Three-dimensional Visualization Techniques Research Articles

Three-dimensional Visualization Techniques Improve Surgical Decision Making of Robotic-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy

Three-dimensional Visualization Techniques Improve Surgical Decision Making of Robotic-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy

Attention-driven visual emphasis for medical volumetric image visualization

AbstractDirect volume rendering (DVR) is a commonly utilized technique for three-dimensional visualization of volumetric medical images. A key goal of DVR is to enable users to visually emphasize regions of interest (ROIs) which may be occluded by other structures. Conventional methods for ROIs visual emphasis require extensive user involvement for the adjustment of rendering parameters to reduce the occlusion, dependent on the user’s viewing direction. Several works have been proposed to automatically preserve the view of the ROIs by eliminating the occluding structures of lower importance in a view-dependent manner. However, they require pre-segmentation labeling and manual importance assignment on the images. An alternative to ROIs segmentation is to use ‘saliency’ to identify important regions. This however lacks semantic information and thus leads to the inclusion of false positive regions. In this study, we propose an attention-driven visual emphasis method for volumetric medical image visualization. We developed a deep learning attention model, termed as focused-class attention map (F-CAM), trained with only image-wise labels for automated ROIs localization and importance estimation. Our F-CAM transfers the semantic information from the classification task for use in the localization of ROIs, with a focus on small ROIs that characterize medical images. Additionally, we propose an attention compositing module that integrates the generated attention map with transfer function within the DVR pipeline to automate the view-dependent visual emphasis of the ROIs. We demonstrate the superiority of our method compared to existing methods on a multi-modality PET-CT dataset and an MRI dataset.

From Imaging to Visualization: Seeing the Future of Endometriosis Care

ObjectiveTo describe how the knowledge from standard imaging practices can be translated into three-dimensional visualization techniques and utilized in the surgical planning and management of endometriosis. SettingTertiary care academic centre. ParticipantsTwo case studies of patients with endometriosis are described. InterventionsTransvaginal ultrasound (1), magnetic resonance imaging, three-dimensional printing (2), and three-dimensional virtual reality modeling (3) were utilized during patient workup and preparation. Three-dimensional modeling was performed by a virtual reality technician and verified for accuracy by a fellowship trained radiologist. Surgical management for endometriosis was performed. ConclusionWhile expert transvaginal ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging suffice for the majority of cases, three-dimensional printing and virtual reality modeling are a novel adjunct to standard imaging modalities. Rendering two-dimensional images into a three-dimensional representation allows users to interact with the anatomy and is particularly useful when distorted by complex pathology. These techniques contributed to improved patient understanding and experience, and helped medical learners better grasp regular imaging techniques and its translation to pelvic anatomy. Last, it augmented surgeon comprehension of the relationship between the pelvic structures, allowing for enhanced surgical planning and intraoperative decision making. Further study is being performed to quantify these effects.

Enhancing deep orebody prediction and localization through the revelation of geochemical primary halo patterns in drill holes

Geochemical primary halos play a crucial role in mineral exploration as they provide valuable insights into the dispersion of ore materials, identification of concealed deposits, and determination of ore deposit dimensions. The Naruo mining area in the Duolong mineral district, northern Tibet, China well-known for its worldclass porphyry-epithermal Cu–Au deposits is currently chosen as the study area. We employ statistical and nonlinear methods to analyze geochemical data from drill holes. Specifically, R-type cluster analysis is utilized to evaluate element affinity and concentration index, while an improved Grigorian zoning index is employed to delineate the vertical zoning sequence of the primary halo. These methodologies significantly enhance our understanding of element enrichment within geological contexts and greatly contribute to mineral resource evaluation. Based on these results, we have constructed a vertical zonation index model of denudation coefficient tailored to the geological characteristics of mineralization within the study area. This model effectively represents the vertical variation of the ore body. Our findings reveal a decrease in this zoning index towards the central region of deep ore bodies which correlates with deep granodiorite porphyry occurrences. Furthermore, we observe increasing concentrations of Cu, Ag, and Au with depth in specific sections of drill holes indicating promising exploration potential. Supplementary short-wave infrared data suggests the presence of a deep hydrothermal center in drill hole RNZK2404 which tentatively infers concealed porphyry bodies. Notably, the reversal observed at 4200 m on RNZK2404's zoning index hints at a possible hidden ore body at great depths. Finally, three-dimensional visualization techniques effectively illustrate spatial patterns for elements thereby paving way for future endeavors in mineral exploration.

