Three-necked Flask Research Articles

Production of Biodiesel Without Catalyst Separation with Palm Oil Interesterification Process Using Essential Oil Biocatalyst

The transesterification is a method commonly used in the production of biodiesel. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate interesterification reaction of palm oil with methyl acetate using essential oil biocatalyst, specifically focusing on eugenol and cajuput oil. The operating parameters were: 250 g of palm oil, a molar ratio of palm oil:methyl acetate of 1:6, a reaction temperature of 60ºC, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, a biocatalyst of 0.75 wt. % in relation to oil, and reaction times of 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min. The palm oil, methyl acetate and biocatalyst reacted in a three-necked flask as a reactor under operating conditions. Additionally, simulations were performed using ChemDraw Professional 15.0 to analyze the molecular behavior of the reacting compounds.

Mass Transfer of Natural Dye Extraction and the Degradation Rate

This research studied the effect of temperature on the mass transfer rate and degradation rate of natural dye extraction. As the representative, two natural dyes extracted from Senduduk and Susupan Gunung plants were employed. Senduduk and Susupan Gunung are weed plants that are often found in peatlands. Susupan Gunung is easily found in South Kalimantan, and local people use it as a natural dye for handicraft products. Senduduk is often found in the South Sumatra area also used as a natural dye for traditional fabrics. Senduduk and Susupan Gunung were extracted in a three-neck flask using water as a solvent at temperatures of 50°, 70°, and 90°C. Samples of the extract solution were taken at certain times until the tannin concentration was constant. The tannin concentration in the solution was analyzed using volumetric methods. Experimental data consists of tannin concentrations in solution at various times. The mass transfer coefficient, equilibrium constant, and tannin degradation rate constant were determined by minimizing the sum square of errors between experimental data and the model. Senduduk contains more tannin (0.0094 g/cm3 solution) than Susupan Gunung (0.0079 g/cm3 solution), and Senduduk has a higher mass transfer coefficient than Susupan Gunung. The higher the temperature, the greater the rate of tannin degradation. During the extraction process, extract of Senduduk and Susupan Gunung leaves are stable at 50°C, which tends to degrade faster at higher temperatures.

Analysis of the Absorption Capacity of Zeolite Against NI(II) and Zn(II) Metal Ions

This research aims to determine the synthesis process of zeolite X from rice husk waste using the addition of optimum materials and to apply the synthesized zeolite X as an adsorbent for Ni(II) and Zn(II) metal ions with variations in concentration and pH. The tools used include: three-neck flask, furnace, electric oven, analytical balance, beaker, stopwatch, centrifuge, pH meter, sieve, porcelain, glass beaker, dropper pipette, volume pipette, test tube, stir bar, filter paper, magnetic stirrer. The materials used include: Rice husks, Aluminum Foil waste, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH(s)) p.a, Sodium Ethylene diamine tetra acetate (Na2EDTA(s))p.a, Aquades (H2O), Nitric acid (HNO3)p. a, Nickel (II) chloride (NiCl2), Zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2, and Sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4). FT-IR characterization results showed the formation of vibrations at 607.35 cm-1, indicating the formation of zeolite. XRD characterization results showed a purity level of 87.5%, which is sufficient to bind metal impurity ions. The research results indicate that the synthetic zeolite X from rice husk waste, when tested using AAS analysis, exhibits adsorption capacity for Ni(II) and Zn(II) under optimum conditions at a concentration of 150 ppm and pH 7.

Lesson Learned from a Fire during Distillation: Choose the Appropriate Condenser

A fire broke out during the distillation of carbon disulfide (CS2). The increasing pressure inside the three-necked flask pushed a stopper open, and the emitted CS2 subsequently ignited. Fortunately, the fire was put out soon, and no one was injured. In this work, we describe the direct and underlying causes of the incident as well as the subsequent safety conversation about the incident in our massive open online course (MOOC), Safety in the Chemical Laboratory. While the students identified many contributing causes of the incident, none questioned the risk assessment of the experimental setup. Therefore, we provide fundamental information to aid both our students and other researchers in their selection of the most appropriate condenser for their redistillation or reflux conditions.

