Three-level Architecture Research Articles

DESIGN OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR CREATING THE ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

Background. The architecture of the automated system is the main source of quality of software and software-hardware systems. It determines how quickly and efficiently a developer is able to analyze, understand, test, extend, and maintain an automated system. Changes in the system architecture have a high cost due to its complexity and the possibility of destruction during expansion. At present, most of the knowledge and information about the design decisions on which the architecture is based are implicitly embedded in it, which leads to problems during the development process, in particular, during the programmatic implementation of its structural elements. It is determined that, despite the long way that the evolution of systems architecture has passed, today there are very few objective, repeatable and empirically based methodologies and tools for the design and analysis of architecture. As a rule, software architects are programmers who have decades of experience in software development practice. Given their experience, they clearly understand that errors in the architecture design are the root causes of lower-level problems that manifest in the software code. Most often, a programmer feels when the architecture of his project is of low quality, because there are a large number of technical flaws, the number of which only increases with time. But most projects continue to be implemented, which leads to a decrease in the quality of the finished automated system. Objective. The purpose of this work is to design and document the software architecture of the automated system for creating the accompanying documentation of the educational process in order to take the first step towards understanding the relationships and the impact of the adopted project decisions on the code base. Conclusions. To achieve the goal, a class of multi-level architectures was chosen, among which the three-level architecture is the most common. Features of implementation of open and closed three-level architectures are considered. On the basis of the MVC architectural template, an architectural project of an automated system for creating accompanying documentation of the educational process has been developed. The main subsystems and data elements are documented.

Research on Intelligent Supervision System and Terminal for Small Sluice Group

As a conventional water conservancy project, small water gates play a crucial role in flood prevention and drainage, water storage and irrigation. In response to the problems of a large number, wide distribution, and difficult management of small water gates, this article proposes an intelligent supervision system for small water gate groups based on the three-level architecture of provinces, cities, and counties. Then, according to the requirements of small water gate supervision, the hardware circuit and software program of the monitoring terminal were specially designed. The main content of this article includes three aspects: the provincial, city, and county level design of regulatory platforms, the modular and hierarchical structure design of terminal hardware, and the standardization and standardization design of terminal software. It provides a solution for the intelligent, efficient, and standardized management of small water gate groups, as well as a low-cost, reliable, and versatile monitoring terminal for the implementation of the solution. It has positive significance in solving the management difficulties of small water gates.

Towards a more anthropomorphic interaction with robots in museum settings: An experimental study

In recent years, social robots have been increasingly used in the cultural sector to make artworks and exhibits more appealing to a larger audience. On the other hand, visitors, more accustomed to using novel technologies, are increasingly attracted to the possibility of exploiting new ways of interaction. However, more research needs to be done on how social robots successfully interact verbally and non-verbally with visitors. There are few studies on the impact of these technologies and, in particular, a greater level of involvement in using social robots instead of the more usual voice apps to access interactively and acquire information about a work of art or a museum exhibition. This paper proposes a human–robot interaction system based on a three-level architecture able to process and merge heterogeneous sensory information and obtain a set of anthropomorphic mechanisms and metaphors to make the interaction with visitors in museum settings as natural as possible. Moreover, an experimental study has been proposed to assess the impact of this proposed solution, embedded in the social robot Pepper, on museum visitors in the context of an exhibit on Leonardo da Vinci. In particular, the study first aimed to find a potential difference in the interactions between visitors grouped by age and interfacing with the robot equipped with the proposed system or a voice app. Secondly, the study focused on evaluating the effectiveness and usefulness of the robot equipped with the proposed interaction system. A comparative User Experience was conducted between the robot and voice app and a User Experience only for the robot using a specific questionnaire for robotic applications. The results showed a good ability of the proposed system integrated into the robot to make interaction with visitors more pleasant, attractive, and friendly. Engagement and dialogue with them are more natural, stable, and lasting. The cultural information is conveyed more easily and clearly.

A software platform for constructing a digital twin of the integrated energy system

An integrated energy system is a complex technical object, digital twin technologies improve the quality of its design and management. The paper proposes a methodological approach to the development of a software platform for constructing a digital twin of the integrated energy system and solving a set of problems that arise during system design and management. The Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) concept is implemented to automate the stages of a digital twin construction based on the platform. A three-level architecture of a network multiuser software system is proposed. An algorithm used for automated construction of a digital twin of the integrated energy system is presented.

