Three-level Coding Research Articles

Research on Integrated Management Path of Comorbidity Based on Grounded Theory.

This study seeks to thoroughly investigate the generation mechanism of the integrated management pathway for comorbidities, as well as its implementation and execution in practical settings. The findings aim to offer insights for the development of an integrated mechanism for comorbidity services. The collected raw data was coded and analyzed in depth by utilizing grounded theory as the research methodology, in conjunction with NVivo 14.0 software for qualitative analysis, and by adhering to domestic and international guidelines and consensus on comorbidity management. Following the three-level coding process, a total of 49 initial categories, 14 main categories, and 4 core categories (supply-type, demand-type, collaboration-type, and environment-type) were identified. Subsequently, a four-dimensional comprehensive comorbidities management pathway model, referred to as the "Derivative driving force-management pathway-main body network-operation mechanism," was developed. The model integrates the four paths of supply-type, demand-type, collaboration-type, and environment-type with the derived dynamics, subject network, and operation mechanism of comorbidities management. This not only enhances the comprehensiveness and continuity of comorbidities management but also establishes clear direction and evaluation indices for future empirical research.

The Influencing Factors of High School English Teachers Choosing Different Teaching Media

The issue of high school English teachers' selection of teaching media has garnered widespread attention. However, there remain significant gaps in understanding the influencing factors. This paper analyzes the determinants behind teachers' choices using grounded theory and three-level coding, incorporating interviews with educators from both first-tier cities and county towns in China. The findings reveal substantial disparities in resource availability, technological proficiency, and institutional support between urban and rural schools. Urban teachers benefit from abundant resources and robust technical support, which facilitate higher technological proficiency and more effective media integration with curriculum goals. Conversely, rural teachers face challenges with basic access to technology and limited professional development opportunities. Based on these findings, this paper proposes several recommendations to optimize the use of teaching media: enhancing resource availability through increased funding and community support, improving technological proficiency via targeted professional development, strengthening school support with dedicated IT staff and flexible funding policies, and aligning media with curriculum needs to enhance student engagement.

Research on the Decision-Making Mechanism of Human Capital Investment in the Behavior of “Returning to School for a Master Degree”—An Interview Analysis Based on Grounded Theory

Currently, it has become increasingly common for individuals engaged in social work to pursue a Master’s degree as part of their professional development. Following the qualitative research approach of grounded theory, this study conducted in-depth interviews with six graduate students majoring in education from local universities and performed a three-level coding analysis on the collected data. The motivations behind social candidates’ pursuit of a Master’s degree are primarily driven by material needs, spiritual aspirations, and other factors. Drawing upon the human capital theory, this study examines the investment decision-making behavior of this particular cohort. The decision mechanism underlying this behavior is as follows: the anticipated income level associated with a master’s degree surpasses the current income level; the expected return on investment outweighs the investment cost; while human capital investment in graduate school entails minimal risk, its return rate exceeds that of other investments; substantial hidden benefits are derived from investing in human capital. The research findings can serve as a valuable reference for the reform and adjustment of graduate enrollment and training in higher education institutions.

Behavioral Conflicts in Urban Greenway Recreation: A Case Study of the “Three Rivers and One Mountain” Greenway in Xi’an, China

The current greenway systems in China are relatively homogenous, whereas recreational groups and their needs are highly diverse. This discrepancy has resulted in increasingly severe behavioral conflicts during greenway recreation. However, scholarly research on behavioral conflicts in greenway recreational activities is lacking. Recreationists’ perceptions of conflict negatively impact their evaluation of the recreational experience, thereby limiting the ecological and recreational benefits of greenways. Therefore, it is crucial to categorize these conflicts, understand their formation mechanisms, and identify influencing factors, so as to put forward targeted management strategies for greenway construction. This study selected urban segments of greenways along the Wei and Feng rivers in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China. Field observation, semi-structured interviews, and NVivo 12 three-level coding were used to investigate and analyze the main types of behavioral conflicts perceived by various recreational groups on urban greenways and the factors influencing these perceptions. The results indicate that the primary types of behavioral conflicts are danger perception, space occupancy, environmental damage, and noise disturbance. Younger groups, highly educated individuals, local residents, and those with exercise as their primary recreational purpose are more likely to perceive conflicts. In addition, recreationists also focus on the completeness of greenway infrastructure, the richness of green landscapes, and the adequacy of behavior management. These findings can help greenway managers and planners understand the perception of recreational conflicts, enabling the formulation of targeted design strategies and management measures to mitigate these conflicts in urban greenway recreation.

