Three-parameter Method Research Articles

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF THRIPS SPECIES, WHICH INFESTS THE GREENHOUSE VEGETABLES INCLUDING EGGPLANT IN THE CENTRAL AGRARIAN REGION OF MONGOLIA

In Mongolia, the first record of onion thrips was informed in vegetable fields by D. Tsedev (Tsendsuren et al., 1979), since that has no detailed research materials relating to the identification of thrips and the Thysanoptera group observed in different crop fields. In 2017–2019, we have taken the thrips samples from the following areas, which spread on eggplant, cucumber, tomato, paprika, and beans grown in the greenhouses of the Agropark research and training center, the greenhouses of the Bornuur soum in the Tuv province and the Mandal soum of Selenge province and onion field accordingly. The mitochondrial COI gene of selected insect samples has been used for species identification. For the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial COI area of the insects, we amplified with universal LCO1490 and HCO2198 primers. We have illustrated the COI gene fragments of thrips samples. For building a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method. A bootstrap test with 1000 replications was carried out. The evolutionary distances were calculated using Tamura’s three-parameter method. A phylogenetic tree was built for 14 sequences with a total length of 681bp nucleotides. When conducting phylogenetic analysis using the MEGA X program, it was displayed the phylogenetic origin of our samples in all inferred trees is the same as the Chinese species; Thrips tabaci (China – Zhejiang), which registered with MN036455 accession number in the gene bank of NCBI. According to these results, the sampled thrips were collected from various vegetables including eggplants in Mongolia identified as Thrips tabaci and we have registered it in the GenBank of NCBI under OP288232 accession number. Keywords. Eggplant damage, thrips species identification, COI gene, phylogenetic origin, PCR.

Quantifying bladder outflow obstruction in men: A comparison of four approximation methods exploiting large data samples.

A pressure flow study (PFS), part of the International Continence Societystandard urodynamic test, is regarded gold standard for the classification and quantification of the urethral resistance (UR), expressed in the bladder outflow obstruction(BOO). For men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, the minimum urethral opening pressure (pmuo ), found at the end of the passive urethral resistance relation is considered the relevant parameter describing BOO. However, in clinical practice, direct measurements of pmuo are easily confounded by terminal dribbling. For that reason, alternative methods were developed to derive pmuo , and thereby assess BOO using the maximum urine flow rate (Qmax ) and the corresponding pressure (pdetQmax ) instead. These methods were never directly compared against a large data set. With the increasing variety of treatments becoming available more precise grading of UR may become of relevance. The current study compares four well-known methods to approximate pmuo and examines the relation between pmuo and pdetQmax . In total, 1717 high-quality PFS of men referred with lower urinary tract symptoms between2003 and 2020 without earlierlower urinary tractsurgery were included. From these recordings, pmuo was calculated according to three one-parameter methods. In addition, a three-parameter method(3PM) was used, based on a fit through the lowest pressure flank of the pressure-flow plot. The estimated pmuo 's were compared with a precisely assessed pmuo . A difference of <10 cmH2 O between an estimate and the actual pmuo was considered accurate. A comparison between the four approximation methods and the actual pmuo was visualized using a Bland-Altman plot. The differences between the actual and the estimated slope were assessed and dependency on pmuo was analyzed. A total of 1717 studies were analyzed. In 55 (3.2%) PFS, 3PM analysis was impossible because all pressures after Qmax were higher than pdetQmax . The 3PM model was superior in predicting pmuo , with 75.9% of the approximations within a range of +10 or -10 cmH2 O of the actual pmuo . Moreover, pmuo according to urethral resistance A(URA) and linearized passive urethral resistance relation (linPURR) appear equally reliable. Bladder outflow obstruction index (BOOI) was significantly less accurate when compared to all others. Bland-Altman analysis showed a tendency of BOOI to overestimate pmuo in men with higher grades of UR, while URA tended to underestimate pmuo in those cases. The slope between pmuo and pdetQmax -Qmax increased with larger pmuo , as opposed to the constant relation proposed within BOOI. Although significant differences were found, the clinical relevance of those differences is not known. Of the four methods to estimate pmuo and quantify BOO, 3PM was found the most accurate and BOOI the least accurate. As 3PM is not generally available and performance in lower quality PFS is unknown, linPURR is (for now) the most physiologically accurate.