Analysis and design of broadband Doherty power amplifier using parameterized load modulation network and complex combining load

This paper presents a novel approach to design broadband Doherty power amplifiers (DPAs) with extended fractional bandwidth (FBW). A parameterized load modulation network (LMN) and complex combining loads are proposed that can extend the FBW while providing more accurate back-off impedance. To examine the influence of parameter variations in the LMN on the broadband performance of the DPA, we utilize the parameter scanning method and subsequently select the optimal parameters in the LMN. Additionally, three-dimensional computer visualization techniques is invoked to visually examine the impedance solution space of the complex combining loads. A DPA prototype with a bandwidth of 0.85–1.8 GHz is then designed and implemented using commercial GaN transistors to validate the proposed architecture. The fabricated DPA attains a measured gain of 14.2–15.7 dB and a saturated power of 43.0–44.9 dBm. Across the designed operation band, the measured drain efficiency reached 51.6%–73.6% at saturation and 43.7%–56.7% at 6 dB output power back-off. When driven by a 20 MHz modulated signal with a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of 8 dB, the average efficiency of the fabricated DPA is higher than 46.7%.

The fertility tracks of pollen tube in the ovary of Solanum nigrum by three-dimensional reconstruction.

In this paper, we present an enhanced method for automatically capturing a large number of consecutive paraffin sections using a microscope. Leveraging these microstructural images, we employed three-dimensional visualisation and reconstruction techniques to investigate the dispersal growth process of pollen tube bundles upon entering the ovary of Solanum nigrum. Additionally, we explored their behaviour within different ovules and examined the relationship between the germination rate of seeds and the fertilisation process. Our findings reveal that despite the abundance of Solanum nigrum seeds, only a fraction of them is capable of successful germination. The germination rate of seeds is closely related to whether fertilisation of the ovules and pollen tubes is completed. Due to the limited number of pollen tubes entering the ovary, only a portion of the ovules can be fertilised. The proportion of fertilised ovules positively correlates with the germination rate of the seeds. Through three-dimensional reconstruction, we observed a phenomenon of proximity during the pollination process, wherein ovules closer to the pollen tube bundles are more likely to be fertilised. Furthermore, fertilised ovules exhibited significant changes in morphology and embryo sac structure. The number of fertilised ovules directly impacts the germination rate of wild Solanum nigrum seeds. Although all Solanum nigrum ovules have the potential to develop into seeds, most seeds originating from unfertilised ovules are unable to germinate normally, resulting in an incomplete germination rate of seeds and preventing it from reaching 100%.

Cinematic Rendering of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours: A Review of Current Possibilities and Future Developments.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are defined as CD117-positive primary, spindled or epithelioid, mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, omentum, or mesentery. While computed tomography (CT) is the recommended imaging modality for GISTs, overlap in imaging features between GISTs and other gastrointestinal tumours often make radiological diagnosis and subsequent selection of the optimal therapeutic approach challenging. Cinematic rendering is a novel CT post-processing technique that generates highly photorealistic anatomic images based on a unique lighting model. The global lighting model produces high degrees of surface detail and shadowing effects that generate depth in the final three-dimensional display. Early studies have shown that cinematic rendering produces high-quality images with enhanced detail by comparison with other three-dimensional visualization techniques. Cinematic rendering shows promise in improving the visualization of enhancement patterns and internal architecture of abdominal lesions, local tumour extension, and global disease burden, which may be helpful for lesion characterization and pretreatment planning. This article discusses and illustrates the application of cinematic rendering in the evaluation of GISTs and the unique benefit of using cinematic rendering in the workup of GIST with a specific emphasis on tumour characterization and preoperative planning.

Root canal morphology and bifurcating/merging sites of permanent mandibular incisors in 9- to 12-year-old children: An in-vivo 3D visualization analysis in China

