable.

A hybrid dynamic n-party quantum key exchange protocol based on three-particle GHZ states

A hybrid dynamic n-party quantum key exchange protocol based on three-particle GHZ states

Quantum multi-party fair exchange protocol based on three-particle GHZ states

Quantum multi-party fair exchange protocol based on three-particle GHZ states

Arbitration quantum signature protocol based on XOR encryption

Quantum signature is a branch of quantum cryptography that draws on the design ideas of classic digital signatures, and uses the basic principles of quantum mechanics to achieve the integrity, authenticity and nonrepudiation of quantum information. Among them, arbitration quantum signature (AQS) plays a very important role. In this paper, we proposed an AQS protocol based on XOR encryption. Unlike other protocols, a quantum one-time pad encryption method or chain-type CNOT encryption method is abandoned. The proposed protocol is designed based on the three-particle GHZ state combined with the idea of classical XOR encryption, with CNOT operations used to encrypt quantum messages and quantum signatures. A security analysis of the proposed protocol reveals that the proposed protocol can satisfy the AQS requirements of unforgeability and nonrepudiation.

Efficient scheme for remote preparation of an arbitrary tripartite four-particle entangled state

We propose a novel scheme to realize remote preparation of an arbitrary tripartite four-particle entangled state via two three-particle GHZ states as the quantum channel. In this scheme, the sender should employ several novel two-particle projective measurements on her particles. According to the sender’s measurement outcome, the receiver will carry out local unitary operations and suitable C-NOT gates on his particles to recover the desired state. It is shown that, in our scheme, the total successful probability of the RSP can reach 1.

Controlled Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol Based on Extended Three-particle GHZ State Decoy

Controlled Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol Based on Extended Three-particle GHZ State Decoy

Controlled Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication Protocol Based on Three-Particle GHZ States in X-Basis* Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61402058, Science and Technology, Sichuan Province of China under Grant No. 2013GZX0137, Fund for Young Persons Project of Sichuan Province of China under Grant No. 12ZB017, and the Foundation of Cyberspace Security Key Laboratory of

A controlled deterministic secure quantum communication (CDSQC) protocol is proposed based on three-particle GHZ state in X-basis. Only X-basis and Z1Z2X3-basis (composed of Z-basis and X-basis) measurement are required, which makes the scheme more convenient than others in practical applications. By distributing a random key between both sides of the communication and performing classical XOR operation, we realize a one-time-pad scheme, therefore our protocol achieves unconditional secure. Because only user with legitimate identity string can decrypt the secret, our protocol can resist man-in-the middle attack. The three-particle GHZ state in X-basis is used as decoy photons to detect eavesdropping. The detection rate reaches 75% per qubit.

Efficient scheme for realizing quantum dense coding with GHZ state in separated low-Q cavities

We propose an efficient scheme for realizing quantum dense coding with three-particle GHZ state in separated low-Q cavities. In this paper, the GHZ state is first prepared with three atoms trapped, respectively, in three spatial separated cavities. Meanwhile, with the assistance of a coherent optical pulse and X-quadrature homodyne measurement, we can implement quantum dense coding with three-particle GHZ state with a higher probability. Our scheme can also be generalized to realize N-particle quantum dense coding.

Several teleportation schemes of an arbitrary unknown multi-particle state via different quantum channels

We first provide four new schemes for two-party quantum teleportation of an arbitrary unknown multi-particle state by using three-, four-, and five-particle states as the quantum channel, respectively. The successful probability and fidelity of the four schemes reach 1. In the first two schemes, the receiver can only apply one of the unitary transformations to reconstruct the original state, making it easier for these two schemes to be directly realized. In the third and fourth schemes, the sender can preform Bell-state measurements instead of multipartite entanglement measurements of the existing similar schemes, which makes real experiments more suitable. It is found that the last three schemes may become tripartite controlled teleportation schemes of teleporting an arbitrary multi-particle state after a simple modification. Finally, we present a new scheme for three-party sharing an arbitrary unknown multi-particle state. In this scheme, the sender first shares three three-particle GHZ states with two agents. After setting up the secure quantum channel, an arbitrary unknown multi-particle state can be perfectly teleported if the sender performs three Bell-state measurements, and either of two receivers operates an appropriate unitary transformation to obtain the original state with the help of other receiver's three single-particle measurements. The successful probability and fidelity of this scheme also reach 1. It is demonstrated that this scheme can be generalized easily to the case of sharing an arbitrary unknown multi-particle state among several agents.

Quantum Private Comparison Based on GHZ Entangled States

We present a new quantum private comparison protocol based on the three-particle GHZ states. In this protocol, we prepare two types of GHZ states and use their entanglement properties to encode and compare the private information of X and Y. We also discuss that our protocol can withstand all various kinds of outside attacks and participant attacks.

Efficient Symmetric Five-Party Quantum State Sharing of an Arbitrary m-Qubit State

We present an efficient symmetric scheme for five-party quantum state sharing of an arbitrary m-qubit state with 2m three-particle entangled states. The implementations of this scheme only need to exploit the CNOT gate operations and the single-particle measurements, instead of the three-particle GHZ-state measurements, which makes it more convenient in a practical application than some previous schemes. In addition, its total efficiency can approach the maximal value in theory.