Increasing the accuracy of measuring the physicochemical parameters of wastewater samples when implementing a new informative method

Increasing the accuracy of measuring the physicochemical parameters of wastewater samples when implementing a new informative method

The load criteria for ship mechanical noise prediction in low frequencies and experimental validation

The loading method of the external excitations generated by the equipment directly affects the predicted result of the mechanical noise which should be the same under different excitation forms for the given equipment. In this paper, general load criteria are proposed to define forces/moments as the standard form and convert other forms of loads in the low-frequency domain. As the most typical form to characterize equipment excitation, acceleration load loading methods for different conditions are investigated. The equivalent formula between ideal accelerations and generalized forces establishes the first load criterion. The second load criterion is proposed to address the issue of an average acceleration loading, in which the phase and amplitude distribution are both absent, and cannot apply to the load identification. The upper and lower limits of the mechanical noise can be determined by the vibroacoustic transfer function of the three load models, and the energy-averaged value is used to represent the mechanical noise. Furthermore, the third criterion is used to handle the case where the acceleration load is given by the results of a bench test. According to the equipment source descriptor invariance, the conversion method is achieved between the bench test and the real ship based on the transfer function of a load model, and the mechanical noise is predicted by an equivalent energy method. Finally, a three-parameter method to quantitatively evaluate the well-fitting of experimental and numerical results, and the load criteria are well validated by underwater acoustic experiments of an experimental model.

Nanoindentation-Based Three-Parameter Fracability Evaluation Method for Continental Shales

Shale fracturing evaluation is of great significance to the development of shale oil and gas resources, but the commonly used shale evaluation methods (e.g., the method using the brittleness index based on mineral composition or elastic parameters) have certain limitations. Fractures and beddings affecting fracturing are not considered in these methods. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new method to evaluate fracturing more comprehensively. The samples used in this research were taken from four typical continental shale basins of China, namely the Bohai Bay Basin, the Ordos Basin, the Songliao Basin, and the Junggar Basin. From a microscopic point of view, a three-parameter evaluation method involving multi-dimensional factors has been developed based on the nanoindentation method. Then, the fracturing coefficient K2 is obtained by combining the ratio β of the fracture indentation to the total indentation and the uneven coefficient m. After that, the fracability coefficient K3 is the ratio of the elastic modulus parallel to bedding to that perpendicular to bedding. Finally, the correlation between fracability coefficients K1, K2, and K3 is used to evaluate the overall fracturing performance of shale. The results of this evaluation method are in good agreement with the actual fracturing performance. It can be concluded that this method is highly reliable and practical and well worthy of promoted applications.

The critical factors of landfill fire impact on air quality

Simulations show that landfill fires are a serious regional concern. This study presents a three-parameter method for assessing the impact of landfill fires on the atmosphere based on landfill fire data in Poland from 2018. HYSPLIT simulations were performed to assess the spatial impact of the particulate matter (PM) <10 μm (PM10) emitted during each fire in regions with elevated concentrations of PM10. Additionally, for each fire, the population exposed to an increased PM10 concentration due to the landfill fire was determined. Three parameters, namely the area and range of the PM concentrations and the population affected, were calculated for each additional concentration level and analyzed using geodetic information software. The analysis of these three parameters shows that despite being correlated for concentrations of 10 and 1 μg m−3, there are no equations that can eliminate any of the three parameters, and all of them are required for the proper assessment of landfill fire impacts on air quality. Choosing the arbitrary reference concentration levels in the assessment shows that our method is adaptable for any law, health regulation, or recommendation.

Lithium-Ion Battery Modeling Including Degradation Based on Single-Particle Approximations

This paper introduces a physical–chemical model that governs the lithium ion (Li-ion) battery performance. It starts from the model of battery life and moves forward with simplifications based on the single-particle model (SPM), until arriving at a more simplified and computationally fast model. On the other hand, the implementation of this model is developed through MATLAB. The goal is to characterize an Li-ion cell and obtain its charging and discharging curves with different current rates and different cycle depths, as well as its transitory response. In addition, the results provided are represented and compared, and different methods of estimating the state of the batteries are applied. They include the dynamics of the electrolyte and the effects of aging caused by a high number of charging and discharging cycles of the batteries. A complete comparison with the three-parameter method (TPM) is represented in order to demonstrate the superiority of the applied methodology.

Application of an electronic nose with novel method for generation of smellprints for testing the suitability for consumption of wheat bread during 4-day storage

The paper presents application of an Agrinose with novel three-parameter method for generation of smellprints to test the suitability of bread for consumption during four-day storage. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the headspace was applied to describe the volatile metabolite contents. The CIE L*a*b* colour scale was used to identify changes in the colour during storage and the puncture and penetration tests were used to describe the hardness and staling, as a reference methods for testing bread. The process of bread staling in aerobic conditions was correlated with changes in the crumb colour, hardness, and emission of volatile substances. The analysis of volatile compounds emitted from bread stored in quasi-anaerobic conditions demonstrated a relationship between the responses of resistance sensors and the quantity and quality of groups of volatile substances in the general aroma. The highest sensitivity to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated by spoiled bread were noted in the case of sensors for food tests, i.e. AS-MLV-P2 and TGS2603. The Agrinose coupled with three-parameters method could accurately predict the fungal grow on bread stored in quasi-anaerobic conditions and can be used as a rapid and non-destructive tool for early detection of fungal infection.

РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ ВИХОРОСТРУМОВОГО МЕТОДУ КОНТРОЛЮ НА ОСНОВІ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ КОМПОНЕНТІВ РІЗНИЦЕВОГО СИГНАЛУ ТРИПАРАМЕТРОВОГО ПЕРЕТВОРЮВАЧА З ТРУБЧАСТИМ ВИРОБОМ

The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical positions of the operation of a thermal eddy current transformer (ECP) during the implementation of the three-parameter method of measuring the control of geometric, electrical and temperature increments of non-magnetic tubular products.

Evaluating maximum stand density and size–density relationships based on the Competition Density Rule in Korean pines and Japanese larch

Understanding the relationship between size and density is an important issue for stand density management in terms of self-thinning in even-aged stands. This study was conducted to determine the maximum stand density and evaluate the size–density relationship based on the Competition Density Rule (C-D rule) for Korean red pine, Korean white pine, and Japanese larch in Korea. The study area covered permanently monitored plots of even-aged plantations established for investigating and modeling long-term growth changes through silviculture. Data were applied using the first inventory within the permanent plots before implementing artificial thinning according to research design. To predict the maximum stem number by species, the C-D rule was applied, and the three-parameter method was shown to be better than the four-parameter method. According to the results based on the C-D rule with three parameters, stand density index by species was 1041 trees (Korean red pine, Pinus densiflora), 1089 trees (Korean white pine, P. koraiensis), and 1005 trees (Japanese larch, Larix kaempferi) in 25 cm of quadratic mean diameter. In the relationship between the maximum stem number and quadratic mean diameter with log–log scale, the intercept for Korean red pine, Korean white pine, and Japanese larch was 10.317, 10.901, and 11.331, and the slope by species was −1.047, −1.214, and −1.373, respectively. To analyze the size–density relationship, the sample plots were classified based on relative spacing and relative density. In regression analysis with log–log scale using the censored sample plot data, maximum size–density relationship was explained the most with quadratic mean diameter rather than mean stem volume and dominant height.

A Novel Method for Generation of a Fingerprint Using Electronic Nose on the Example of Rapeseed Spoilage

The paper presents application of a new three-parameter method for identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and creation of fingerprints based on the impregnation time (tIM ), cleaning time (tCL ), and maximum response ([ΔR/R]max ) of chemically sensing sensors for detecting spoilage of agricultural commodities. The novelty of this method consists in the use of two additional parameters: an impregnation time and a cleaning time for the first time. An Agrinose built of eight metal oxide semiconductors was used for identification of loss in the rapeseed quality during a short period of storage after harvest. Principal component analysis was applied as a method of data analysis to verify the suitability of the new three-parameter method and visualization of groups of different quality of raw materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra for identification of the infrared bands of fungal polysaccharides and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the headspace was applied to describe volatile metabolite contents in reference to the electronic nose technique. The investigations and analyses have demonstrated that the new three-parameter method for determination of volatile compounds ([ΔR/R]max , tIM , tCL ) describes the changes in VOCs more efficiently than the single-parameter approach based only on the maximum sensor response ([ΔR/R]max ). The proposed method for generation of electronic fingerprints clearly discriminated between rapeseed samples infected with field and storage microflora. Three-parameters method can be useful for quality control in food microbiology and safety, as a rapid method of analysis and detection, including electronic nose sensor technology. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The use of the proposed method for generation of fingerprints requires no interference with the hardware of the electronic nose but necessitates modification of the software only. This facilitates implementation of the three-parameter method in available devices. This kind of methods and devices can be useful for example in storage process with active ventilation.