ObjectiveThis retrospective study aims to analyze the root canal morphology of permanent mandibular incisors and the bifurcating/merging sites of root canal systems in children aged 9–12 in a Chinese subpopulation.DesignCone-beam computed tomography scans of 976 healthy, untreated and fully developed mandibular incisors were collected. Root canal morphology was identified by Vertucci's classification. Combined three-dimensional reconstruction and visualization techniques were used to locate bifurcating/merging sites in root canals. ResultsVertucci I was the most common classification of mandibular central incisors (42.3%) while Vertucci III was most common in mandibular lateral incisors (37.9%). Females more frequently showed Vertucci I classification (49.5% central incisors and 36.7% lateral incisors) while Vertucci III was most common among males (44.5% central incisors and 41.0% lateral incisors). The difference in canal classification by sex was statistically significant (p < 0.05). 58.7% of Vertucci V canals bifurcated in the apical third (AT) in central incisors, while 69.5% bifurcated in the middle third (MT) in lateral incisors. Bifurcating and merging in AT (44.3%) was the most common style of Vertucci III canals in central incisors, while bifurcating in MT and merging in AT (53.8%) was the most common in lateral incisors. ConclusionThe root canal morphology of mandibular incisors in children aged 9–12 was different from that reported in previous studies on adults, and closely related to sex. Males had significantly greater canal variability than females. Lateral incisors had greater canal variability than central incisors. The bifurcating/merging sites were closely related to tooth type.

An anatomical study of the suboccipital cavernous sinus and its relationship with the myodural bridge complex.

The suboccipital cavernous sinus (SCS) and the myodural bridge complex (MDBC) are both located in the suboccipital region. The SCS is regarded as a route for venous intracranial outflow and is often encountered during surgery. The MDBC consists of the suboccipital muscles, nuchal ligament, and myodural bridge and could be a power source for cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Intracranial pressure depends on intracranial blood volume and the cerebrospinal fluid. Since the SCS and MDBC have similar anatomical locations and functions, the aim of the present study was to reveal the relationships between them and the detailed anatomical characteristics of the SCS. The study involved gross dissection, histological staining, P45 plastination, and three-dimensional visualization techniques. The SCS consists of many small venous sinuses enclosed within a thin fibrous membrane that is strengthened by a fibrous arch closing the vertebral artery groove. The venous vessels are more abundant in the lateral and medial portions of the SCS than the middle portion. The middle and medial portions of the SCS are covered by the MDBC. Type I collagen fibers arranged in parallel and originating from the MDBC terminate on the SCS either directly or indirectly via the fibrous arch. The morphological features of SCS revealed in this research could serve as an anatomical basis for upper neck surgical procedures. There are parallel arrangements of type I collagen fibers between the MDBC and the SCS. The MDBC could change the blood volume in the SCS by pulling its wall during the head movement.

Three-dimensional Visualization in Diagnostic Imaging: A Renaissance in Radiology.

Supplemental material is available for this article.

Three-Dimensional Digital Zooming of Integral Imaging under Photon-Starved Conditions.

In this paper, we propose new three-dimensional (3D) visualization of objects at long distance under photon-starved conditions. In conventional three-dimensional image visualization techniques, the visual quality of three-dimensional images may be degraded because object images at long distances may have low resolution. Thus, in our proposed method, we utilize digital zooming, which can crop and interpolate the region of interest from the image to improve the visual quality of three-dimensional images at long distances. Under photon-starved conditions, three-dimensional images at long distances may not be visualized due to the lack of the number of photons. Photon counting integral imaging can be used to solve this problem, but objects at long distance may still have a small number of photons. In our method, a three-dimensional image can be reconstructed, since photon counting integral imaging with digital zooming is used. In addition, to estimate a more accurate three-dimensional image at long distance under photon-starved conditions, in this paper, multiple observation photon counting integral imaging (i.e., N observation photon counting integral imaging) is used. To show the feasibility of our proposed method, we implement the optical experiments and calculate performance metrics, such as peak sidelobe ratio. Therefore, our method can improve the visualization of three-dimensional objects at long distances under photon-starved conditions.

Hyperrealistic Rendering of Type II Endoleak.

