Three-input Logic Gate Research Articles

Three-input logic gate based on DNA strand displacement reaction

In this paper, three kinds of three-input logic gates are designed based on DNA strand displacement reaction, which are three-input OR logic gate, three-input AND logic gate, and three-input MAJORITY logic gate. The logic gates designed in this paper takes different DNA strands as input and fluorescence signals as output. The biochemical experimental results verify my designs. The results show that DNA strand displacement technology has important application value in DNA computing, especially in the construction of DNA molecular logic gates.

Expanding the Set of Three-Input Logic Functions in Inverted T-Shaped TFETs

Three-input logic primitives show high efficiency in logic synthesis compared to traditional two-input logic, which encourages researchers to implement three-input logic gates with emerging nanotechnologies. This paper demonstrates a compact implementation of three-input monotone logic gates based on the inverted T-shaped TFET. Firstly, based on the gate coupling mechanism in the novel inverted T channel, the BTBT current can be suppressed in the vertical or horizontal region to achieve the channel strobe. Therefore, the typical three-input monotone logic functions, Majority, OrAnd, and AndOr, are successfully implemented on a single transistor. Then, a simplified potential model describing gate coupling is established to describe the impact of key device parameters on the logic behavior. Combined with TCAD simulation, the design rules of devices with different logic functions are given. Finally, a series of three-input monotonic logic gates are designed and verified. The results show that the use of the proposed TFETs can effectively save the number of transistors in the three-input logic gate, which indicates that the three-input TFET is a compact and flexible candidate for three-input logic gates.

Chimeric RNA-binding protein-based killing switch targeting hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Cancer cell-specific killing switches are synthetic circuits developed as an intelligent weapon to specifically eliminate malignant cells. RNA-delivered synthetic circuits provide safer means to control oncolytic functions, in which proteolysis-responding capsid-cNOT7 is developed to enable logic computation and modular design. Unfortunately, although circuits containing these capsid-cNOT7s exhibited good performance when introduced as replicons, in modified mRNA (modRNA) delivery, the performance was not quite as good. To improve this situation, alternative modules suitable for modRNA delivery need to be developed. An attractive option is RNA-binding protein (RBP)/riboswitches. In this study, RBPs were engineered by fusing with degron and cleavage sites. The compatibility of these chimeric RBPs with proteolysis-based sensing units were tested. Eight two-input logic gates and four three-input logic gates were implemented. After building this chimeric RBP-based system, we constructed a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell-specific killing circuit using two proteolysis-based sensing units, a two-input logic OR gate, and a leakproof apoptosis-inducing actuator, which distinguished HCC cells and induced apoptosis in a mixed IMR90-PLC/PRF/5 population.

A Novel Device to Implement Full Set of Three-Input Logic Gates Using a Naphthalene-Based Single-Molecule Field-Effect Transistor

The realization of computational circuits in the nanometer scale leads to a higher speed, lower power consumption, and less occupied area on the chip surface in electronic systems. Two of the most important basic logic gates are three-input exclusive-OR (XOR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) and three-input majority (MAJ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) gates which are the two main functions used in designing computational circuits like full-adder (FA) cells. In this article, a new device (molecular transistor) is presented using the naphthalene molecule. The effects of the input terminal variation of the proposed transistor on its output have been studied. According to the results obtained from the simulation, by applying different voltages to the gate-terminal of the transistor ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\mathrm {g}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), the negative differential resistance (NDR) behaviors are observed at different intervals of the source-drain voltage ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\mathrm {sd}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ). Due to the interesting characteristics of the proposed transistor, a full set of three-input basic logic gates is designed and presented. In these gates, a single transistor is utilized and by applying different bias voltages, it can generate different outputs suitable to the intended functions. Besides, an FA cell is designed using the proposed three-input logic gates. The transistor, the gates, and the FA are simulated using nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) and density functional theory (DFT) to verify their functionality.

Proposal for Multi-Gate Spin Field-Effect Transistor

The conductivity of spin field-effect transistor (spin-FET) can be modulated by controlling the spin degree of freedom; therefore, emerging low-power applications can be explored. In this paper, we propose a novel device called multi-gate spin-FET where multi-gate voltages can successively modulate the spin of the electrons. Various logic functions can be implemented with multi-gate spin-FET by setting the appropriate channel lengths. First, we present an electrical model of the multi-gate spin-FET which considers the physical mechanisms and the fitting of experimental results. The availability of the electrical model is validated by the dc simulation. Afterward, typical logic circuits are designed with the multi-gate spin-FET, including NAND gate, XOR gate, full adder, and a representative three-input logic gate. Transient simulation results validate the functional behaviors of these logic circuits. Finally, based on an analysis of power consumption, we conclude that the multi-gate spin-FET is a more energy-efficient device compared with the conventional CMOS FET.