ANALISIS PENGARUH JENIS AGEN CROSSLINKER TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK PEREKAT KAYU BERBAHAN TEPUNG TAPIOKA DAN PVA

This research aimed to analyze the characteristics of adhesive using the variation of crosslinking agents. The types of crosslinking agents were citric acid and oxalic acid which have the capability to create a bond with cassava starch-PVA adhesive. The synthesis process was conducted through gelatinization, hydrolysis, oxidation, and polymerization. The reaction was run using a three-neck flask and mercury stirrer at 70 °C and 1 atm. The characteristic of adhesive such as viscosity, dry and wet shear strength, solid content, durability, and surface morphology was analyzed based on the standard. The result depicted that the use of citric acid as crosslinking agent influenced the quality of the adhesive. Citric acid is able to enhance the viscosity and the strength of the dry and wet shear strength of the adhesive. The exact value of the dry and wet shear strength of the adhesive are 1,0173 and 0,7039 MPa. The addition of citric acid has a big impact on the thickness of the adhesive during the period. The morphology of the adhesive showed that the use of crosslinking agent had a big impact on the homogeneity level of the adhesive. Therefore, it can be concluded that citric acid with 2% of composition from cassava starch weight is a suitable crosslinking agent to enhance the quality of cassava starch-PVA adhesive.

Mass Transfer Coefficient of Extraction of Anthocyanin from Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) with Ethanol-HCl as Solvent

Anthocyanin is a natural pigment that causes the purple skin of the mangosteen fruit. This study aimed to observe the effect of temperature, stirring time, and ethanol concentration in ethanol–HCl solvent on anthocyanins produced from the mangosteen peel extraction process and determine the value of its mass transfer coefficient. The laboratory work was conducted with mangosteen peel powder extracted with ethanol solvent containing 1% HCl solution using an extraction apparatus set. The mangosteen rind is cleaned and then mashed until it passes the size of -60+80 mesh. Then 50 g of mangosteen rind powder was put into a three-neck flask along with ethanol solution with various concentrations of 55%, 65%, 75%, 85%, and 95%, each containing 1% HCl. Extraction was carried out at various stirring times of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 hours with temperature variations of 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70oC. Each product was distilled at a temperature of <60oC. Anthocyanin content were analyzed by spectrophotometric method. The results showed that the optimum conditions at the extraction temperature of 50oC with stirring time for 4 hours and 95% ethanol concentration in ethanol–HCl solvent with anthocyanin content obtained of 9,8377.10-4 (g anthocyanin/g solvent) and kC of 0,00781 g/(cm2.hour).

Polymerization of Poly Methyl Methacrylate Using Emulsion Method and H2O2 as Initiator

This study aims to study the effect of the amount of initiator (H2O2) on the viscosity of the Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) emulsion and the solids content. The treatment of independent variables is H2O2 by 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. This research procedure was carried out in a two-stage process. The first stage is the process to separate the inhibitor contained in the methyl methacrylate monomer by adding a 1 N concentration of NaOH solution, stirring until evenly distributed, then put into a separating funnel to separate pure methyl methacrylate from the inhibitor dissolved in alkaline solution. The second stage is the polymerization reaction process using the emulsion method. Dissolve the poly vinyl alcohol in hot water at 70oC, put the poly vinyl alcohol solution into a three-neck flask, which is equipped with a stirrer and a hot plate heater, add the initiator and up to 60oC, then add the methyl methacrylate monomer with stirring and heating at room temperature 100oC for 1 hour. The resulting product is a thick poly methyl methacrylate emulsion, has a milky white color, and has good adhesion. Furthermore, the viscosity test was carried out using ford cup number 4 and the solids content test. The results showed that the more initiators added, the higher the viscosity and the higher the solids content.