HomeRadiologyRecently Published PreviousNext Reviews and CommentaryFree AccessImages in RadiologyHyperrealistic Rendering of Type II EndoleakBaolei Guo , Liying PengBaolei Guo , Liying PengAuthor AffiliationsFrom the Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China (B.G.); and Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China (L.P.).Address correspondence to B.G. (email: [email protected]).Baolei Guo Liying PengPublished Online:Feb 14 2023https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.222150MoreSectionsPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In Supplemental material is available for this article.A 71-year-old man with a history of abdominal aortic aneurysm status after endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) presented for follow-up CT angiography (CTA) at 19 months. Hyperrealistic rendering (HRR) (United Imaging Healthcare) visually demonstrated an enlarged aneurysm sac measuring 7.2 cm in maximum diameter (previously 6.1 cm, before EVAR), with type II endoleaks involving the bilateral L4 lumbar arteries and the inferior mesenteric artery (Figure, Figure S1, Movie). The patient was admitted to the hospital and underwent embolization of the aforementioned feeding vessels. Follow-up CTA at 6 months after the embolization procedure showed complete thrombosis of the aneurysm sac with no residual endoleak.Images in a 71-year-old man diagnosed with type II endoleak 19 months after the endovascular aortic repair for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The hyperrealistic rendering from CT angiography provides a clear representation of the endoleak (black arrows) and the three major feeding vessels (white arrows) (ie, bilateral lumbar arteries [LA] and the inferior mesenteric artery [IMA]). (A) The hyperrealistic rendering in posterior view demonstrates the feeding lumbar arteries and the associated iliolumbar-lumbar pathway arising from the internal iliac arteries. (B) The hyperrealistic rendering in anterior view reveals a pathway from the superior mesenteric artery to the inferior mesenteric artery by means of the arc of Riolan feeding into the aneurysm sac (shown as a semitransparent cavity).Download as PowerPointOpen in Image Viewer Get the Flash Player to see this video.Movie: Hyper-realistic rendering from CT angiography in a 71-year-old man diagnosed with type II endoleak.Download Original Video (97.3 MB)Endoleaks, in particular type II endoleaks defined as aneurysm sac backfilling from aortic branches (1), are the most common complications of EVAR and pose persistent risk of aortic rupture. Visualization of the inflow vessels is crucial for preoperative planning. As an advanced three-dimensional visualization technique with use of physically based volume rendering, HRR can generate photorealistic images with enhanced display of complex spatial relationships and lifelike surface details. By assisting proceduralists in identifying the endoleak feeding vessels, HRR provides value in developing treatment strategies.Disclosures of conflicts of interest: B.G. No relevant relationships. L.P. No relevant relationships.Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 82000436) and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (grants 201409004800 and 21410710500).Reference1. Veith FJ, Baum RA, Ohki T, et al. Nature and significance of endoleaks and endotension: summary of opinions expressed at an international conference. J Vasc Surg 2002;35(5):1029–1035. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarArticle HistoryReceived: Aug 29 2022Revision requested: Oct 10 2022Revision received: Oct 21 2022Accepted: Oct 31 2022Published online: Feb 14 2023 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRecommended Articles RSNA Education Exhibits RSNA Case Collection Recently Published Supplemental MaterialMetrics Altmetric Score PDF download

Students with access to 3D study materials are better able to translate spatial relationships between abdominal organs and correctly interpret abnormal radiographic images.

Previous studies have demonstrated evidence that three-dimensional (3D) visualization techniques can be helpful as learning tools. This prospective randomized control study was designed to test the hypothesis that 3D learning tools would have improved translation into interpreting normal and abnormal canine abdominal radiographic images over traditional learning tools. Sagittal and dorsal plane 3D image scenes were created from CT scans, with canine abdominal organs labeled using virtual reality and 3D visualization software tools. Eighty students from the first- and second-year veterinary classes at a single institution participated in the study. The control group studied canine abdominal anatomy from a textbook and the experimental group studied canine abdominal anatomy using the 3D learning tools for a set time. Each participant then took a three-part written examination to assess their learning for the following categories: 3D anatomy organ identification, radiographic anatomy organ identification of normal structures and radiographic anatomy organ identification of abnormal structures. All participants were also asked to identify the sex of the test patient from the 3D study. Participants from the experimental group performed statistically better than participants in the control group for all parts of the examination, with the exception of normal radiographic anatomy.

Сохранение сырцовой архитектуры Тенгиз-Коргалжынской впадины с использованием 3D-технологий

Introduction. The article describes a 3D documentation and visualization technique. Goals. The study seeks to preserve and reconstruct key forms and types of Kazakh memorial architecture with the aid of visual archeology tools. Materials and methods. The work started with determination of morphological characteristics inherent to the objects under study — mudbrick mausoleums. In accordance with the latter, a three-dimensional visualization technique was selected. The photography scenarios have been developed following recommendations of the software developers. The paper provides detailed insights into all stages of creating three-dimensional models, including data collection, feature description of the equipment used, pre-shooting computational analysis, shooting proper, and data post-processing. Special attention is paid to the most important and crucial moment of the survey — shooting, which was performed from different angles each to have yielded a distinguished set of photographs. It is urgent to take a sufficient number of high-quality photographs from different angles. A number of photographs for each angle should be as high as possible — from 30–40 to several hundreds and thousands. Results. The work notes that 6–8 sets were made for each mausoleum. Documentation of one object only (taking into account additional and spare photographs) includes a total of 500–600 photographs. Extensive efforts were made to process the obtained data, the latter work be implemented in a specific order to result in three-dimensional models and visualization patterns of the examined mausoleums. Preservation of mudbrick steppe monuments in digital format is an urgent need because those are a vanishing type of late medieval memorial architecture dating back to ancient times. Digital 3D-models of collapsing mudbrick mausoleums shall always be invaluable for science as historical sources, part of the Kazakh national cultural heritage.

Three-dimensional visual technique based on CT lymphography data combined with methylene blue in endoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer

BackgroundThe combined application of blue dye and radioisotopes is currently the primary mapping technique used for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in breast cancer patients. However, radiocolloid techniques have not been widely adopted, especially in developing countries, given the strict restrictions on radioactive materials. Consequently, we carried out a retrospective study to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of three-dimensional visualization technique (3DVT) based on computed tomography-lymphography (CT-LG) in endoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy (ESLNB) for breast cancer.MethodsFrom September 2018 to June 2020, 389 patients who underwent surgical treatment of breast cancer in our department were included in this study. The CT-LG data of these patients were reconstructed into digital 3D models and imported into Smart Vision Works V1.0 to locate the sentinel lymph node (SLN) and for visual simulation surgery. ESLNB and endoscopic axillary lymph node dissection were carried out based on this new technique; the accuracy and clinical value of 3DVT in ESLNB were analyzed.ResultsThe reconstructed 3D models clearly displayed all the structures of breast and axilla, which favors the intraoperative detection of SLNs. The identification rate of biopsied SLNs was 100% (389/389). The accuracy, sensitivity, and false-negative rate were 93.83% (365/389), 93.43% (128/137), and 6.57% (9/137), respectively. Upper limb lymphedema occurred in one patient 3 months after surgery during the 12-month follow-up period.ConclusionsOur 3DVT based on CT-LG data combined with methylene blue in ESLNB ensures a high identification rate of SLNs with low false-negative rates. It, therefore, has the potential to serve as a new method for SLN biopsy in breast cancer cases.

Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging with Enhanced Lateral and Longitudinal Resolutions Using Multiple Pickup Positions

In this paper, we propose an enhancement of three-dimensional (3D) image visualization techniques by using different pickup plane reconstructions. In conventional 3D visualization techniques, synthetic aperture integral imaging (SAII) and volumetric computational reconstruction (VCR) can be utilized. However, due to the lack of image information and shifting pixels, it may be difficult to obtain better lateral and longitudinal resolutions of 3D images. Thus, we propose a new elemental image acquisition and computational reconstruction to improve both the lateral and longitudinal resolutions of 3D objects. To prove the feasibility of our proposed method, we present the performance metrics, such as mean squared error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), and peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSR). Therefore, our method can improve both the lateral and longitudinal resolutions of 3D objects more than the conventional technique.

Physics-informed deep neural network reconstruction framework for propagation-based x ray phase-contrast computed tomography with sparse-view projections

Propagation-based phase contrast computed tomography (PB-PCCT) is an effective technique for three-dimensional visualization of weakly attenuating samples. However, the high radiation dose caused by the long sampling time has hindered the wider adoption of PB-PCCT. By incorporating the physical imaging model of PB-PCCT with a deep neural network, this Letter develops a physics-informed deep learning reconstruction framework for sparse-view PB-PCCT. Simulation and real experiments are performed to validate the effectiveness and capability of the proposed framework. Results show that the proposed framework obtains phase-retrieved and streaking artifacts removed PB-PCCT images from only one sparse-view measured intensity without any pretrained network and labeled data.

The value of three-dimensional visualization techniques in hepatectomy for complicated hepatolithiasis: A propensity score matching study

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of three-dimensional visualization technique (3DVT)-guided hepatectomy in the treatment of complicated hepatolithiasis. MethodsThe clinical and follow-up data of 279 patients with complicated hepatolithiasis were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into a 3DVT group (group A, 66 cases) and a non-3DVT group (group B, 213 cases). After baseline data were balanced using propensity score matching (PSM), the clinical characteristics and follow-up data of the two groups were observed. ResultsAfter 1:1 PSM, 58 patients in each group were successfully matched with each other. When the groups were compared, the surgical duration (p = 0.033) and intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.002) of group A were lower than those of group B. The immediate stone clearance rate (91.4% vs. 75.9%, p = 0.024) and quality of life outcome (p = 0.034) of group A were significantly higher than those of group B. Logistic regression analysis showed that history of two or more biliary tract operations (odds ratio [OR] = 6.544, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.193–35.890, p = 0.031), bilateral stone distribution (OR = 4.198, 95% CI = 1.186–14.854, p = 0.026), and Geng grade III or IV (OR = 12.262, 95% CI = 2.224–67.617, p = 0.004) were independent risk factors for poor outcomes in patients with complicated hepatolithiasis. ConclusionCompared to conventional imaging examinations, 3DVT can be used to guide and achieve accurate preoperative diagnosis of complicated hepatolithiasis and has good safety, feasibility, and efficacy.