Satisfaction with Behavior Trajectory Security Protection in Social Media Intelligent Recommendations

Abstract Intelligent recommender systems provide personalized recommendation for users based on their behavior trajectories. Intelligent recommendation is a double-edged sword with increasing impacts. This study investigates the influencing mechanism of social media users’ satisfaction with behavior trajectory security protection in the context of intelligent recommendation, with the aim of promoting healthy development of mobile social media. This study applied the grounded theory method to identify relations among concepts and categories in terms of three-level coding. During open coding, 271 initial concepts and 26 subcategories were elicited; during axial coding, 10 categories were elicited; and during selective coding, relations among categories were identified and a theoretical model was developed. The results indicate that satisfaction with behavior trajectory security protection is directly influenced by security protection information quality, security protection system quality, security protection service quality, net benefits, external support, privacy concerns, and privacy cognitive biases. Privacy literacy has direct impacts on privacy concerns and privacy cognitive biases. Meanwhile, herd behavior directly impacts privacy concerns. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Construction and Evaluation of a Traditional Village Tourism Imagery Element System Based on Xidi Village

Tourism imagery is one of the decision variables for tourists’ travel intentions and behavior. Traditional village tourism imagery studies mostly focus on tourist space, landscape imagery, etc. Few overall imagery studies have been conducted. This paper integrates non-structural and structural methods, uses three-level coding based on rooting theory, constructs a traditional village tourism place imagery element system through network text analysis, designs and analyzes questionnaires accordingly, and empirically evaluates the tourism imagery of Xidi village in Anhui Province. The results show that the overall satisfaction of tourists is less than important, indicating that there is a systematic deficiency in the perception of tourism place imagery of Xidi village. The dimensional IPA analysis shows that the three dimensions of natural landscape, social landscape, and physical cuisine are in the improvement area. According to the supplementary IPA factor analysis, factors such as natural phenomena, historical figures, clan history, watershed, accommodation, ticket systems, and guide services need important attention, improvement, and promotion. The results of the emotional analysis are dominated by positive images, but attention needs to be paid to the negative impact of negative images. Based on the above findings, recommendations are proposed to improve the layout of the development, and enhance the service facilities and quality based on these findings.

User experience model and design strategies for virtual reality-based cultural heritage exhibition

A virtual reality (VR) based cultural heritage exhibition (VRCHE) is an important type of VR-based museum exhibition. The user experience (UX) design of VRCHE has encountered opportunities and due to the differences in human–computer interaction between VR-based and conventional interaction interfaces, so proposing the UX model of VRCHE is crucial. Although there are some existing works that study the UX models of VRCHEs, they are not complete enough to describe the UX of VRCHEs or offer any design strategies due to the methodologies and experimental materials that they currently use. This study creates experiments utilizing grounded theory that combine qualitative and quantitative approaches. Then, the study synthesizes three-level coding and quantitative analysis findings from grounded theory, builds a detailed model of the VRCHE UX using theoretical coding, and proposes design strategies.

The bricolage mode of emergency medical teams in China: deficient and in urgent need of transformation-A qualitative study.

Emergency medical rescue plays a vital role in alleviating the harm of all kinds of emergencies to people's physical and mental health and life safety. The current emergency medical teams (EMTs) formation model is not unified. We focused on the disadvantages of the bricolage mode of China EMTs and put forward empirical-based countermeasures to improve the emergency management ability of EMTs. From March to September 2022, 23 leaders of EMTs in North China (Tianjin) were selected by objective sampling method to conduct one-to-half structured in-depth interviews. Nvivo12.0 software was used for three-level coding. The disadvantages of the bricolage model of EMT were analyzed. Based on the three-level coding, 150 initial concepts, 36 sub-coding, 17 main coding, six categories, and two core categories were sorted out. Management structure, internal stability, and support are recognized as the crucial elements armed with the EMTs. The bricolage EMTs have disadvantages such as a chaotic management structure, weak internal stability, and inadequate support. It is necessary to construct full-time EMTs that incorporate a standardized personnel admission mechanism, full-time training and exercise mechanism, diversified incentive mechanism, and multi-agent cooperation mechanism, etc.