Dual-Resistance of Ion Migration and Moisture Erosion via Hydrolytic Crosslinking of Siloxane Functionalized Poly(Ionic Liquids) for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Dual-Resistance of Ion Migration and Moisture Erosion via Hydrolytic Crosslinking of Siloxane Functionalized Poly(Ionic Liquids) for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

A Smart Molecule Showing Spin Crossover Responsive Aggregation-Induced Emission

A Smart Molecule Showing Spin Crossover Responsive Aggregation-Induced Emission

Room-Temperature Persistent Luminescence in Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Solar-Driven CO 2 Bioreduction

Room-Temperature Persistent Luminescence in Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Solar-Driven CO ₂ Bioreduction

Techno-economics of coconut coir bioadsorbent utilization on free fatty acid level reduction in crude palm oil

The quality of crude palm oil (CPO) is generally determined by the levels of free fatty acids (FFA). This helps in balancing the level of acidity during transportation and storage processes. However, high FFA in CPO is not good for consumer health. One of the methods for adsorbing FFA is adsorption, which is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of contact time (40, 80 and 120 min) and Coconut Coir (CC) bioadsorbent concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 (%, w/v) on the reduction of CPO FFA levels. This began with the activation of CC biochar synthesis by using NaOH and HCl, which produced CC-NaOH and CC-HCl bioadsorbents based on the product of NaOH. Furthermore, the adsorption process was carried out by mixing CPO with CC-NaOH and CC-HCl bioadsorbents in a three-necked flask. After this, the filtrate product was obtained and analyzed for its FFA levels. The results showed that the largest percentage reduction for the effect of bioadsorbent concentration was 3% (w/v) at a contact time of 120 min. It also indicated that this study enabled lower levels of FFA in CPO. Based on the detailed cost estimate, the production cost of the CC-NaOH bioadsorbent was USD 481,874, sold at USD 95/ton with annual sales and net profit (after tax) at USD 684,000 and USD 141,188, respectively. This profit after tax and rate of return on investment was found to be 20.68 and 39.49% of the entire estimation, respectively. It also had a payback period of 2.95 years and a break-even point at a capacity of 43.16%. In addition, the prepared adsorbent showed significant ability as an inexpensive, reproducible and environmentally friendly compound used in reducing the FFA levels of CPO.

The effect of temperatures and monomer ratios on the characteristic of anionic and cationic gel-based adsorbents

Industrial development has caused the metal concentration in the environment to increase. This is a serious issue considering that heavy metals are stable and cannot naturally decompose. Therefore, wastewater should be processed before being disposed to the environment. Several technologies have been developed for removing heavy metal content in industrial liquid wastes. The adsorption method using solid adsorbent is a simple and effective method for separating heavy metal ions from electroplating wastes since they are eco-friendly and efficient. However, they produce secondary wastes and require high operational costs. The blending of cationic gel NIPAM-co-Chitosan and anionic gel NIPAM-co-Acrylic Acid is a potential candidate as a new alternative adsorbent. By this method, the secondary wastes can be eliminated, adsorbed ions simultaneously, and adsorb-desorb ions reversibly. NIPAM-co-Chi and NIPAM-co-Acrylic Acid are synthesized from a polymerization reaction using N, N, N’, N’-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) and sodium sulfite as accelerators, ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) as an initiator, and N, N’-methylene bisacrylamide (MBAA) as a cross-linker. The gel was synthesized in a three-neck round flask for 6 hours. The product crush gel was then used for the adsorption and swelling degree test. The swelling degree test was performed by measuring the swelling gel volume before and after being soaked for 24 hours in target solutions. The gel obtained from the adsorption test was separated from the solution to be analyzed with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Based on the FTIR analysis of NIPAM-co-Chi and NIPAM-co-Acrylic Acid gels, there is no peak indicating the presence of vinyl C=C bonds. It can be concluded that the gel copolymer synthesis that was carried out was successful. The optimum results were obtained from the swelling degree analysis on electroplating waste at a concentration of 8:2.

Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Glycerolabietate from Glycerol and Abietic Acid from Rosin