Joint Remote State Preparation of Arbitrary Two- and Three-Particle States

We propose a scheme to joint remotely prepare arbitrary two- and three-particle entangled states by using non-maximally three-particle GHZ state as the quantum channel. Our scheme consists of two senders and one receiver. It will be shown that two senders can help the receiver to remotely prepare the original state with certain probability. The projective measurement and corresponding unitary operation are needed in this article.

Remote preparation of a four-particle entangled cluster-type state

Our concern is to remotely prepare a four-particle entangled cluster-type state with high success probabilities. By constructing some useful measurement bases, two novel schemes via different entanglement resources as the quantum channel are designed: one is via an EPR pair and two three-particle GHZ states; the other is via two four-qubit GHZ states. It is shown that through four-particle projective measurements under the novel sets of mutually orthogonal basis vectors, the original state can be successfully prepared with the probabilities 1 2 and 1, respectively. These schemes are extended to the non-maximally entangled quantum channel. Compared with the previous remote preparation proposal, the success probabilities of the proposed schemes are greatly improved. Furthermore, the classical communication costs of these schemes are calculated to determine the classical resources required.

Two schemes of teleportation one-particle state by a three-particle GHZ state

In accordance with transformation operator, we give two schemes for teleporting an unknown one-particle state via a general GHZ state, Two Von Neumann type measurements are given for teleporting an unknown one-particle state. The first Von Neumann type measurement use four orthogonal states and the second Von Neumann type measurement is eight orthogonal states. For maximally entangled GHZ state, the successful probability and fidelity of two schemes both reach 1.

Efficient Quantum Secure Communication Protocol by Rearranging Particle Orders

We propose a quantum secure communication protocol by using three-particle GHZ states. In this protocol, we utilize the ideas of the rearranging orders and the sequence transmission. The sender of messages, Alice, first disturbs the particle orders in an initial sequence, and then sends the sequence of the disturbed orders to the receiver of messages, Bob. Under Alice's introduction, Bob rearranges the sequence back to the initial sequence. By making a GHZ state measurement on each of the three particles in turn, Bob can attain Alice's secret messages. In addition, we still calculate the efficiency of our three-particle GHZ protocol and generalize it to the case using multi-particle GHZ state.

SCHEME FOR REMOTELY PREPARING THREE-PARTICLE GHZ-CLASS STATES

A scheme is proposed for remotely preparing a class of three-particle GHZ states by using a Bell state and a three-qubit GHZ state as the quantum channel. In the scheme, a two-qubit collective state measurement is performed and the necessary classical communication cost is 0.25 cbit on average. In general, the target state can be successfully prepared with the probability 1/4. However, if the state belongs to some special classes, the preparation success probability can reach 0.5 or even 1 after consuming a little additional classical resource. Comparing with the recent scheme [Opt. Commun.281, 871 (2008)], the present scheme has some advantages, e.g., the simpler quantum joint measurement and the less classical resource consumption.

Efficient and economic five-party quantum state sharing of an arbitrary m-qubit state

We present an efficient and economic scheme for five-party quantum state sharing of an arbitrary m-qubit state with $2m$ three-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states and three-particle GHZ-state measurements. It is more convenient than other schemes as it only resorts to three-particle GHZ states and three-particle joint measurement, not five-particle entanglements and five-particle joint measurements. Moreover, this symmetric scheme is in principle secure even though the number of the dishonest agents is more than one. Its total efficiency approaches the maximal value.

Teleportation of on N-particle GHZ state via one three-particle W state

Recently Yang Hon-qin et al proposed a scheme for teleporting a three-particle GHZ state from a sender to either of two receivers with two three-particle W state quantum channel. In this paper, the theoretical analysis is given and the new scheme for teleporting an N- particle GHZ state using only one three-particle W state quantum channel is proposed.

Remote Operation on Quantum State AmongMultiparty

In this paper, a scheme is proposed for performing remote operationon quantum state among multiparty. We use three-particle GHZ state as quantumchannels to prepare a state operator, which describes quantum correlationbetween states and operations. Based on the special characteristic of thestate operator, observers can perform unitary operation on a system that isaway from observers. Our studies show this process is deterministic. Wefurther consider remote operation among N spatially distributed observers,and the results show the successful realization of remote operation needscollective participation of N parties, that is, there exists strongcorrelation among multiparty. In addition, we investigate the case in whichobservers share a three-particle W state as quantum channels to performremote operation and studies find this process is probabilistic.

MULTIPARTY QUANTUM STATE SHARING OF m-QUBIT STATE

A scheme for quantum state sharing (QSTS) of a one-particle state is proposed for a three-particle GHZ state utilized as a quantum channel. After the sender (Alice) makes Bell-state measurements (BM) on her particles, and the controller (Charlie) performs a computational basis measurement (CM), the recipient (Bob) only needs to carry out a unitary transformation of the classical information from the sender and the controller. Finally, the scheme is generalized to multiparty QSTS of a one-qubit state with n agents and an m-qubit state with n agents.