Research on the Decision-Making Mechanism of Human Capital Investment in the Behavior of “Returning to School for a Master Degree”—An Interview Analysis Based on Grounded Theory

Currently, it has become increasingly common for individuals engaged in social work to pursue a Master’s degree as part of their professional development. Following the qualitative research approach of grounded theory, this study conducted in-depth interviews with six graduate students majoring in education from local universities and performed a three-level coding analysis on the collected data. The motivations behind social candidates’ pursuit of a Master’s degree are primarily driven by material needs, spiritual aspirations, and other factors. Drawing upon the human capital theory, this study examines the investment decision-making behavior of this particular cohort. The decision mechanism underlying this behavior is as follows: the anticipated income level associated with a master’s degree surpasses the current income level; the expected return on investment outweighs the investment cost; while human capital investment in graduate school entails minimal risk, its return rate exceeds that of other investments; substantial hidden benefits are derived from investing in human capital. The research findings can serve as a valuable reference for the reform and adjustment of graduate enrollment and training in higher education institutions.

THE ELEMENTS OF MODEL TEACHERS LEADERSHIP IN IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL THEORY COURSES

Teachers of ideological and political theory courses in Chinese colleges and universities are the pillars of the implementation of the fundamental task of national education of establishing morality and cultivating people. The professionalization of the teaching team is related to the quality of the courses and the effect of education. The research objects of this paper are 98 universities with first-class levels. Based on the model teacher of the ideological and political theory course, after collecting a large amount of data including interviews, news reports, personal introductions, etc., using qualitative research methods, using NVivo12 Plus software to make an analysis, and finally summed up and extracted 4 themes through the three-level coding of grounded theory. The categories, that is, educational promotion, peer driving force, social serviceability, and personality appeal, explore the interrelationships between the constituent elements, and put forward relevant suggestions for cultivating the leadership of model teachers in ideological and political theory courses.

Evaluation of Three-Level Code Division Multiplexing for High-Quality Radio over Fiber Communication

Radio over Fiber system (RoF) technology facilitates the transmission of wireless signals over optical fibers, which provides many benefits, including low signal loss, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Despite these benefits, conventional RoF systems grapple with signal impairments and limited user capacity, as each user must be allocated a specific frequency. To address these limitations, this paper explores the implementation of the Three-Level Division Multiplexing (3LCDM) technique with RoF, a superior multiplexing strategy that allows two users to share a single channel, thereby doubling capacity. This innovative combination was evaluated for various cases using 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and the combination of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz carrier frequencies, and its performance was compared with traditional RoF systems. Simulations were carried out using OptiSystem in cooperation with the MATLAB simulator. The findings of this study reveal that the 3LCDM-RoF system can accommodate twice the number of users as the conventional RoF system without the need for amplifiers. Furthermore, it supports higher bit rates and longer transmission distances. Specifically, the 3LCDM-RoF system achieved maximum data rates at maximum fiber length of 2 x 1.1 Gbps at 60 km, (2.4 GHz), 2 x 2 Gbps at 40 km (5 GHz), and 2 x 0.5 Gbps per channel at 43 km (combined 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) respectively. Meanwhile, the conventional RoF with 2.4 GHz, 5GHz and the combination of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz can only achieve maximum data rate at a maximum fiber length of 1.1 Gbps at 45 km, 1.6 Gbps at 35 km, and 0.4 Gbps at 35 km respectively

Resilience of Living Streets in Small and Medium-Sized Towns: A Grounded Theory Study of Yixing, China

In the context of the global fine-grained urban renewal initiative, living streets closely related to people’s lives have become a hot topic. This study provides a comprehensive framework for addressing prominent issues such as the limited adaptability and inability to accommodate development in living streets. It explores the value and design innovation points of incorporating resilience concepts in the renewal of living streets. Taking the living streets in Yixing, Jiangsu Province, as an example, the grounded theory approach was employed to conduct in-depth interviews and three-level coding of the data to systematically elucidate the influencing factors and implementation paths of resilience in living streets. The study reveals that the resilient development of living streets is influenced and constrained by six factors: positive values, demand factors, spatial environment, contextual factors, operation and management, and resilience characteristics. Each of these six main dimensions encompasses multiple subcategories and the factors influencing living streets’ resilience through different mechanisms. Building upon the guidance-demand-design-context-operation pathway model for enhancing the resilience of living streets in small and medium-sized towns in the Jiangnan region, the study proposes new perspectives such as correct orientation, adaptability to change, and a balance between rigidity and flexibility tailored explicitly to the enhancement of resilience in living streets. These novel perspectives contribute to the theoretical research achievements on the resilience development of living streets in small and medium-sized towns in the Jiangnan region of China to a certain extent. Furthermore, these findings hold significant implications for attaining SDG11, which emphasizes sustainable urban development.

Constructing big data prevention and control model for public health emergencies in China: A grounded theory study.