EDITORIAL COMMENT

Three-dimensional (3D) models have gained significant traction in urology to benefit surgical education and preoperative planning.?> 1 Gallo F Caviglia A Beverini M et al. Narrative review of 3D imaging for preoperative planning in urology. AME Med J. 2021; (Published online January 1)https://doi.org/10.21037/amj-20-175 Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar , 2 Fujihara A Ukimura O Virtual reality of three-dimensional surgical field for surgical planning and intraoperative management. World J Urol. 2021; (Published online November 17)https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-021-03841-z Crossref Scopus (2) Google Scholar , 3 Farcas M Reynolds LF Lee JY Simulation-based percutaneous renal access training: evaluating a novel 3D immersive virtual reality platform. J Endourol. 2021; 35: 695-699https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2020.0674 Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar ?> More recently, augmented reality (AR) has been presented as a tool to allow for real-time imaging guidance intraoperatively to improve accurate anatomic evaluation and tumor localization, and ultimately, allow for more precise excision. 4 Porpiglia F, Checcucci E, Amparore D, et al. Percutaneous kidney puncture with three-dimensional mixed-reality hologram guidance: from preoperative planning to intraoperative navigation. Eur Urol. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2021.10.023 Google Scholar ,5 Wang S Frisbie J Keepers Z et al. The use of three-dimensional visualization techniques for prostate procedures: a systematic review. [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 29]. Eur Urol Focus. 2020; (S2405-4569(20)30215-7)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2020.08.002 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (6) Google Scholar This new tool for precision surgery has the potential to improve long term oncologic and functional outcomes by maximizing residual renal volume and minimizing positive surgical margins. Previous applications of AR in urology have been limited by the need for a human operator to continuously track and manually adjust the superimposition of virtual images to the surgical field. 6 Porpiglia F Checcucci E Amparore D et al. Three-dimensional augmented reality robot-assisted partial nephrectomy in case of complex tumours (PADUA ≥10): a new intraoperative tool overcoming the ultrasound guidance. Eur Urol. 2020; 78: 229-238https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2019.11.024 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar

Application of three-dimensional visualization technique in laparoscopic D3 radical resection of right colon cancer

To explore the clinical value of three-dimensional (3D) visualization technique in laparoscopic D3 radical resection of right colon cancer. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 73 patients with right colon cancer undergoing laparoscopic D3 radical operation in our hospital between May, 2019 and March, 2021. Among these patients, 41 underwent enhanced CT examination with 3D visualization reconstruction to guide the actual operation, and 32 underwent enhanced CT examination only before the operation (control group). In 3D visualization group, we examined the coincidence rate between the 3D visualization model and the findings in surgical exploration of the anatomy and variations of the main blood vessels, supplying vessels of the tumor, and the tumor location, and the coincidence rate between the actual surgical plan for D3 radical resection of right colon cancer and the plan formulated based on the 3D model. The operative time, estimated blood loss, unexpected injury of blood vessels, number of harvested lymph nodes, mean time of the first flatus, complications, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative drainage volume were compared between the two groups. The operative time was significantly shorter in 3D visualization group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The volume of blood loss, proportion of unexpected injury of blood vessel, the number of harvested lymph nodes, time of the first flatus, proportion of complications, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative drainage volume did not differ significantly between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the 3D visualization group, the 3D visualization model clearly displayed the shape and direction of the colon, the location of the tumor, the anatomy and variation of the main blood vessels and the blood vessels supplying the cancer, and showed a coincidence rate of 100% with the findings by surgical exploration. The surgical plan for D3 radical resection of right colon cancer was formulated based on the 3D model also showed a coincidence rate of 100% with the actual surgical plan. The 3D visualization reconstruction technique allows clear visualization the supplying arteries of the tumor and their variations to improve the efficiency, safety and accuracy of laparoscopic D3 radical resection of right colon cancer.