Three-dimensional Power Doppler Research Articles

Is three-dimensional ultrasonography a valuable diagnostic tool for patients with ovarian cancer? Systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionThis paper was to assess the diagnostic performance and clinical value of three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS), three-dimensional ultrasonography power Doppler (3DPD), and 3DUS combined with 3DPD in ovarian cancer (OC).MethodsThe study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42023405765). PubMed and Web of Science were searched from inception to 25 January 2022, and reference lists of potentially eligible studies were also manually searched. Patient and study characteristics were extracted by two independent reviewers. Any discrepancies were addressed through discussion. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio (PLR and NLR, respectively), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were pooled separately.ResultsWe retrieved 2,566 studies, of which 18 were finally enrolled, with 2,548 cases. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, and AUC for 3DUS were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85–0.93), 0.93 (95% CI: 0.88–0.96), 13.1 (95% CI: 7.3–23.4), 0.11 (95% CI: 0.08–0.16), and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87–0.93), respectively. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, and AUC for 3DPD were 0.90 (95% CI: 0.80–0.95), 0.85 (95% CI: 0.71–0.92), 5.8 (95% CI: 3.0–11.2), 0.12 (95% CI: 0.06–0.24), and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91–0.96), respectively. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, and AUC for 3DUS combined with 3DPD were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.73–1.00), 0.95 (95% CI: 0.85–0.99), 21.9 (95% CI: 6.1–78.9), 0.01 (95% CI: 0.00–0.37), and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98–1.00), respectively.Conclusions3DUS, 3DPD, and 3DUS combined with 3DPD are promising diagnostic tools for OC, alongside elevated sensitivity and specificity. However, the combination of 3DUS and 3DPD techniques has higher diagnostic efficiency.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD 42023405765.

Effects of different PCOS phenotypes on placental three-dimensional power Doppler indices and placental volume during the first trimester

IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) phenotypes using first-trimester placental three-dimensional power Doppler indices and placental volume. MethodsIn this prospective case-control study, 170 pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria were divided into five groups according to PCOS phenotype: non-PCOS control (n = 34), PCOS phenotype A (n = 34), PCOS phenotype B (n = 34), PCOS phenotype C (n = 34), and PCOS phenotype D (n = 34). The primary outcomes determined in the present study were the differences in placental volume and placental flow index (FI), vascularization flow index (VFI), vascularization index (VI), and uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) betweenthe PCOS groups and control group. ResultsThe mean placental volume and VI were significantly decreased in the phenotype A, B, and C groups compared to the control group and PCOS phenotype D group. The mean FI and VFI were significantly decreased in the phenotype A and B groups compared to the control group and PCOS phenotype C and D groups. The mean testosterone, dehydroepiandrostenedione, sex-hormone binding globulin, free androgen index, and insulin resistance levels were significantly increased in the phenotype A, B, and C groups compared to the control group and PCOS phenotype D group. DiscusionThe results indicated that placental volume and placental vascular Doppler indices in the first trimester were more adversely affected in the PCOS A and B phenotypes than other PCOS phenotypes.

Automated multivolume placental reconstruction using three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound and infrared camera tracking.

Placental insufficiency contributes to many obstetric pathologies however there is no bedside clinical tool to evaluate placental perfusion. We have developed a method to acquire multiple three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound (3D PD-US) volumes of placental vasculature with infrared camera tracking providing global coordinates. These are automatically reconstructed ('stitched') into a model of the entire placenta. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of automated reconstruction in an US phantom and apply this technique to human placentas. A custom-designed acrylic phantom was constructed with dimensions mimicking a third-trimester placenta, containing 12 quadrilateral towers of varying heights submersed in tissue-mimicking solution. Triplicated three-dimensional ultrasound volumes of this phantom were acquired at three different acquisition angles using infrared camera tracking. Data was transformed into a three-dimensional cartesian volume and automatically stitched. A single-centre, cross-sectional feasibility study was conducted on uncomplicated second-to-third trimester singleton pregnancies using standardised obstetric settings. Multiple 3D PD-US and grayscale volumes of the placenta were acquired with infrared camera tracked coordinates. Volumes were stitched to create a model of placental vasculature. 6 phantom datasets were reconstructed at each of 3 volume angles with a median of 9 volumes required. Perfect volume alignment occurred in 66.7% of 648 datapoints. Mean distance error for volume misalignment was 2.92mm. Measurements of 210 distances in each stitched volume (2160 total distances) differed an average of 1.51mm from true measurements. These compare favourably with recent literature, though for a substantially larger phantom. 17 participants were scanned with 92% reconstruction success per placental volume set and 100% participant achievability. Median reconstruction time was 10 minutes. Placental vasculature was qualitatively assessed to be present, continuous, and detailed throughout. Volume measurement of entire segmented placentas was highly repeatable (ICC 0.96). We present an automated method to model the entire structure and vasculature of second-to-third trimester placentas, with verified accuracy and clinical feasibility for grayscale and power Doppler. This study builds the foundation to develop a practical screening tool for detecting placental insufficiency, and expansion to adult organ perfusion evaluation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The Role of Three-dimensional Power Doppler for Detecting Ovarian Cancer in Adnexal Masses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The Role of Three-dimensional Power Doppler for Detecting Ovarian Cancer in Adnexal Masses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Morphologic development of the first-trimester utero-placental vasculature is positively associated with embryonic and fetal growth: the Rotterdam Periconception Cohort.

Is morphologic development of the first-trimester utero-placental vasculature associated with embryonic growth and development, fetal growth, and birth weight percentiles? Using the utero-placental vascular skeleton (uPVS) as a new imaging marker, this study reveals morphologic development of the first-trimester utero-placental vasculature is positively associated with embryonic growth and development, fetal growth, and birth weight percentiles. First-trimester development of the utero-placental vasculature is associated with placental function, which subsequently impacts embryonic and fetal ability to reach their full growth potential. The attribution of morphologic variations in the utero-placental vascular development, including the vascular structure and branching density, on prenatal growth remains unknown. This study was conducted in the VIRTUAL Placental study, a subcohort of 214 ongoing pregnancies, embedded in the prospective observational Rotterdam Periconception Cohort (Predict study). Women were included before 10 weeks gestational age (GA) at a tertiary referral hospital in The Netherlands between January 2017 and March 2018. We obtained three-dimensional power Doppler volumes of the gestational sac including the embryo and the placenta at 7, 9, and 11 weeks of gestation. Virtual Reality-based segmentation and a recently developed skeletonization algorithm were applied to the power Doppler volumes to generate the uPVS and to measure utero-placental vascular volume (uPVV). Absolute vascular morphology was quantified by assigning a morphologic characteristic to each voxel in the uPVS (i.e. end-, bifurcation-crossing-, or vessel point). Additionally, total vascular length (mm) was calculated. The ratios of the uPVS characteristics to the uPVV were calculated to determine the density of vascular branching. Embryonic growth was estimated by crown-rump length and embryonic volume. Embryonic development was estimated by Carnegie stages. Fetal growth was measured by estimated fetal weight in the second and third trimester and birth weight percentiles. Linear mixed models were used to estimate trajectories of longitudinal measurements. Linear regression analysis with adjustments for confounders was used to evaluate associations between trajectories of the uPVS and prenatal growth. Groups were stratified for conception method (natural/IVF-ICSI conceptions), fetal sex (male/female), and the occurrence of placenta-related complications (yes/no). Increased absolute vascular morphologic development, estimated by positive random intercepts of the uPVS characteristics, is associated with increased embryonic growth, reflected by crown-rump length (endpoints β = 0.017, 95% CI [0.009; 0.025], bifurcation points β = 0.012, 95% CI [0.006; 0.018], crossing points β = 0.017, 95% CI [0.008; 0.025], vessel points β = 0.01, 95% CI [0.002; 0.008], and total vascular length β = 0.007, 95% CI [0.003; 0.010], and similarly with embryonic volume and Carnegie stage, all P-values ≤ 0.01. Density of vascular branching was negatively associated with estimated fetal weight in the third trimester (endpoints: uPVV β = -94.972, 95% CI [-185.245; -3.698], bifurcation points: uPVV β = -192.601 95% CI [-360.532; -24.670]) and birth weight percentiles (endpoints: uPVV β = -20.727, 95% CI [-32.771; -8.683], bifurcation points: uPVV β -51.097 95% CI [-72.257; -29.937], and crossing points: uPVV β = -48.604 95% CI [-74.246; -22.961])), all P-values < 0.05. After stratification, the associations were observed in natural conceptions specifically. Although the results of this prospective observational study clearly demonstrate associations between first-trimester utero-placental vascular morphologic development and prenatal growth, further research is required before we can draw firm conclusions about a causal relationship. Our findings support the hypothesis that morphologic variations in utero-placental vascular development play a role in the vascular mechanisms involved in embryonic and fetal growth and development. Application of the uPVS could benefit our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying placenta-related complications. Future research should focus on the clinical applicability of the uPVS as an imaging marker for the early detection of fetal growth restriction. This research was funded by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. There are no conflicts of interest. Registered at the Dutch Trial Register (NTR6854).