Big data technology plays an important role in the prevention and control of public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Current studies on model construction, such as SIR infectious disease model, 4R crisis management model, etc., have put forward decision-making suggestions from different perspectives, which also provide a reference basis for the research in this paper. This paper conducts an exploratory study on the construction of a big data prevention and control model for public health emergencies by using the grounded theory, a qualitative research method, with literature, policies, and regulations as research samples, and makes a grounded analysis through three-level coding and saturation test. Main results are as follows: (1) The three elements of data layer, subject layer, and application layer play a prominent role in the digital prevention and control practice of epidemic in China and constitute the basic framework of the "DSA" model. (2) The "DSA" model integrates cross-industry, cross-region, and cross-domain epidemic data into one system framework, effectively solving the disadvantages of fragmentation caused by "information island". (3) The "DSA" model analyzes the differences in information needs of different subjects during an outbreak and summarizes several collaborative approaches to promote resource sharing and cooperative governance. (4) The "DSA" model analyzes the specific application scenarios of big data technology in different stages of epidemic development, effectively responding to the disconnection between current technological development and realistic needs.

A Conceptual Model of Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Exercise Adherence in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Constructivist Grounded Theory Study.

This study aimed to explore a conceptual model of home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence and reveal its internal behavioral logic. A constructivist grounded theory design was adopted to explore the conceptual model of home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence. Semi-structured interviews were completed to collect qualitative data for constructing the conceptual model. The theoretical saturation and validation strategies were adopted to demonstrate the adequacy of qualitative data. A three-level coding procedure with constant comparisons was completed to analyze this qualitative data. A total of 21 patients with chronic heart failure were recruited in this study. As a result of this study, 32 initial codes, 12 category codes, and four core categories were extracted, namely, seeking supports, rehabilitation exercise, exercise monitoring and information feedback. According to the internal behavioral logic, the conceptual model of home cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence was finally formed. In this closed-chain model, seeking supports is the initial adherence behavior, and rehabilitation exercise is the core adherence behavior, and exercise monitoring is the key adherence behavior, and information feedback is the driving adherence behavior. The conceptual model of home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence in patients with chronic heart failure was developed, revealing its internal behavioral logic and providing theoretical references for developing relevant clinical research tools with comprehensive coverage and identifying weak links.

Multidimensional Characteristics of Design-Based Engineering Learning: A Grounded Theory Study

Design-based engineering learning is an important learning model in the field of engineering education research, and also an important embodiment of sustainable development engineering education. At present, the research is still in the stage of conceptual discussion, and its connotation has not been effectively clarified. In order to construct a theoretical model of design-based engineering learning, this study adopted grounded theory to carry out exploratory research. First, we selected the advanced class of engineering education in Chu Kochen Honors College of Zhejiang University as a follow-up case, conducted interviews with front-line teachers and students, and collected relevant data; second, we adopted the three-level coding technology of open coding-axis coding-selective coding and used NVivo software to extract concept categories from open codes, and established the connection between categories through the axis coding; and finally, multidimensional ideas were developed through core categories, including design practice, interactive reflection, knowledge integration, and circular iteration. The multidimensional conception of design-based engineering learning constructed in this study aims to provide theoretical support for promoting engineering education research. At the same time, it puts forward some useful suggestions on the training of engineering talents for sustainable development in practice.

Influencing aspects of clinical nurses' interactive continuous learning behaviour based on in-service online network videos: A grounded theory approach

ObjectivesThis study explores the influencing aspects of nurses' continuous interactive learning behaviour based on In-Service online network videos to facilitate their knowledge development and improve their engagement in online learning. Also, to provide a theoretical model for enhancing the quality of learning and teaching by promoting online nursing education. DesignThe qualitative research design of grounded theory methodology (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) was used to develop a theory of clinical nurses' interactive continuous learning behaviours. MethodA grounded theory approach and qualitative research method were adopted in this research. A three-level coding technique was used to extract data, which involved collecting 16,018 pieces of “Synchronous online feedback data” original data from interactive online in-service learning videos. The synchronous online feedback data were analysed using a constant comparative method and then utilised to construct the theoretical model of influencing aspects for nurses' interactive continuous learning. There were 11,083 Synchronous online feedback data of Clinical Nurses (N = 132 participants) based on 32 interactive learning video series from a single centre. The sampling method was based on initial purposive and then theoretical sampling techniques. The data were analysed and extracted using a three-level coding technique with a constant comparison analysis method. ResultsThe study identified four major categories of influencing aspects for nurses' satisfaction in online learning. These categories include 1. individual aspects; 2. curriculum aspects; 3. teachers' aspects; and 4. nurses' interactive behaviour. These aspects were found to influence the learning satisfaction among nurses and nurses' interactive continuous learning behaviours. ConclusionThe findings provide a reference for maximising the value of In-Service online video learning resources and the sustainable development of educational informatisation. In addition, interactive continuous learning behaviour can promote adherence to a positive learning attitude and build an excellent online learning ecology.