On some methods for solving the problem of power distribution of data transmission channels taking into account fuzzy constraints on consumption volumes

The article deals with the mathematical formulation of the problem of optimal distribution of the power of data transmission channels in information and computer networks with a three-level architecture and fuzzy restrictions on consumption volumes. An efficient algorithm has been developed for solving the problem, the peculiarity of which is the inability to meet the end user’s needs at the expense of the resources of different suppliers. A standard solution method based on a fuzzy optimization problem of mathematical programming is considered. A constructive variant of finding a solution based on the backtracking method is proposed. Computational experiments have been carried out. The developed approach was used to determine the optimal configuration of a three-level information and computer network with a given number of communication servers.

DDoS Attacks Detection in the Application Layer Using Three Level Machine Learning Classification Architecture

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is an ever-changing type of attack in cybersecurity, especially with the growing demand for cloud and web services raising a never-ending challenge in the lucrative business. DDoS attacks disrupt users' access to the targeted online services leading to significant business loss. This article presents a three-level architecture for detecting DDoS attacks at the application layer. The first level is responsible for selecting the best features of the samples and classifying the traffic into either benign or malicious, then the second level consists of a hard voting classifier to identify the type of the DDoS source: UDP, TCP, or Mixed-based. Finally, the last level aligns the attack to the appropriate DDoS type. This approach is validated using the CIC-DDoS2019 dataset, and the time, accuracy score, and precision are used as the model performance metrics. Compared to the existing machine learning (ML) approaches, the proposed architecture reveals substantial improvements in both binary and multiclass classification of application-layer DDoS attacks.

National EPOS initiatives and participation to the EPOS integration plan

European Plate Observing System (EPOS) is designed on a three-level architecture. The national research infrastructures (NRIs) constitute the backbone of the EPOS delivery framework, where data are generated, processed, analyzed and archived. These data are then integrated by thematic core services (TCS) and distributed through the centralized integrated core services (ICS). In this architecture, data provision from the NRIs is an essential element for the sustainable operation of the EPOS research infrastructure (RI). National EPOS initiatives in various countries in Europe are developed thanks to the increased awareness of the importance of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data management in science. As such, out of the 14 countries (13 members and one observer) that constitute the EPOS European Research Infrastructure Consortium (EPOS-ERIC), 11 have dedicated EPOS consortia established and included in the national roadmaps for research infrastructures. Moreover, there are in total 24 countries involved in the EPOS delivery framework where 10 are not yet members of EPOS-ERIC. However, the diversity of regulations and procedures adopted in different countries, hampers the development of dedicated EPOS consortia contributing to sustainability. In this paper, the national EPOS initiatives are discussed in order to emphasize synergies achieved and the shared efforts to build the EPOS RI during its life-cycle (the design, preparation, implementation, and pilot operational phases), tackling the challenge of sustainable operation.

SMART HOME SYSTEM SECURITY RISK ASSESSMENT

The concept of the Internet of Things became the basis of the fourth industrial revolution, which allowed to transfer the processes of automation to a new saber. As a result, automation systems, such as smart homes, healthcare systems and car control systems, have become widespread. The developers of such systems primarily focus their efforts on the functional component, leaving safety issues in the background. However, when designing and operating IoT systems, it is equally important to assess potential bottlenecks and develop complete and comprehensive strategies to mitigate and eliminate the negative effects of cyberattacks.
 The purpose of this study is to identify possible cyber threats and assess their impact on critical information objects in the smart home system. To achieve this goal, the three-level architecture of the smart home system is considered and a review of known cyber threats for each level is conducted. The critical information objects in the smart home system are the containers in which the information objects are stored, the risk assessment criteria and the cyber threat scenarios. The information security risks of the smart home system were assessed using the OCTAVE Allegro methodology for the information object that presents the information collected by the smart home sensors.

Defining health data elements under the HL7 development framework for metadata management

BackgroundHealth data from different specialties or domains generallly have diverse formats and meanings, which can cause semantic communication barriers when these data are exchanged among heterogeneous systems. As such, this study is intended to develop a national health concept data model (HCDM) and develop a corresponding system to facilitate healthcare data standardization and centralized metadata management.MethodsBased on 55 data sets (4640 data items) from 7 health business domains in China, a bottom-up approach was employed to build the structure and metadata for HCDM by referencing HL7 RIM. According to ISO/IEC 11179, a top-down approach was used to develop and standardize the data elements.ResultsHCDM adopted three-level architecture of class, attribute and data type, and consisted of 6 classes and 15 sub-classes. Each class had a set of descriptive attributes and every attribute was assigned a data type. 100 initial data elements (DEs) were extracted from HCDM and 144 general DEs were derived from corresponding initial DEs. Domain DEs were transformed by specializing general DEs using 12 controlled vocabularies which developed from HL7 vocabularies and actual health demands. A model-based system was successfully established to evaluate and manage the NHDD.ConclusionsHCDM provided a unified metadata reference for multi-source data standardization and management. This approach of defining health data elements was a feasible solution in healthcare information standardization to enable healthcare interoperability in China.

Pengembangan Aplikasi Tiga-Tingkat Menggunakan Metode Scrum pada Aplikasi Presensi Karyawan Glints Academy

The rapid development of technology requires a software development management system that can be adaptive in rapidly changing circumstances. Scrum is an agile method that has the advantage of being agile and adaptive. Glints Academy holds an Industry Project Exploration as the program to prepare students for the rapid development of technology and reduce the gap between the education field and industrial field by MBKM program from the Ministry of Education and Culture. This study aims to apply the Scrum method in a heterogeneous developer team and divergent ability backgrounds to build an application with three-level architecture. The developer team is college students who come from different regions spread across Indonesia with full online implementation. Scrum is used because it is advantageous to other methods in a relatively fast-changing environment and also provides good quality control. The sprints were carried out in two sprints with two weeks of development in each sprint. The application built is an employee attendance application with a three-tier architecture: client, server, and data. The client-tier application is a front-end server built using the React.js framework while the server-tier and data-tier are built-in back-end servers with the Node.js and Express.js frameworks. JWT (JSON Web Token) authentication determines access role to functions and resources available on the back-end server. The result is a web application that fulfills the entire product backlog determined by the product owner. The results of this research are this method can used to develop features enhancement in the middle of the application development process without affecting the main feature development and this method is effectively used for different team developer backgrounds and during its online development

Resource Allocation Computing Algorithm for UAV Dynamical Statements based on AI Technology

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is one of the complex and relevant communication networks of 5G and 2030 networks. Development of technologies for virtualization (NFV), containerization and orchestration of data systems. NFV technology can be implemented not only in the data center but also on the switch or router. Thus, by analogy with the above-described trend, flying network segments can also use computing power to solve any problems. For example, deployment on virtual distributed capacities of a flying station controller, an internal network controller. Within the framework of this direction, there are a number of interrelated tasks that need to be resolved by the trends and capabilities of Artificial Intelligence technologies. This paper proposes an algorithm for searching for computing resources in real time. The article defined the criteria for choosing the head node and the cluster with the highest total resources, considered the possibility of implementing the function of the SDN controller in the UAV cluster, the main possible functions and tasks of the UAV, proposed a three-level architecture based on the separation of the functions performed by the UAV. In this work, simulation was carried out in the Matlab program to detect areas of increased load, form UAV clusters, select a head node in clusters and select one UAV cluster with the highest total resources for its subsequent migration to the area of increased load.

