Three-dimensional Surface Imaging Research Articles

Sternal elevation in pectus excavatum repair: comparison of a unilateral versus bilateral frame crane system.

Instability in the conventional, unilateral frame crane system occurs when greater sternal elevation forces are required, which potentially limits optimal sternal elevation during Nuss repair of pectus excavatum. A bilateral frame setup was subsequently developed. We hypothesized increasing the retractor's stability with the bilateral frame crane system would yield a superior sternal elevation, as reflected by a greater lift of the anterior chest wall. Pectus excavatum patients who underwent the Nuss procedure utilizing sternal elevation between November 2022 and October 2023 were included in this crossover study. Three-dimensional surface imaging was used to evaluate differences in established maximum and average combined chest wall elevation, comparing unilateral to bilateral frame crane system. The results were also compared to the effect of bar implantation on the deepest point of the deformity. The 30 patients included in the final analysis were predominantly male (83%) with a median age of 16.0 years (IQR 14.3-17.0) and median Haller index of 3.3 (IQR 2.9-3.8). The bilateral frame crane system was superior in maximum combined chest wall elevation (33 mm vs 24 mm, p < 0.001) and was in line with the effect of definitive bar placement (33 mm vs 38 mm, p = 0.06), while the unilateral frame system failed to do so. Both systems, however, showed similar results for average combined chest wall elevation (4 mm vs 5 mm, p = 0.16). The bilateral frame crane system demonstrates superiority in achieving sternal elevation at the deepest point of the deformity which may theoretically facilitate safer and more optimal bar placement.

Gradient transformation-weighted centroid: enhancing peak localization precision in the line chromatic confocal sensing system

Line chromatic confocal imaging (LCI) is an advanced system used for quick and accurate three-dimensional surface imaging without vertical mechanical scanning. It is extensively employed for fast industrial inspection. For high-speed and accurate measurement characteristics of the LCI technique, a rapid and accurate peak localization method is important. In this paper, we propose a gradient transform weight centroid method (GTWC) to improve the accuracy of peak positioning, without compromising high-speed characteristics. This method helps reconstruct the 3D profile at a higher axial resolution by reducing the full width at half maximum (FWHM) without altering the original structure of the LCI system. Both simulations and experiments show the feasibility and good performance of this method.

Four-dimensional endocardial surface imaging with dynamic virtual reality rendering: a technical note.

Open heart surgery requires a proper understanding of the endocardial surface of the heart and vascular structures. While modern four-dimensional (4D) imaging enables excellent dynamic visualization of the blood pool, endocardial surface anatomy has not routinely been assessed. 4D image data were post-processed using commercially available virtual reality (VR) software. Using thresholding, the blood pool was segmented dynamically across the imaging volume. The segmented blood pool was further edited for correction of errors due to artifacts or inhomogeneous signal intensity. Then, a surface shell of an even thickness was added to the edited blood pool. When the cardiac valve leaflets and chordae were visualized, they were segmented separately using a different range of signal intensity for thresholding. Using an interactive cutting plane, the endocardial surface anatomy was reviewed from multiple perspectives by interactively applying a cutting plane, rotating and moving the model. In conclusions, dynamic three-dimensional (3D) endocardial surface imaging is feasible and provides realistic simulated views of the intraoperative scenes at open heart surgery. As VR is based on the use of all fingers of both hands, the efficiency and speed of postprocessing are markedly enhanced. Although it is limited, visualization of the cardiac valve leaflets and chordae is also possible.

Prediction model for intraoperative implant volume using the 3D surface imaging system (VECTRA XT 3D) in direct-to-implant breast reconstructions.

In direct-to-implant breast reconstruction, accurate preoperative breast volume estimation is crucial for surgeons to select the appropriate implant volume, considering the cosmetic outcomes during surgery. We proposed the prediction model for intraoperative implant volume based on the preoperative estimated volume of the contralateral breast obtained through a three-dimensional surface imaging system (3DSI) as surgeons usually choose the implant volume on the breast which should be reconstructed considering symmetricity with the contralateral breast. We enrolled 97 patients from our single institution who underwent unilateral mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction using smooth silicone implants between October 2021 and January 2023. Preoperatively, plastic surgeons measured the volume of the contralateral breast using the VECTRA XT 3D imaging system. Data on implant volume and the types of acellular dermal matrix used during surgery, determined by a single surgeon to ensure symmetry, were also collected. Linear regression analysis was utilized to construct the predictive model. In the multiple linear regression analysis with preoperative contralateral breast volume, age, and body mass index as variables, the coefficient of determination of the model expressed as R squared (R2) was 0.554, and except for age, the other variables were statistically significant. When replaced by mastectomy volume instead of age, R2 increased to 0.723 and all variables were significant. 3DSI can be helpful for preoperative surgical planning and postoperative outcome simulation. With our multiple linear regression model, we can predict the intraoperative implant volume using preoperative contralateral breast volume measured by the 3D scans.

To Shrink or Not to Shrink? An Objective Assessment of Free Gracilis Muscle Volume Change in Lower-Extremity Defect Reconstruction.

Background: The use of free gracilis muscle flaps in reconstructive surgery of the lower leg is common practice to cover defects. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the morphometric changes that occur in the transferred muscle and area of interest over time, particularly the characteristic volume decrease that is observed over the course of the first year. This study aimed to assess volume changes in patients with free gracilis muscle flap reconstruction following infection, trauma, or malignancies of the lower extremity. Methods: Three-dimensional surface imaging was performed intraoperatively after 2 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months with the Vectra H2 system. A total of 31 patients were included in this study and analyzed. Results: There was an average volume increase of 146.67 ± 29.66% 2 weeks after reconstruction. Compared to this volume increase, there was a reduction of 108.44 ± 13.62% after 12 months (p < 0.05). Overall, we found a shrinkage to 85.53 ± 20.14% of the intraoperative baseline volume after 12 months. Conclusions: The use of non-invasive 3D surface imaging is a valuable tool for volume monitoring after free flap reconstruction of the lower extremity. The free gracilis muscle flap undergoes different phases of volume change over the first year, with the greatest influence on overall change being the development and decongestion of edema. Precise initial surgical tailoring is crucial for optimal long-term functional and cosmetic results.

Imaging in Autologous Breast Reconstruction.

The evolution of imaging actively shapes clinical management in the field. Ultrasonography (US), computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) stand out as the most extensively researched imaging modalities for ABR. Ongoing advancements include "real-time" angiography and three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging, and future prospects incorporate augmented or virtual reality (AR/VR) and artificial intelligence (AI). These technologies may further enhance perioperative efficiency, reduce donor-site morbidity, and improve surgical outcomes in ABR.

Investigating Facial Muscle Physiology Following Soft Tissue Filler Injections-A Surface-derived Electromyographic and Skin Vector Displacement Analytic Study.

The use of hyaluronic acid-based soft tissue fillers has often been reported to modulate the muscle, that is, to cause myomodulation. To our knowledge, there has been so far no scientific study investigating the potential of hyaluronic acid-based soft tissue fillers to modulate or actually alter the function of facial muscles. To further assess this three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging and electromyography (EMG)-based prospective study investigated the changes of facial muscle contraction after injection of strategically placed hyaluronic acid-based soft tissue fillers to assess the actual validity of the term myomodulation. A total of 13 subjects with a mean age of 37.8 years (12 females, 1 male) were injected according to a predefined injection protocol. Surface EMG and 3D surface imaging were performed prior to the injection and 5 days after the injection. The results showed no significant change in the strength of the muscles (measured in μV) after injection of hyaluronic acid-based soft tissue fillers. However, horizontal and vertical skin displacement upon contraction of the zygomaticus major muscle changed significantly between baseline and follow-up, with a mean horizontal skin displacement increase from 3.2 to 4.1 mm. Upon contraction of the depressor anguli oris muscle, the horizontal skin displacement did not change significantly (2.15 vs. 2.05 mm), while vertical skin displacement increased significantly from 2.9 to 4.3 mm. The modification of the surrounding tissue caused an alteration of the vectorial skin displacement upon contraction of the muscle. A potential explanation could be the increased distance between the origin and insertion of the muscle due to the material deposition in the proximity of the relevant facial muscles, leading to a change of contraction vector.

Reliability and validity of handheld structured light scanners and a static stereophotogrammetry system in facial three-dimensional surface imaging

Several new systems for three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging of the face have become available to assess changes following orthognathic or facial surgery. Before they can be implemented in practice, their reliability and validity must be established. Our aim, therefore, was to study the intra- and inter-system reliability and validity of 3dMD (stereophotogrammetry), Artec Eva and Artec Space Spider (both structured light scanners). Intra- and inter-system reliability, expressed in root mean square distance, was determined by scanning a mannequin’s head and the faces of healthy volunteers multiple times. Validity was determined by comparing the linear measurements of the scans with the known distances of a 3D printed model. Post-processing errors were also calculated. Intra-system reliability after scanning the mannequin’s head was best with the Artec Space Spider (0.04 mm Spider; 0.07 mm 3dMD; 0.08 mm Eva). The least difference in inter-system reliability after scanning the mannequin’s head was between the Artec Space Spider and Artec Eva. The best intra-system reliability after scanning human subjects was with the Artec Space Spider (0.15 mm Spider; 0.20 mm Eva; 0.23 mm 3dMD). The least difference in inter-system reliability after scanning human subjects was between the Artec Eva and Artec Space Spider. The most accurate linear measurement validity occurred with the Artec Space Spider. The post-processing error was 0.01 mm for all the systems. The Artec Space Spider is the most reliable and valid scanning system.

Frontiers in Three-Dimensional Surface Imaging Systems for 3D Face Acquisition in Craniofacial Research and Practice: An Updated Literature Review.

Digitalizing all aspects of dental care is a contemporary approach to ensuring the best possible clinical outcomes. Ongoing advancements in 3D face acquisition have been driven by continuous research on craniofacial structures and treatment effects. An array of 3D surface-imaging systems are currently available for generating photorealistic 3D facial images. However, choosing a purpose-specific system is challenging for clinicians due to variations in accuracy, reliability, resolution, and portability. Therefore, this review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an overview of currently used or potential 3D surface imaging technologies and systems for 3D face acquisition in craniofacial research and daily practice. Through a comprehensive literature search, 71 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the qualitative analysis, investigating the hardware, software, and operational aspects of these systems. The review offers updated information on 3D surface imaging technologies and systems to guide clinicians in selecting an optimal 3D face acquisition system. While some of these systems have already been implemented in clinical settings, others hold promise. Furthermore, driven by technological advances, novel devices will become cost-effective and portable, and will also enable accurate quantitative assessments, rapid treatment simulations, and improved outcomes.

Patient perceptions of three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging technology and traditional methods used to assess anthropometry

BackgroundObesity and overweight are commonplace, yet attrition rates in weight management clinics are high. Traditional methods of body measurement may be a deterrent due to invasive and time-consuming measurements and negative experiences of how data are presented back to individuals. Emerging new technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging technology, might provide a suitable alternative. This study aimed to understand acceptability of traditional and 3D surface imaging-based body measures, and whether perceptions differ between population groups. MethodsThis study used a questionnaire to explore body image, body measurement and shape, followed by a qualitative semi-structured interview and first-hand experience of traditional and 3D surface imaging-based body measures. Results49 participants responded to the questionnaire and 26 participants attended for the body measurements and interview over a 2-month period. There were 3 main themes from the qualitative data 1) Use of technology, 2) Participant experience, expectations and perceptions and 3) Perceived benefits and uses. ConclusionFrom this study, 3D-surface imaging appeared to be acceptable to patients as a method for anthropometric measurements, which may reduce anxiety and improve attrition rates in some populations. Further work is required to understand the scalability, and the role and implications of these technologies in weight management practice. (University Research Ethics Committee reference number ER41719941).

Advanced Body Measurement Techniques Can Complement Current Methods of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy Dose Prescription

Within chemotherapy, estimates of a patient’s body surface area (BSA) are used to calculate drug dosages. However, the use of BSA for calculating chemotherapy dosage has been heavily criticised in previous literature, with potentially significant implications for the effectiveness and toxicity of treatment. BSA has been found to be a poor indicator of optimal drug exposure that does not account for the complex processes of cytotoxic drug distribution and elimination. In addition, differences in BSA estimates between existing formulae have been shown to be so large that they can affect patients’ mortality, particularly in patients with atypical body types. This uncertainty associated with BSA prediction may decrease the confidence of practitioners when determining chemotherapy dosages, particularly with regards to the risk of excess toxicity from over-dosing, or a reduced anti-cancer effect due to under-dosing. The use of national dose-banding in the UK may in some cases account for possible inaccuracies, but the threshold of variance in this case is small (+/−6%). Advanced body measurement techniques, utilising digital tools such as three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging, capture accurate external dimensions and detailed shape characteristics of the human body. Measures of body shape describe morphological variations that cannot be identified by traditional anthropometric techniques and improve the prediction of total body fat and distribution. It is our view that the use of advanced body measurement techniques can provide practitioners with tools for prescribing chemotherapy dosages that are valid for individuals, regardless of their body type.

Enhancing bra design for post-mastectomy patients: Incorporating MRI data and innovative textiles for optimal support and comfort

This study introduces an innovative approach to designing a customized bra to the specific needs of mastectomy patients, aiming to reduce the discrepancies in breast displacement and consequently alleviate associated pain. Through mastectomy patient interviews, recognizing the limitations of current mastectomy bras, which often fail to accommodate the unique body shapes and needs of breast cancer survivors, this research leverages Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Three-Dimensional Surface Imaging (3D-SI) to develop a custom-fit bra prototype. The methodology involves the analysis of body shape changes post-mastectomy and the development of a prototype bra that effectively supports prostheses while minimizing common issues such as displacement, discomfort, and skin irritation. The results showcased a pronounced reduction in breast movement in all directions with the prototype bra, further enhanced using a novel cooling textile, improving the wearer’s overall comfort. Moreover, our investigation delved into the potential of integrating MRI and 3D-SI anthropometric data in bra design. By comparing two Prototype bras with differing dimensions but identical design features, we discerned marked differences in their performance. Crucially, the Prototype bra, shaped predominantly using MRI data, reduced breast displacement and evaluated better fit compared to the bra using 3D-SI data. Results from the study indicate that the prototype significantly improves fit and wearer comfort, suggesting a promising direction for future development of mastectomy bras. The findings highlight the potential of utilizing medical imaging data in garment design to create more inclusive and considerate solutions for post-surgical care.

SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCED BY LASER TEXTURING PARAMETERS ON BIOMEDICAL-GRADE AISI 316LVM STAINLESS STEEL

Surface roughness and wettability, which characterize the texture formed on the implant surface, are critical features for the functionality of the implant. Laser texturing is a promising processing method because of the advantages it provides in creating a particular surface topography on the surface of a metallic implant material with a nanosecond pulsed laser beam. Different experimental combinations were created using a fiber pulsed marking device on the surface of AISI 316LVM implant material using the hatch strategy; textures depending on the scan speed, frequency, and hatch distance were created on the surface. The surface roughness and wettability evaluated the effects of parameters on the texture form. Based on the experimental and statistical results, while the scan speed was the most significant parameter affecting the wettability behavior and surface roughness, the hatch strategy and frequency also affected the surface roughness to some extent. Many textured surfaces showed super-hydrophilic behavior with a contact angle of [Formula: see text]. It has been determined that surface textures with the same or close roughness values did not exhibit the same wettability behavior. The lowest surface roughness of 2 [Formula: see text]m with a [Formula: see text] contact angle was obtained at a hatch strategy of [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text], a scan speed of 900 mm/s, a frequency of 100 kHz, and a hatch distance of 0.03 mm. Three-dimensional surface images show that while many craters formed the surface textures, overlapping consecutive beams and hatch strategies significantly affected the surface topography.

Comparison of analog and digitally evaluated volume of the female breast in reconstructive breast surgery. Validation of a noninvasive measurement method with 3D camera1.

Reconstructive surgery is established as a standard treatment option after mastectomy due to cancer. It is crucial to patients to achieve a natural and symmetric looking breast through reconstruction. Anthropometric measurements are used to assess the objective symmetry of the breast, which are prone to errors and difficult to reproduce. The aim of this work is to validate breast volumetry using three-dimensional surface imaging. We compared preoperatively analog and digitally evaluated volume of the breast with our gold standard, direct water displacement measurement of the mastectomy specimen. We examined 34 breast specimens in total. Each measurement method (Breast Sculptor, VAM, Breast-V) for breast volume/mass determination demonstrates acceptable agreement ranges when compared with resected volumes and masses. The strongest volumetry instrument is Breast Sculptor (digital), the weakest is Breast-V (analog). 3D surface imaging is a quick, effective, and convenient method to evaluate breast shape and volume. The accuracy, reproducibility, and reliability of 3D surface imaging were comparable with MRI in our study.This takes us a step closer to the long-term goal of establishing robust instruments to plan breast reconstructive surgery, achieve better surgical results, and contribute to quality assurance in breast surgery.

Methods and software for capturing three-dimensional digital images using spatial demodulation

The paper proposes the generalized technique of demodulation, which can be applied for capturing digital three-dimensional images in optical microscopes. This technique allows the calculation of the contrast of harmonic spatial modulation with any values of phase angles. The input data is a stack of digital images with harmonic spatial modulation. Three digital images with different phases of modulation captured in the same focus position are processed to get one data set about the contrast distribution. This data makes it possible to compose the three-dimensional images by the selection of the maximal values of the contrast in three-dimensional space. The paper contains the analytical solution of the system with three linear equations that helps to identify the principal parameters of harmonic spatial modulation, including its average value and contrast. As a result, the expression for contrast calculation is present in an analytical form. This expression is valid for any modulation phase angles that do not coincide. The paper contains MathCAD modeling, which illustrates the procedure of composing the three-dimensional images.&#x0D; The modeling confirms the correctness of described calculations and demonstrates the built of the three-dimensional surface image as a composition of the contrast distribution map and the corresponded height map. The advantage of the proposed technique is the possibility to apply the economical units for the formation of a harmonious spatial modulation. These units can be installed on most optical microscopes with digital cameras and motorized focusing drives without purchasing expensive commercial software. It significantly reduces the price of transforming these optical microscopes into instruments for capturing digital three-dimensional images.

A single camera unit-based three-dimensional surface imaging technique

A single camera unit-based three-dimensional surface imaging technique

PC35. PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOMES AND NIPPLE POSITION FOLLOWING NIPPLE-SPARING MASTECTOMY (NSM): A PROSPECTIVE EXAMINATION OF PREPECTORAL AND SUBPECTORAL PATIENTS

PURPOSE: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is becoming more popular. The role of pocket dissection (prepectoral vs subpectoral) in implant-based reconstruction on patient reported outcomes (PRO’s) and nipple position following NSM has not yet been explored. We hypothesize that prepectoral reconstruction results in superior PRO’s and more anatomical nipple position compared to subpectoral reconstructions following NSM. METHODS: Surgical details and short-term complication in NSM patients from 2018 to 2021 were prospectively collected. PROs were obtained preoperatively, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Nipple displacement from baseline was analyzed using three-dimensional(3D) surface imaging by three independent researchers. RESULTS: 216 patients who underwent 391 NSM were divided into two cohorts, subpectoral and prepectoral. There were no differences in demographics or comorbidities between cohorts. Prepectoral patients (N=83 (86%) vs. 54 (44%); p<0.001) reported better physical well-being of the chest preoperatively (median 76, IQR 67,92 vs 72, IQR 64,80; p=0.022). No other differences in PRO’s or complications were observed. Linear regression suggested that radiation is the most important factor impacting satisfaction following NSM. 3D photographs for 97 patients were analyzed and 175 nipple positions were measured in 3 dimensions. Controlling for implant size, there was greater elevation and less projection of the nipple compared to baseline in subpectoral cohort (elevation: median -16 mm, IQR -24,-7 vs -3 mm, IQR -12,5; p<0.001; projection: median -1 mm, IQR -9,6 vs -6 mm, IQR -14,4; p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Implant pocket did not impact PRO’s or short-term complications in patients who underwent NSM. Patients with prepectoral reconstruction had less nipple displacement and more nipple projection following NSM.

Three-Dimensional Surface Analysis for Preoperative Prediction of Breast Volume: A Validation Study.

Few studies have examined whether preoperative three-dimensional surface imaging can accurately predict breast volume. Reliably predicting breast volume preoperatively can assist with breast reconstruction planning, patient education, and perioperative risk stratification. The authors conducted a review of patients who underwent mastectomy from 2020 to 2021 and included all patients who had preoperative VECTRA XT three-dimensional imaging. VECTRA Analysis Module (VAM) and VECTRA Body Sculptor (VBS) were used for volumetric analysis using standard anatomical breast borders. Breast weights were obtained intraoperatively. Predictive accuracy was defined as VAM estimates ±10% of mastectomy specimen weight or ±100 g of mastectomy weight. The study included 179 patients (266 breasts). There was no significant difference ( P = 0.22) between mean mastectomy weight of 620.8 ± 360.3 g and mean VAM estimate of 609.5 ± 361.9 g. Mean VBS estimate was 498.9 ± 337.6 g, which differed from mean mastectomy weight ( P < 0.001). When defining predictive accuracy as ±100 g, 58.7% of VAM and 44.4% of VBS estimates were accurate. Body mass index, body surface area, and ptosis grade significantly affected VAM and VBS breast volume predictions. VAM is more accurate at predicting mastectomy weight than VBS, likely because of VAM's analysis of surface topography rather than discrete surface landmarks. Discrepancies between VECTRA estimates and mastectomy weight were likely attributable to differences between surgical mastectomy borders and breast borders used in volumetric analysis. Surgeons should consider the physical characteristics of patients when using three-dimensional imaging. Diagnostic, I.

A novel standardized approach for the 3D evaluation of upper eyelid area and volume.

Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging and morphometrics are becoming the preferred craniofacial surface imaging modality. However, as a unique advantage of 3D imaging, areal and volumetric measurements have been rarely conducted and validated for evaluating soft tissue change in the periocular region, especially the upper eyelids. Therefore, based on an existing periocular landmark identification strategy, we proposed a novel modified method to define a standardized upper eyelid region for areal and volumetric measurements and validate its reliability for future clinical application. Forty-four healthy adult volunteers were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Three-dimensional facial images were taken with a 3D imaging system. Subsequently, the upper eyelid region selection and areal and volumetric measurements were conducted using a modified landmarks localization strategy to evaluate their intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability. Areal measurement of the upper eyelid revealed highly reliable outcomes for intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean absolute difference (MAD), relative error measurement (REM), technical error of measurement (TEM), and relative technical error of measurement (%TEM) of 0.982, 0.1620 cm2, 2.9%, 0.1510 cm2, and 2.7% for intrarater reliability, respectively; 0.969, 0.2076 cm2, 3.7%, 0.1930 cm2, and 3.5% for interrater reliability, respectively; and 0.917, 0.3636 cm2, 6.5%, 0.3354 cm2, and 6.0% for intramethod reliability, respectively. Unsatisfactory results were found for the volumetric measurement of the upper eyelid: the ICC, MAD, REM, TEM, and %TEM estimates for intrarater reliability were 0.992, 0.2299 mL, 10.3%, 0.2414 mL, and 10.8%, respectively; for interrater reliability, these values were 0.985, 0.2749 mL, 12.3%, 0.3253 mL, and 14.6%, respectively; and for intramethod reliability, these values were 0.433, 1.6716 mL, 77.9%, 2.0615 mL, and 96.1%, respectively. This is the first study to propose a standardized upper eyelid region selection strategy and simultaneously validate its reliability for 3D areal and volumetric measurements. This study confirmed the high-level reliability of areal measurement and poor reliability of volumetric measurement based on direct measurements using a single image, which may provide better results when this method is combined with the image overlapping and registration procedure. However, this is subject to further validation. Nonetheless, this method could provide quantitative areal and volumetric data on the upper eyelids and might have widespread application potential in the future.

Novel framework for determining TPS-calculated doses corresponding to detector locations using 3D camera in in vivo surface dosimetry

Purpose. To address the shortcomings of current procedures for evaluating the measured-to-planned dose agreement in in vivo dosimetry (IVD), this study aimed to develop an accurate and efficient novel framework to identify the detector location placed on a patient’s skin surface using a 3D camera and determine the planned dose at the same anatomical position corresponding to the detector location. Methods. Breast cancer treatment was simulated using an anthropomorphic adult female phantom (ATOM 702D; CIRS, Norfolk, VA, USA). An optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter was used for surface dose measurements (MyOSLchip, RadPro International GmbH, Germany) at six IVD points. Three-dimensional surface imaging (3DSI) of the phantom with the detector was performed in the treatment position using a 3D camera. The developed framework, iSMART, was designed to import 3DSI and treatment planning data for determining the position of the IVD detectors in the 3D treatment planning DICOM image. The clinical usefulness of iSMART was evaluated in terms of accuracy and efficiency, for comparison with the results obtained using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image guidance. Results. The relative dose difference between the planned doses determined using iSMART and CBCT images displayed similar accuracies (within approximately ±2.0%) at all detector locations. The relative dose differences between the planned and measured doses at the six detector locations ranged from –4.8% to 3.1% for the CBCT images and –3.5% to 2.1% for iSMART. The total time required to read the planned doses at six detector locations averaged at 8.1 and 0.8 min for the CBCT images and iSMART, respectively. Conclusions. The proposed framework can improve the robustness of IVD analyses and aid in accurate and efficient evaluations of the measured-to-planned dose agreement.