Visual colorimetric detection of tin(II) and nitrite using a molybdenum oxide nanomaterial-based three-input logic gate.

We report a molybdenum oxide (MoO3) nanomaterial-based three-input logic gate that uses Sn2+, NO2-, and H+ ions as inputs. Under acidic conditions, Sn2+ is able to reduce MoO3 nanosheets, generating oxygen-vacancy-rich MoO3-x nanomaterials along with strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and an intense blue solution as the output signal. When NO2- is introduced, the redox reaction between the MoO3 nanosheets and Sn2+ is strongly inhibited because the NO2- consumes both H+ and Sn2+. The three-input logic gate was employed for the visual colorimetric detection of Sn2+ and NO2- under different input states. The colorimetric assay's limit of detection for Sn2+ and the lowest concentration of NO2- detectable by the assay were found to be 27.5nM and 0.1μM, respectively. The assay permits the visual detection of Sn2+ and NO2- down to concentrations as low as 2μM and 25μM, respectively. The applicability of the logic-gate-based colorimetric assay was demonstrated by using it to detect Sn2+ and NO2- in several water sources.

Repressor logic modules assembled by rolling circle amplification platform to construct a set of logic gates.

Small molecule metabolites and their allosterically regulated repressors play an important role in many gene expression and metabolic disorder processes. These natural sensors, though valuable as good logic switches, have rarely been employed without transcription machinery in cells. Here, two pairs of repressors, which function in opposite ways, were cloned, purified and used to control DNA replication in rolling circle amplification (RCA) in vitro. By using metabolites and repressors as inputs, RCA signals as outputs, four basic logic modules were constructed successfully. To achieve various logic computations based on these basic modules, we designed series and parallel strategies of circular templates, which can further assemble these repressor modules in an RCA platform to realize twelve two-input Boolean logic gates and a three-input logic gate. The RCA-output and RCA-assembled platform was proved to be easy and flexible for complex logic processes and might have application potential in molecular computing and synthetic biology.

A novel graphene oxide-based fluorescent nanosensor for selective detection of Fe(3+) with a wide linear concentration and its application in logic gate.

A graphene oxide-based fluorescent nanosensor AGO has been designed and synthesized by covalent grafting allylamine onto GO surface. In aqueous media, AGO displays a highly selective and sensitive discrimination of Fe(3+) from Fe(2+) and other metal ions through electron transfer-induced fluorescence quenching. The quenching of AGO fluorescence is linearly proportional to Fe(3+) concentration in a wide range of 0-120 μM (correlation coefficient R(2)=0.9994). Moreover, AGO can be used to construct a combinational three-input logic gate to discriminate Fe(3+) and Fe(2+). The logic gate works well in intracellular fluorescence imaging, which shows a potential as a promising platform for biosensing analysis.

Enhanced architectures for room-temperature reversible logic gates in graphene

We show that reversible two- and three-input logic gates, such as the universal Toffoli gate, can be implemented with three tilted gate electrodes patterned on a monolayer graphene flake. These reversible gates are based on the unique properties of ballistic charge carriers in graphene, which induce bandgaps in transmission for properly chosen potential barriers. The enhanced architectures for reversible logic gate implementation proposed in this paper offer a remarkable design simplification compared to standard approaches based on field-effect transistor circuits, as well as potential high-frequency operation.

A series of logic gates based on electrochemical reduction of Pb2+ in self-assembled G-quadruplex on the gold electrode

Direct reduction of Pb(2+) in self-assembled G-quadruplex on the gold electrode was first observed, which was applied in constructing a series of simple and reversible logic gates, such as one-input, two-input and three-input logic gates. Importantly, the largest scale of reversibility among two-input logic gates was achieved based on the reciprocal transformations of DNA.

Resettable Fluorescence Logic Gate Based on Calcein/Layered Double Hydroxide Ultrathin Films

A fluorescent logic gate was fabricated based on calcein/layered double hydroxide ultrathin films (UTFs) via alternate assembly technique, which exhibits high stability, reversibility, and resettability. The logic gate was manipulated by utilizing pH value, Hg(2+) and Cl(-) ion as inputs, and the fluorescence emission of the (calcein/LDH)(16) UTF as output, serving as a three-input logic gate that combines the YES and INHIBIT operation.

Fenton’s reagent-tuned DNA-templated fluorescent silver nanoclusters as a versatile fluorescence probe and logic device

A label-free strategy based on the Fenton reaction with DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (DNA-Ag NCs) as a probe is demonstrated for the sequential detection of Cu(2+), ascorbic acid (AA) and H(2)O(2). Cu(2+) causes a structural change of the DNA template in DNA-Ag NCs to resist the environmental quenching and emit stronger fluorescence. The addition of AA in the presence of Cu(2+) results in a further fluorescence increase of the DNA-Ag NCs. Interestingly, an even higher fluorescence enhancement is recorded by introducing Cu(2+) into the DNA-Ag NCs-AA probing system. The fluorescence turn-on probe offers detection limits of 3 nM for Cu(2+) and 7 nM for AA. Thereafter, the addition of H(2)O(2) generates hydroxyl radicals from the Fenton reaction, which induces cleavage of the DNA template, leading to fluorescence quenching of the DNA-Ag NCs. This facilitates H(2)O(2) detection. Moreover, based on the DNA-templated fluorescent silver nanoclusters and Fenton reaction, a multiple logic gate system, including AND and a three-input logic gate, is constructed, with Cu(2+), AA and H(2)O(2) as inputs, and the fluorescence intensity of the DNA-Ag NCs probe as output.

Fluorescent Logic Gates Chemically Attached to Silicon Nanowires

AbstractDurch Verankern einer Dansyleinheit auf Siliciumnanodrähten (SiNWs; siehe Bild) wurde ein chemisch gesteuertes, fluoreszierendes Logikgatter erhalten. Das Logikgatter nutzte pH‐Änderungen sowie HgII‐ und Cl−‐ oder Br−‐Ionen als Eingabe und die Fluoreszenz der modifizierten SiNWs als Ausgabesignal. Die modifizierten SiNWs konnten als Logikgatter mit drei Eingaben die Operationen YES und INH kombinieren.magnified image

Fluorescent Logic Gates Chemically Attached to Silicon Nanowires

I'm in the mood for dansyl: A chemically controlled fluorescent logic gate was formed by grafting a dansyl unit onto silicon nanowires (SiNWs; see picture). The logic gate was operated by utilizing pH changes, Hg(II), and Cl(-) or Br(-) ions as inputs and the fluorescence of the modified SiNWs as output. The modified SiNWs could perform as a three-input logic gate that combines the YES and INH operations.

Compact universal logic gates realized using quantization of current in nanodevices

This paper proposes novel universal logic gates using the current quantizationcharacteristics of nanodevices. In nanodevices like the electron waveguide (EW) andsingle-electron (SE) turnstile, the channel current is a staircase quantized function of itscontrol voltage. We use this unique characteristic to compactly realize Boolean functions.First we present the concept of the periodic-threshold threshold logic gate (PTTG),and we build a compact PTTG using EW and SE turnstiles. We show that anarbitrary three-input Boolean function can be realized with a single PTTG, andan arbitrary four-input Boolean function can be realized by using two PTTGs.We then use one PTTG to build a universal programmable two-input logic gatewhich can be used to realize all two-input Boolean functions. We also build aprogrammable three-input logic gate by using one PTTG. Compared with linearthreshold logic gates, with the PTTG one can build digital circuits more compactly.The proposed PTTGs are promising for future smart nanoscale digital systemuse.

A full adder using resonant-tunneling hot electron transistors (RHETs)

Full adders are demonstrated using InGaAs-In(AlGa)As RHETs. The RHET's emitter and base electrodes were self-aligned using a SiO/sub 2/ sidewall and angled beam ion milling. The common-base current gain was about 0.9 and the emitter current peak-to-valley ratio was 10. The RHET full adder was constructed using a three-input exclusive-OR logic gate and a three-input majority logic gate. The authors confirmed normal operation of the full adder at 77 K. Only seven RHETs were needed for the full adder, about one-quarter of bipolar transistors that would have been required. >