Rosin is a natural resin from the coniferous tree sap, which separated from its oil content (terpenes). Rosin is brittle. Therefore modifications are needed to improve its mechanical properties. The main content of rosin is abietic acid which has a carboxylic group, so it can form an ester group when reacted with polyhydric alcohol (polyalcohol) such as glycerol. The research aimed to study the kinetics of the esterification reaction between the hydroxyl group in glycerol and the carboxylic group in abietic acid from rosin at various reaction temperatures and reactant compositions. This reaction is carried out in a three-neck flask at atmospheric pressure without a catalyst. The reaction temperatures used were 180˚C, 200˚C, and 220˚C, and the ratio of rosin and glycerol was 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The reaction kinetics calculations were analyzed with acid number data over the reaction time using three different models. The calculations showed that this reaction involves positioning a hydroxyl group on glycerol, which the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups contribute to forming a rosin ester (glycerolabietate). The rate of reaction constants of primary hydroxyl of glycerol and abietic acid were in the range 6.25x10-4 - 3.90x10-3 g/(mgeq.min), while reaction rate constants of secondary hydroxyl and abietic acid were in the range 1.06x10-5 - 1.15x10-4 g/(mgeq.min). FTIR analysis showed a change in the hydroxyl, carboxylate, and ester groups which were assigned by a shift of wavenumber and a difference of intensity at 3200-3570 cm-1, 1697.36 cm-1, and 1273.02 cm-1.

Preparation and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under LED light for porous and non-porous Cu balls

Porous and non-porous Cu (P-Cu and NP-Cu, respectively) balls were prepared using a Cu2+ precursor with N2H4∙H2O, a reducing agent, in a hydrothermal vessel and a three-necked flask, with mechanical stirring, respectively. The morphologies of the P-Cu and NP-Cu balls were investigated through scanning electron microscopic images. The photocatalytic activity of the P-Cu and NP-Cu balls and commercial Cu foils under a white light-emitting diode was evaluated by monitoring the photodecolorization of a dye, methylene blue, in aqueous solution.

The Effect of Catalyst Amount & Reacters Comperative on Glycerol Conversion From Castrol Oil With Catalyst Of Pertamina Cracking Process Unit III Palembang

Transesterification of oil with alcohol produces glycerol and methyl esters (biodiesel). The reaction is influenced, among others, by the amount of catalyst and the ratio of oil and meth hanol reagents. This purpose of research to determine the effect of the amount of catalyst and the ratio of reagents on the conversion of glycerol. The experiment was carried out in a three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer and reverse cooling. In a three-necked flask, 150 ml of castor oil was added, 0.375 ml of H2SO4 was added, heated to a temperature of 650C. Then add 185 ml of methanol and stir for 30 minutes. Then let stand 24 hours to form two layers. The bottom layer is glycerol. The transesterification process was continued by adding 100 ml of glycerol in a mixture of methanol (variation 1:2, 1:3, 1:4) with RCC catalyst (variation 1.7gr;1.9gr;2.1gr;2.3gr ;2.5gr) The mixture was then stirred at 90 rpm for 75 minutes. Based on the results of research conducted, the highest glycerol conversion value was in the amount of catalyst 2.1 g with a ratio of reagents between castor oil and methanol of 1:3 of 55.33%.

Solvothermal synthesis and upconversion properties in Yb3+/Ln3+ (Ln3+=Er3+/ Ho3+/ Tm3+) codoped In2O3 nanoparticles with fine stability

Monodisperse In2O3: Yb3+/Er3+ upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) were firstly synthesized via solvothermal method in three-neck round-bottom flask. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods are used to characterize the prepared UCNPs. The size of monodisperse spheroid nanoparticles prepared can be controllable in 31 nm. The sample exhibits stronger upconversion luminescence (UCL) than reported In2O3: Yb3+/Er3+ UCNPs with similar size. Furthermore, the obtained In2O3 UCNPs, by coating the SiO2 protecting layer, display fine stability. Simultaneously, the UCL properties and possible energy transfer process of In2O3: Yb3+/Ho3+ and In2O3: Yb3+/Tm3+ NPs have also been investigated by the spectra distribution and power dependence. The results indicate Yb3+/Er3+, Yb3+/Ho3+ and Yb3+/Tm3+ codoped In2O3 UCNPs is a probable oxide upconverting material with small size and intense UCL for biological applications.