БЕЗКОНТАКТНИЙ МЕТОД ТРИПАРАМЕТРОВОГО ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНОГО КОНТРОЛЮ ФІЗИКО-ХІМІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ЗРАЗКА ФЕРОМАГНІТНОЇ РІДИНИ

The aim of the article is to investigate the method of three-parameter control of a sample of a ferromagnetic liquid, the realization of which is carried out on the basis of a noncontact transformer electromagnetic converter (TEC) with samples of ferromagnetic liquids in a longitudinal magnetic field.We used a technique for studying samples of a ferromagnetic liquid for the realization of a three-parameter electromagnetic method for measuring the physical and chemical characteristics of ferromagnetic liquids based on thermal TEC. The three-parameter method of measuring control of the relative magnetic permeability mr, the specific electrical conductivity σ, and the temperature t of a sample of a ferromagnetic liquid, which is monitored on the basis of measurements and analysis of signals of a thermal contactless three-parameter TEC, is studied. The theoretical principles of the operation of a contactless thermal TEC with a sample of a ferromagnetic liquid are based on the realization of a three-parameter method for measuring the monitoring of magnetic, electrical, and temperature parameters.

Performance Evaluation and Improvement of Chipset Assembly &amp; Test Production Line Based on Variability

“Factory physics principles” provided a method to evaluate the performance of a simple production line, whose fundamental parameters are known or given. However, it is difficult to obtain the exact and reasonable parameters in actual manufacturing environment, especially for the complex chipset assembly & test production line (CATPL). Besides, research in this field tends to focus on evaluation and improvement of CATPL without considering performance interval and status with variability level. A developed internal benchmark method is proposed, which established three-parameter method based on the Little′s law. It integrates the variability factors, such as processing time, random failure time, and random repair time, to meet performance evaluation and improvement. A case study in a chipset assembly and test factory for the performance of CATPL is implemented. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method to meet performance evaluation and emphasise its relevance for practical applications.

Experimental Evaluation of Mixed Mode Stress Intensity Factor for Prediction of Crack Growth by Phoelastic Method

Determination of stress intensity factors K I, K II, and constant stress term, σ ox is investigated. A theory of determining the stress intensity factors using photo-elastic method is formulated taking three stress terms. Three-parameter method of fracture analysis for determining the mixed mode stress intensity factors under biaxial loading conditions from photo-elastic isochromatic fringe data is used. A special biaxial test rig is designed and fabricated for loading the specimen biaxially. A simplified and accurate method is proposed to collect the data from isochromatic fringes. Taking specimen geometry and boundary conditions into account, regression models are developed for estimation of fracture parameters.

Geomorphic and process domain controls on riparian zones in the Colorado Front Range

Delineation of riparian zones along mountain streams is complicated by substantial longitudinal variability in gradient and valley geometry and the lack of a floodplain along many stream reaches. We propose an approach to defining and delineating riparian zones based on site-specific geomorphic features and process domains, as well as the distribution of plant species. We then (1) evaluate which basin-scale (elevation and drainage area) and reach-scale (valley geometry, gradient, and channel width) parameters correlate with riparian width along mountain streams in the Colorado Front Range, and (2) test a three-parameter method for delineating the riparian edge, using geomorphology, hydrology, and vegetation. We identify four general process domains in the Colorado Front Range based on valley geometry and elevation, which reflect glacial history and hydroclimatology: confined, low elevation (CL); unconfined, low elevation (UL); confined, high elevation (CH); and unconfined, high elevation (UH). We utilize process domains because we hypothesize that reach-scale variables correlate more strongly than basin-scale variables with riparian width. The relationships between (i) connectedness, a valley geometry metric describing the average absolute distance from the channel edge to the valley edge, (ii) process domain, and (iii) riparian width were evaluated using a multiple linear regression. Collectively, these variables explained 86% of variability in field-delineated riparian zone width. Reach-scale processes exert a greater influence than longitudinally variable basin-scale parameters on riparian width in the mountainous watersheds of the Colorado Front Range. With respect to the three-parameter method, hydrologic relationships are applicable when comparing by process domain, allowing the stage associated with the riparian edge to be constrained between flow stages. Vegetation composition is significantly different for each of the four process domains, and within each process domain, vegetation is significantly similar within the geomorphically-delineated riparian zone. Although vegetation composition commonly reflects geomorphic and hydrologic processes, many plant species are relatively short-lived and individual plants respond to local disturbances over short time scales. Consequently, we recommend that the larger scale and longer duration riparian controllers, hydrology and geomorphology, be used to delineate riparian areas.

First-Principles Calculations for the H Center in SrF2 Crystals

The ground state of H-center systems for the SrF(2) crystal is simulated with two different arrangements, which are oriented along either [100] or [111] axes. The calculations are based on hybrid Hartree-Fock and density functional theory exchange functionals by using Becke's three-parameter method combined with the nonlocal correlation functionals of Perdew and Wang. The energy difference between H centers with different orientations shows that the H center oriented in the [111] direction in alkaline earth fluorides is the most stable configuration. The geometric relaxations of the neighboring atoms surrounding the H centers are presented. The combination energy of an H center and the formation energy of the related F-H pair in both alkaline earth fluorides are discussed. We report also the electronic structure of the H center systems. The effective charges and spins of the substitutional and interstitial fluorine atoms show that the hole is located at the interstitial fluorine in the system with the [111] orientation of the H center. The band structures are illustrated. With the help of studying the total and partial density of states, the constituents of the defect bands are clarified.

An algorithm for simulation of flows of a generalized Newtonian fluid

This paper addresses a three-parameter iterative method for numeric calculation of generalized Newtonian fluid flows. The method is a generalization of the well-known Arrow-Hurwitz algorithm. The proof of the local convergence of this method is the result of the paper.

First-principles calculations of oxygen-vacancy dipoles and hydrogen impurities inSrF2

The electronic and atomic properties of oxygen-vacancy dipoles and hydrogen impurities, which are important types of point impurities in the alkaline-earth fluoride SrF2, are calculated. The band gap of SrF2 for four different arrangements of OV dipoles is found at 11.3 eV when calculated with the hybrid B3PW which is Becke’s exchange functionals using Becke’s three-parameter method combined with the nonlocal correlation functional of Perdew and Wang method and is essentially the same as in the perfect SrF2 crystal. On the basis of the calculated density of states the nature of the defect bands in the band structure can be well understood. In addition two kinds of hydrogen impurities Hs − ,Hi 0 are also calculated with the B3PW method. We present the corresponding electronic structure and calculate the hyperfine constants at the Hi 0 impurity, which exhibits an unpaired electron, and at its nearest-neighbor fluorine atoms. Our results agree well with the experimental data.

Two-term AVO inversion: Equivalences and new methods

Most amplitude-variation-with-offset (AVO) studies use two-parameter inversion methods that are approximations of a more general three-parameter method based on the Aki-Richards approximation. Two-parameter methods are popular because the three-parameter inversion is often plagued by numerical instability. Reducing the dimensionality of the parameter space stabilizes the inversion. A variety of constraints can accomplish this, and these lead to the multiplicity of current two-parameter methods. It would be useful to understand relationships between various two-parameter methods. To this end, we derive formal expressions for inversion errors of each method. Using these expressions, conversion formulas are obtained that allow the flexibility to convert results of any two-parameter method to those of any other two-parameter method. The only requirement for the equivalence of methods is that the maximum angle of incidence be at least a few degrees less than the critical angle. In addition, error expressions result in a new formulation for a two-parameter AVO tool that combines strengths of two commonly used methods. The expressions also suggest a simple way to incorporate information from well-log calibration into legacy AVO inversions. These results should be helpful in resource exploration.

First-principles calculations of atomic and electronic structure ofSrTiO3(001) and (011) surfaces

We present and discuss the results of the calculations of surface relaxation and rumpling on ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (001) and (011) surfaces. We consider both SrO and ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$ terminations of the (001) surface, and three terminations (Sr, TiO, and O) of the polar (011) surface. The calculations are based on hybrid Hartree--Fock and density-functional theory exchange functionals by using Becke's three-parameter method combined with the nonlocal correlation functionals of Perdew and Wang. We find that all top-layer atoms for ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$ and SrO-terminated ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (001) surfaces relax inward, with the exception of SrO-terminated surface O atoms, whereas all second-layer atoms relax outward. The surface rumpling for the TiO-terminated ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (011) surface, which is 11.28% of the bulk lattice constant, is considerably larger than the relevant surface rumplings for SrO and ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$-terminated (001) surfaces. The surface rumplings for the SrO and ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$-terminated (001) surfaces are in excellent agreement with relevant low-energy electron diffraction and reflection high-energy electron diffraction experimental data, and the surface relaxation energies on both surfaces are similar. In contrast, the different terminations of the (011) surface lead to large differences in relaxation energies. The O-terminated (011) surface has the lowest surface relaxation energy $(\ensuremath{-}1.32\text{ }\text{eV})$. The TiO-terminated (011) surface has a much higher surface relaxation energy of $\ensuremath{-}1.55\text{ }\text{eV}$, while the Sr-terminated (011) surface has the highest surface relaxation energy $(\ensuremath{-}1.95\text{ }\text{eV})$. Our calculations indicate a considerable increase in the Ti-O bond covalency $(0.130e)$ near the TiO-terminated (011) surface relative to the bulk $(0.088e)$, which is much larger than that for the (001) surface $(0.118e)$. The Ti-O bond populations are considerably larger in the direction perpendicular to the TiO-terminated (011) surface $(0.188e)$ than in the plane $(0.130e)$.