An Ontology for Modeling Cultural Heritage Knowledge in Urban Tourism

Urban tourism information available on Internet has been of enormous relevance to motivate the tourism in many countries. There exist many applications focused on promoting and preserving the cultural heritage, through urban tourism, which in turn demand a well-defined and standard model for representing the whole knowledge of this domain, thus ensuring interoperable and flexible applications. Current studies propose the use of ontologies to formally model such knowledge. Nonetheless, most of them only represent partial knowledge of cultural heritage or are restrictive to an indoor perspective (i.e., museum ontologies). In this context, we propose the ontology CURIOCITY (Cultural Heritage for Urban Tourism in Indoor/Outdoor environments of the CITY), to represent the cultural heritage knowledge based on UNESCO’s definitions. CURIOCITY ontology has a three-level architecture (Upper, Middle, and Lower ontologies) in accordance with a purpose of modularity and levels of specificity. In this paper, we describe in detail all modules of CURIOCITY ontology and perform a comparative evaluation with state-of-the-art ontologies. Additionally, to demonstrate the suitability of CURIOCITY ontology, we show several touristic services offered through a framework supported in the ontology. The framework includes an automatic population process, that allows transforming a museum data repository (in CSV format) into RDF triples of CURIOCITY ontology to automatically populate the CURIOCITY repository, and facilities to develop a set of tourism applications and services, following the UNESCO’s definitions.

Имитационные модели в цифровых двойниках железнодорожных узлов

The development of information technologies and technical means of data registration creates conditions for filling simulation models of railway transport with actual data. It allows us to use simulation models to create digital counterparts of railway stations and junctions. The experience of using simulation models to perform the tasks of designing and operational planning of railway transport systems of various complexity is analyzed. An overview of modern computer programs for simulation of railway transport is presented, the advantages and disadvantages of the specialized software tools are illustrated. The authors propose an approach to build a digital twin of a railway junction based on the universal simulation tool AnyLogic. The problems and limitations of using simulation models in digital twins for operational management of railway stations and junctions are systematized. Software solutions are proposed, the implementation of which makes it possible to provide an adequate representation of the operational situation at the railway station in the digital twin. A three-level architecture of a digital twin of a railway junction has been developed, including a description of the track development scheme, the technology of the transportation process, as well as a method for synchronizing model and actual data. Examples of the interface of a digital twin of non-public railway tracks are presented. The implementation of the developed twin at the mining enterprise allowed to increase the efficiency of decisions taken to coordinate the work of production units and transport, reduce idle time and increase the productivity of the ore-processing mill as a result of supplying it with raw materials of the required range at a given time.

Development of a Multi-sector Bounded-Neighbourhood Model with intersectoral commodity-money interactions

The article presents an approach to the development of an extended multi-sector bounded-neighbourhood with differentiated types of resources and intersectoral commodity-money interactions with implementation in the AnyLogic simulation tools. A feature of this approach is, firstly, a high degree of sectoral disaggregation (e.g., 42 types of economic activity are considered), and secondly, the three-level architecture of the proposed multi-agent system, which includes high-tech and low-tech resources as workplaces differentiated by types of economic activity (branches of the economy), and also multiple agents-individuals: natives and migrants with their own rules of behaviour and characteristics, and agents-sectors that provide the necessary structure of employment. We study the issues of software implementation of such a multi-level system in the AnyLogic, as well as the influence of the most important parameters of the model, in particular, such as the inflow rate of new migrants, dimensionality of forming industry clusters (i.e., a number of workplaces), level of wages by branches of the economy, etc. on the employment structure and the dynamics of gross domestic product, respectively.

The contribution of m-learning applications to improving the performance of training on the Moodle platform

Abstract This paper presents a proposal for a mobile learning application called MySchool, which will be added to the e-learning platform Moodle and which contribute together with it to increase the efficiency of training on the platform. In the first part, analyzing the specialized studies, it was found that the main deficiencies reported in the case of e-learning platforms come mainly from the way the platform was designed and especially from the design of the training model when the beneficiaries and users are students in the pre-university course. The paper proposes a mobile learning training system to be added to an existing e-learning platform in schools in Constanta County, Romania. The chosen platform was the Moodle platform which does not make such an application available to users. The main features of the Moodle platform are further analyzed together with the didactic aspects of the application of the platform in the online training process of students. At the same time, the advantages of students who use mobile applications are presented, as well as the disadvantages of m-learning applications. For the design of the proposed system, the ALDIE software design model was chosen together with the rapid prototyping method. The functional and non-functional requirements of the MySchool system and its three-level architecture have been established (Fig. 7). We also designed a learning network in a classroom with 25 students for the proposed system. The conclusions of the paper highlight the usefulness and need for such a system attached to an e-learning platform.