Identifying and Selecting Appropriate Strategies for Integrating Green Management into the Structure of Razi University: A Mixed Sequential Exploratory Study

The purpose of this study was to identify and select appropriate strategies for integrating green management (GM) activities in to the structure of Razi University using a mixed sequential exploratory method. Using critical case sampling method, 32 individuals were selected as statistical sample in qualitative phase of the research. The main technique in this phase was three-level coding process (open, axial, and selective coding) alongside “Content Validity Ratio” for refining identified codes. The final output of this section was to identify the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats ahead of the university to integrate GM in its structure. In the quantitative phase, the comprehensive framework of strategy development was used. A total of 250 staff and faculty members were selected using Cochran's formula and random stratified sampling method as a statistical sample in the quantitative phase (N = 965). The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire (extracted from qualitative phase) which its validity and reliability were confirmed using “Content Validity Ratio” (CVR≥ 0.54) and “Cronbach's alpha coefficient” (α≥ 0.84). According to the steps of the “comprehensive strategy development framework”, after determining the strategic position of Razi University, eight strategies were identified for integrated GM in to the university operations. Hierarchical matrix wased used to idntify the best strategies for integrating GM in to Razi university straucturs according to criterions of time and cost, feasibility, compose operations, and educational and research programs. Findings showed that strategies of joining or membership of the university in one of the global green university evaluation systems and technology change are the most sensitive to GM; And by applying them, more tangible results can be achieved in the field of GM development in the university.

A Study on the Influential Factors of Mixed-cut Video Dissemination among College Students: A Perspective Based on Grounded Theory

In recent years, mixed-cut videos have become popular among college students. In this paper, we use the perspective of grounded theory to conduct in-depth interviews with college students and adopt a three-level coding strategy to analyze eight influencing factors: cultural atmosphere, rule awareness, creative impulse, poaching mentality, game mentality, image concern, emotional maintenance and value reconstruction. Subsequently, a model of the mechanism of the influence factors on the dissemination of mixed-cut videos was constructed. Finally, cultivating college students' cultural confidence, guiding college students to use online materials reasonably, and improving college students' media literacy education should help the standardized dissemination of mash-up videos.

Framework of humanistic care for patients in the ICU: A preliminary study.

Humanistic care involves caring, concern, paying attention to people's individuality, meeting their needs and respecting their rights, which is the core concept and central task of nursing. Effective care can enhance patients' ability to deal with stress and promote patient recovery. Implementing humanistic care in the intensive care unit (ICU) is particularly important for health care providers. This study aims to develop a framework of the humanistic care in the ICU. The qualitative research followed Strauss' procedural grounded theory approach. Purposive sampling and theoretical sampling were used to select 12 nurses in the Department of Critical Medicine, 16 patients, and eight family members for semi-structured interviews from October 2020 to April 2021. Results were summarized and analysed through three-level coding based on grounded principles. Sixteen subcategories and six main categories were extracted after three-level coding, and the final ICU humanistic care framework was formed with home, activity, visit, environment, nursing and safety ("HAVENS") as the core. This study provides an explanatory theory of humanistic care in the ICU that can guide nurses' practice in ICU clinical work. This theory provides guidance for nurses to implement humanistic care in critical care practice to improve the ICU stay experience of critically ill patients.

What Abilities Does Business Simulation Cultivate College Students

With the popularity of business simulation in universities, there is a crucial question of what abilities the students can get from the business simulation. In this study, using qualitative research methods, we studied 71 students who had engaged in a business simulation called Global Challenge. Through three-level coding analysis of students’ course reports, we induced and refined five abilities that students would get from business simulation, which are strategic decision-making, competition and cooperation, analysis and judgment, communication and team spirit, and learning by doing. Further, we in detail explained these abilities based on behaviors and performances of the students in simulating. The main contributions are the following: First, it provides insight into the abilities and matching behaviors and enriches research on the learning effectiveness of business simulation from the perspective of ability. Second, the study combines the advantages of qualitative research methods and quasi-experimental design. The results not only extend and deepen our understanding of abilities trained by business simulation but also have value in guiding the practice of business simulation.