Utilization of HVS Paper Waste for The Manufacture of Oxalic Acid

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of time and temperature on the manufacture of oxalic acid from HVS paper waste by removing ink and alkali melting methods The research methodology began with the first stage, namely pre-treatment and then paper hydrolysis, weighing 600 grams of HVS paper waste. The HVS paper waste was put into a three-neck flask and 200 mL of 40% NaOH was added. The tools are assembled and set the time and temperature used. The time used is 60 minutes at a temperature of 55°C, 65°C, 75°C and 95°C, then a three-neck flask is heated. After heating is complete the solution is cooled. The filtrate was filtered into a 500 mL beaker glass then the remaining sediment was washed with hot aquadest into a beaker containing up to 400 mL of filtrate. The procedure was repeated for variations in time of 70, 80 and 90 minutes at temperatures of 55°C, 65°C, 75°C and 95°C, respectively. The second stage is crystallization of oxalic acid, pipette of the filtrate as much as 25 mL obtained from the hydrolysis results then added 10% CaCl2 to form a white precipitate of calcium oxalate. The precipitate was filtered then added 100 mL of H2SO4 4N so that the precipitate would break down into oxalic acid and calcium sulfate, then filtered and washed the remaining sediment using 96% ethanol. The filtrate is heated to a temperature of 70°C. The filtrate is cooled in ice water for about 24 hours to form oxalic acid crystals in the form of white needle crystals. The third stage is the calculation of the weight of oxalic acid (gr). The fourth stage is testing for oxalic acid using permanganate titration. Oxalic acid crystals were weighed as much as 0.3 grams then added 10 mL of distilled water and put into 250 mL Erlenmeyer, added 10 mL of H2SO4 4N. The solution is heated to a temperature of 60-70°C. In a hot state, the solution is titrated with 0.1 N potassium permanganate until the solution appears a pink color that does not disappear for 30 seconds. The fifth stage is the calculation of the yield (yield) of oxalic acid. The sixth stage is the melting test. The time and temperature in producing oxalic acid from the graph can be seen that the average temperature that produces the most oxalic acid is at 80 minutes and 65°C, which is 3.9 grams. The analysis results show that the melting point obtained is between 100-101 ° C. This happens because the oxalic acid in the research indicates that the oxalic acid corresponds to the actual melting point of oxalic acid based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), namely 101-102°C.

Self-Healing Hydrophilic Porous Photothermal Membranes for Durable and Highly Efficient Solar-Driven Interfacial Water Evaporation

Self-Healing Hydrophilic Porous Photothermal Membranes for Durable and Highly Efficient Solar-Driven Interfacial Water Evaporation

Liver Protection Mechanism and Absorption Promotion Technology of Silybin Based on Intelligent Medical Analysis.

With the continuous popularization of smart medicine, the protective effect of silibinin in the liver has attracted much attention. This study mainly explores the liver protection mechanism and absorption promotion technology of silybin based on intelligent medical analysis. Refining of silibinin: accurately weigh 1.0 g of silibinin in a three-necked flask; gradually add 50 mL of anhydrous methanol, reflux and filter the precipitated solid; and weigh it after drying. ICR male mice were taken as experimental subjects and randomly divided into groups of 10 each. The mice in the normal group and the model group were given intragastrically with 0.5% CMC-Na solution; the mice in the silibinin group were given intragastrically with SB/CMC-Na suspension; the mice in the remaining groups were given low, medium, and high-dose suspensions to their stomachs, and silibinin 23 acylate/CMC-Na suspension was administered at a dose of 10 mL/kg for 7 consecutive days. After that, the mice were fasted for 12 hours. After 6 hours of fasting (18 hours after modeling), the blood cells from their orbits were taken, placed in a 37°C water bath for 30 minutes, and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, and then the serum was taken; the activity equivalent of AST and ALT in serum was measured; serum determination Medium AST and ALT vitality. The mice were killed by decapitation, fresh liver tissue was immediately collected, and part of it was frozen in liquid nitrogen for the RT-PCR test. The hepatocyte expansion and death were observed using a transmission electron microscope, and the oncosis index (OI) was calculated. Another part of the liver tissue was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution, embedded in paraffin, dehydrated, and sliced at 4 μm. Some sections were stained with conventional HE, and the pathological changes of liver cells were observed under light microscope; some sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry. Only one mouse died when 240 mg/kg of silibinin was given 10 minutes after the model was modeled. However, when 240 mg/kg silibinin was given to the mice 20 minutes after modeling, the mortality rate of the mice rose to 50%, and the therapeutic effect was significantly weakened. This research is helpful to advance the research of silybin in liver protection.

High-Performance Ru 2 P Anodic Catalyst for Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

High-Performance Ru ₂ P Anodic Catalyst for Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells