Three-particle Entangled State Research Articles

A mentor initiated bi-directional controlled remote state preparation protocol for non-maximally entangled bell and GHZ states

In this paper, we present a quantum communication protocol for remote bi-directional preparation of two and three-particle entangled states. The state to be prepared at one end is known to the party at the other end and vice versa. This information is utilized by the respective parties in the process of execution of the protocol. A Mentor and a Controller act at the beginning and towards the end of the process, respectively. The Mentor initiates the process through a measurement by which he creates entanglement between the two primary parties who are otherwise not connected through any quantum resource. The Controller signals the final step of the protocol after being satisfied with the performances of the other parties. The protocol has the advantage of avoiding the requirement of quantum resources with a relatively large number of qubits.

A One-Round Quantum Mutual Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol with Semi-Honest Server Using Three-Particle Entangled States

In this paper, we propose a mutual authenticated quantum key agreement scheme based on three-particle entangled states, which can achieve both completely secure and more efficient. In our scheme, the pre-shared keys are classical bit strings between the semi-honest server (SHS) and the client (Alice or Bob), so they are kept and use to authenticate each other easily. More important, by the SHS’s helping with three-particle entangled states, SHS and Alice/Bob can authenticate each other, and at the same time anyone else cannot get the session key between Alice and Bob even for SHS. The proposed scheme has the properties of completeness, information theoretic security, non-repudiation and unforgeability. Its information-theoretic security is ensured by quantum indistinguishability mechanics. Compared with the related works, our proposed scheme can increase efficiency factors η1 and η2 to 50% and 80% respectively in one communication round.

Semi-quantum-honest key agreement scheme with three-particle entangled states in cross-realm setting

Semi-quantum cryptography was proposed to deal with the issue that some players are only able to perform classical operations, thus alleviating the cost of its implementation. For achieving the better universal setting for current environment, we propose a mutual authenticated semi-quantum-honest key agreement scheme with three-particle entangled states in cross-domain setting, which means in different realm’s client can get the session key by his/her own server helping, while anyone else cannot get the session key except for the two clients. In addition, we assume that there is no fully trusted party and that all parties are semi-honest. More important, by the third party’s helping with three-particle entangled states and the four rules, the third party, two servers and two clients can authenticate each other. The proposed scheme has the properties of completeness, information-theoretic security, non-repudiation and unforgeability. On the other hand, our scheme is more efficient than the similar schemes.

An Authenticated Quantum Dialog Protocol with Three-Particle Entangled States Using Subset of Intersection Method

In this paper, we propose a mutual authenticated quantum key agreement scheme based on three-particle entangled states, which can achieve both completely secure and more efficient. In our scheme, the shared keys are classical bit strings between the trusted third party Charlie and the client (Alice or Bob), so they are kept and use to authenticate each other easily. More important, by the Charlie’s helping with three-particle entangled states using subset of intersection method, Charlie and Alice/Bob can authenticate each other, and at the same time anyone else cannot get the session key between Alice and Bob even Charlie. The proposed scheme has the properties of completeness, information theoretic security, non-repudiation and unforgeability. Its information-theoretic security is ensured by quantum indistinguishability mechanics. On the other hand, our scheme is more efficient than the similar schemes.

UnionPay Payment Scheme Based on Controlled Quantum Teleportation

We propose a UnionPay payment scheme based on controlled quantum teleportation in which the whole process is realized through correlation of the three-particle entangled state, controlled quantum teleportation, and the physical property of quantum mechanics. Combined with some typical quantum key distribution protocols, the proposed UnionPay payment scheme with unconditional security (information theory security)overcomes the limitation of computational security generally existing in traditional UnionPay payment systems.

Two authenticated quantum dialogue protocols based on three-particle entangled states

In this paper, we propose two authenticated quantum dialogue protocols based on three-particle entangled states, which are both completely secure and more efficient. The first controlled quantum dialogue protocol with authentication is creatively proposed, which is secure under not only some famous external attacks but also internal attacks, for example, the dishonest controller’s attack. This protocol has a slightly increasing efficiency and less qubit cost compared to previous protocols. Besides, we present the second authenticated quantum dialogue protocol, which has a high efficiency with 80% by integrating dense coding. This protocol can also resist various well-known attacks.

Quantum secret sharing protocol based on four-dimensional three-particle entangled states

In this paper, we proposed a three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) scheme using four-dimensional three-particle entangled states. In this QSS scheme, each agent can obtain a shadow of the secret key by performing single-particle measurements. Compared with the existing QSS protocol, this scheme has high efficiency and can resist the eavesdropping attack and entangle-measuring attack, which using three-particle entangled states are based on four-dimensional Hilbert space.

具有双向认证功能的多方量子密钥分发

Based on the entanglement feature of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, a multi-user quantum key distribution with mutual authentication is proposed. In the protocol, a semi-trusted third party, who may misbehave on its own but will conspire with none of the participants, is introduced to help arbitrary two users on a quantum network to achieve this secure task. Firstly, the third party prepares a three-particle entangled state. Then, he keeps one particle in his hand, and sends two particles to these two users respectively. Meanwhile, a keyed one-way hash function is utilized to generate an authentication message, in terms of which three parties respectively make an appropriate single-particle measurement on the particles in their hands. According to the measurement results, the third party can verify the identity of one user. It implies that one user is able to authenticate the other user with the assistance of the third party. After that, two participants use the remainder measurement results to generate a common session key. Moreover, the practical implementation of the presented protocol is discussed, which illustrates that this protocol is feasible under the current techniques. In the end, the security of the presented protocol is analyzed. It is shown that this protocol is secure in theory by proving that the presented protocol can stand against several common attacks.

Teleportation of an Unknown Three-Particle Entangled State via a Cluster State

Two schemes of teleporting an unknown three-particle entangled state from the sender (Alice) to the receiver (Bob) are proposed. In both schemes, a four-particle maximally entangled cluster state and a four-particle non-maximally entangled cluster state are used quantum channel, respectively. It is shown that if the quantum channel is the maximally entangled cluster state, the unknown three-particle entangled state can be teleported perfectly with the successful probability is 1; if the quantum channel is the non-maximally entangled cluster state, the probability of successful teleportation is determined by two smaller superposition coefficients.

Study on Quantum Oblivious Transfer

The Oblivious Transfer (OT) is a typical foundation agreement of secure multi-party computations. It can be used to solve the “ Millionaire” interesting question raised by the winner of the Turing Award in 1982, Mr. Yao , thus to build more complex secure multi-party computation protocol or to solve practical problems,such as electronic voting, elections, e-commerce. Using of the quantum channel and the principles of the quantum mechanics , Quantum Oblivious Transfer (QOT) can be solve the classic oblivious transfer problems. QOT can be achieved higher security and higher efficiency than the Classic Oblivious Transfer, while it also has a unique advantage in found eavesdropping. We had given a very novel QOT scheme based on three-particle entangled states. Although the use more particles , the process is better concise.

Quantum Information Splitting by Using Asymmetric Multi-particle State

We propose schemes for quantum information splitting by using asymmetric multi-particle entangled state. Explicit protocols for the quantum information splitting of a single-qubit state and a two-qubit entangled state via asymmetric three-particle entangled state are illustrated. The four-particle asymmetric entangled state are also used as quantum channel to split the unknown two-qubit entangled state. We also consider the security against certain eavesdropping attacks.

Joint Remote State Preparation of Arbitrary Two- and Three-Particle States

We propose a scheme to joint remotely prepare arbitrary two- and three-particle entangled states by using non-maximally three-particle GHZ state as the quantum channel. Our scheme consists of two senders and one receiver. It will be shown that two senders can help the receiver to remotely prepare the original state with certain probability. The projective measurement and corresponding unitary operation are needed in this article.

SCHEME FOR IMPLEMENTING ASSISTED CLONING OF AN UNKNOWN THREE-PARTICLE THREE-DIMENSION EQUATORIAL ENTANGLED STATE

In this paper, we proposed a protocol which can produce a perfect copy of an unknown three-particle three-dimension equatorial entangled state with assistance from a state preparer. Two stages were included in this protocol. The first stage requires usual teleportation, after Alice's (the state sender) generalized Bell-state measurement. Bob (the state receiver) can get the original state with a certain probability. In the second stage, after having received Victor's (the state preparer) classical message, and using the rest resource of the teleportation process, the perfect copy of an original unknown state can be produced in Alice's place. Furthermore, we have also investigated that the quantum channel is a non-maximally entangled state case. Alice also can re-establish the original unknown state in the certain probability.

The expansion of orthogonal complete set and transformation operator in the teleportation of a three-particle entangled W state

Firstly，we discuss a scheme for teleportation of a three-particle entangled W state via a two-particle and a three-particle entangled state. Then，in accordance with the principle of superposition and transformation operators，the three-particle entangled W state is expanded by Bell bases and the teleportation can be realized. The relation of transformation operators with unitary operation is discussed. The necessary condition for realizing the teleportation is that the transformation operators have inverse operators.

Teleportation of an unknown two-particle entangled state via an asymmetric three-particle entanglement state

In this article, a protocol for the teleportation of an unknown two-particle entanglement is proposed. The feature of the present protocol is that we utilize an asymmetric three-particle entangled state as the quantum channel. The optimal discrimination between two nonorthogonal quantum states is adopted. It is shown that an unknown two-particle entangled state can be probabilistically teleported from the sender to the remote receiver on condition that the co-sender successfully collaborates. The fidelity in this protocol is one. In addition, the probability of the successful teleportation is calculated and all kinds of transformations performed by the sender and the receiver are provided in detail.

Teleportation of the three-level three-particle entangled state and classical communication cost

We propose a scheme to probabilistically teleport an unknown three-level three-particle entangled state. The quantum channel is composed of a partial entangled three-level two-particle state and a partial entangled three-level three-particle state. We calculate the successful total probability and the classical communication cost required in the ideal probabilistic teleportation process, respectively. It is shown that an unknown three-level three-particle entangled state can be teleported using fewer entangled particles and lesser classical communication cost than Bennett et al.’s original protocol.

Probabilistic Remote Preparation of a Three-ParticleEntangled State via Two Different Non-maximally EntangledChannels

We present two schemes for preparing remotely athree-particle entangled state by two different quantum channels. In thefirst scheme, two partial three-particle entangled states are used as thequantum channels, while in the second scheme, three two-particlenon-maximally entangled states are employed as the quantum channels. It isshown that the remote state preparation can be successfully realized withcertain probability, for both two schemes, if a sender performs someprojective measurements and a receiver adopts some appropriate unitarytransformations. It is shown also that the successful probabilitiesof these two schemes are different.

Controlled Quantum Teleportation of a One-Particle UnknownState via a Three-Particle Entangled State

A kind of three-particle entangled state is applied asquantum channel of the controlled quantum teleportation of a one-particleunknown state. The one-particle unknown state is transmitted from the senderto the recipient under the control of the supervisor. After the sender makesBell-state measurement and the supervisor performs von Neumann measurement,the recipient carries out unitary transformation on his own particledepending on classical information from the sender and the supervisor. Theteleportation cannot be completed successfully by the recipient if thesupervisor does not agree to cooperate. The roles of the recipient and thesupervisor may be exchanged in this scheme. The scheme is flexible andfeasible because the sequence of manipulation of the sender and thesupervisor may be exchanged and only simple unitary transformation is included.

Two-to-one quantum teleportation protocol and its application

In this paper, we propose a two-to-one quantum teleportation protocol with three-particle entangled states. Two senders teleport the product of their quantum states to one receiver. The quantum product is of two types. The receiver will recover one type with probability 1 2 . We further apply our protocol to send the message secretly. The receiver can recover the original message with probability 1 - 1 2 k after performing our protocol k times.

Teleportation of N-Particle Entangled GHZ Statevia Entanglement Swapping

In this scheme, N non-maximally entangled particlepairs are used as quantum channel to teleport an unknown N-particleentangled GHZ state via entanglement swapping. In order to realizethis teleportation, the sender Alice operates Bell-state measurementon particles belonging to herself. Then she informs the resultsto the receiver Bob through classical communication. Accordingto the results, Bob operates corresponding transformation toreconstruct the initial state. The advantage of this scheme isthat it needs only one common unitary matrix for Alice'sdifferent results, which has a more general meaning. As a specialcase, teleporting an unknown three-particle entangled GHZ state is proposed.