Intelligent Sensors for Real-Time Decision-Making

The simultaneous integration of information from sensors with business data and how to acquire valuable information can be challenging. This paper proposes the simultaneous integration of information from sensors and business data. The proposal is supported by an industrial implementation, which integrates intelligent sensors and real-time decision-making, using a combination of PLC and PC Platforms in a three-level architecture: cloud-fog-edge. Automatic identification intelligent sensors are used to improve the decision-making of a dynamic scheduling tool. The proposed platform is applied to an industrial use-case in analytical Quality Control (QC) laboratories. The regulatory complexity, the personalized production, and traceability requirements make QC laboratories an interesting use case. We use intelligent sensors for automatic identification to improve the decision-making of a dynamic scheduling tool. Results show how the integration of intelligent sensors can improve the online scheduling of tasks. Estimations from system processing times decreased by over 30%. The proposed solution can be extended to other applications such as predictive maintenance, chemical industry, and other industries where scheduling and rescheduling are critical factors for the production.

Защита данных веб-приложений от внутренних угроз

With the rapid development of the Internet, web applications are becoming more and more popular. Many people, groups, organizations, or governments use web applications as a means to share information or support business tasks. With the growing number of threats and attacks on web applications, organizations need a more effective concept of web application security. The article is devoted to the security of web applications and methods of ensuring security on a three-level data protection architecture. A three-level architecture is an architectural model of a software package that assumes that it has three components: a client, an application server, and a database server. Web application security is about protecting the privacy, integrity, and availability of an organization's web resources, as well as its reputation. It also includes policies, procedures, laws, people, and practices. Security, like other components of a web application, is best managed if it is planned at the initial stage of application development. The article also describes the methods of ensuring security. These methods will help security professionals develop security policies, conduct risk assessments, and eliminate potential risks in a cost-effective way.

WEB-система оцінювання рівня регіонального розвитку

This article focuses on the automation tools development for evaluating the socio-economic development of Ukraine regions. In this work we present a method for automated determination of integral indicators based on factor analysis and expert estimation methods is presented. The method application improved the calculation results reliability and the opportunity provided to analyze the relationships between indicators in terms of their impact on the general regional socio-economic situation. The information-analytical Web-based system for evaluating the socio-economic development of Ukraine regions has been developed and implemented. The Web-based system has a three-level architecture of technical tools and intended for processes automation of socio-economic level development evaluating of Ukraine regions based on expert-statistical method. The Web-based application is designed to work with three user groups and provides access to control elements depending on the access level of user.

МЕТОДИКИ НАСТРОЙКИ ПРАВИЛ БРАНДМАУЭРА МУЛЬСЕРВИСНОЙ СУПЕРКОМПЬЮТЕРНОЙ СЕТИ

The article describes the Firewall settings rules for ensuring information security when transmitting data over the Internet of a multiservice supercomputer network. The relevance of three-level architecture is grounded. The logic of information flows, firewall settings is described, Certificate Services.

Supervisory Performance Control of Concurrent Mobile Apps for Energy Efficiency

Two critical quality factors for mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets) are battery life and user-perceived performance of User Interface (UI) events, e.g., responsiveness of user action events and frame rate of video playback events. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art solutions have at least one of the following three limitations: 1) they cannot efficiently handle concurrent UI events of multiple apps (either foreground or background) and so may lead to performance imbalance and high energy consumption, 2) they try to regulate UI event performance periodically and thus may not efficiently handle the aperiodicity of user action events, which can result in poor responsiveness or high overheads, and 3) they rely mainly on CPU frequency/voltage scaling and so may have limited energy savings. In this paper, we present SURF, Supervisory control of User-perceived peRFormance, which is designed to overcome the three limitations. First, it dynamically allocates resources to concurrent UI events for balanced performance. Second, SURF uses supervisory control theory to handle the aperiodicity of user action events. Third, it optimizes the allocation of UI events to CPU cores for additional energy savings. SURF features a three-level architecture design that performs the three tasks at different time scales, according to their different overheads and timing requirements. We test SURF on several mobile device models with real-world open-source apps and show that, without causing perceivable performance degradation, it can reduce the CPU energy consumption by 28-98 percent compared to state-of-the-art solutions. In particular, by optimizing the allocation of UI events to the CPU cores, SURF achieves, 28-76 percent more CPU energy savings compared to other solutions.