Predictive value of placental real-time shear wave elastography combined with 3-dimensional power Doppler index for preeclampsia.

This study aimed to investigate the value of placental real-time shear wave elastography combined with three-dimensional power Doppler index (3D-PDI) in the prediction of preeclampsia. We conducted a retrospective study selecting 60 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia as the experimental group and 60 normal pregnant women as the control group from January 2021 to December 2022. The elastic modulus values of different regions of the placenta and placental 3D-PDI were detected and compared between the two groups. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of each parameter, alone or in combination, for preeclampsia. The study findings demonstrated that the elastic modulus values of different regions of the placenta and 3D-PDI of the two groups have statistical significance. The values of SWE, VI, FI, and VFI are different in prediction of preeclampsia, and the combination of various parameters can improve the prediction value. Overall, our study provides a valuable method for the prediction of preeclampsia with the advantages of non-invasiveness, efficiency, and simplicity.

Can Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Detect Placental Involvement in pregnant women with COVID-19? An observational study

Can Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Detect Placental Involvement in pregnant women with COVID-19? An observational study

Comparing the Efficacy of Two-Dimensional Ultrasound and Three-Dimensional Power Doppler for Diagnosing Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders and Predicting Complications: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Comparing the Efficacy of Two-Dimensional Ultrasound and Three-Dimensional Power Doppler for Diagnosing Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders and Predicting Complications: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Clinical significance of three-dimensional power Doppler combined with two-dimensional Doppler ultrasonography for evaluating fetal growth restriction

Objectives To assess the predictive accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler combined with two-dimensional (2D) Doppler ultrasonography in detecting fetal growth restriction (FGR). Methods The study was conducted on singleton pregnancies presenting for growth ultrasound examinations between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation. 63 patients with FGR were enrolled and matched 1:1.8 for gestational age with normal fetuses. Both groups were further divided into subgroups, with 32 weeks as the threshold—early-onset and late-onset FGR groups, and corresponding control groups. Conventional 2D Doppler parameters and standardized 3D power Doppler measurements of the placenta, including vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization-flow index (VFI) were obtained for each patient. Results (1) The average gestational weeks of delivery and birth weight of newborns in early-onset and late-onset FGR case groups were lower than those in control groups, while the incidence of placenta previa and adverse pregnancy outcomes were higher than those in control groups. (2) The biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, estimated fetal weight, middle cerebral artery systolic/diastolic velocity ratio (S/D), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and placental blood perfusion indices of vascular index (VI), flow index (FI), vascular flow index (VFI), and cerebro-placental ratio (CPR) of the early-onset and late-onset FGR case groups were all lower than those of the control group. Moreover, the S/D, PI, and RI of the umbilical and uterine arteries were higher than those of the corresponding control group. (3) For early-onset FGR, the area under the curve (AUC) of the umbilical artery PI was the largest (0.861), exhibiting the highest predictive value. When combined with the placental blood perfusion index, the AUC was 0.789. For late-onset FGR, the AUC of the CPR was 0.861. After integrating the placental blood perfusion index, the AUC increased to 0.877. The positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of combined 2D Doppler indexes (21.938) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of VFI (0.565) were the highest in the early-onset FGR group. The PLR of combined 3D Doppler indexes (8.536) and NLR of VFI (0.557) were the highest in the late-onset FGR group. Conclusions The combination of 3D Doppler indices with 2D Doppler ultrasonography demonstrated superior predictive value in diagnosing late-onset FGR compared to other conventional indicators. The 3D Dower index, VFI, has a good true-negative predictive value for both early- and late-onset FGR.

Pregnancy prediction via ultrasound-detected endometrial blood for hormone replacement therapy-frozen embryo transfer: a prospective observational study

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the predictive value of endometrial blood flow branches on pregnancy outcomes after hormone replacement therapy-frozen embryo transfer (HRT-FET).MethodsThis prospective observational study involved 292 reproductive-aged women who underwent endometrial receptivity assessment in a tertiary care academic medical center in southwest China using power Doppler ultrasonography during HRT-FET. Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound was performed on the day of endometrial transformation and the day before embryo transfer. The endometrial blood flow branches of the endometrial and subendometrial regions were compared in the non-pregnant and pregnant groups at the two time points mentioned above.ResultsThe endometrial blood flow branches were higher in pregnant patients than in non-pregnant patients on the day of endometrial transformation (P = 0.009) and the day before embryo transfer (P = 0.001). Changes in endometrial blood flow pattern and endometrial blood flow branches at the two time points did not differ among the pregnancy outcome samples. After adjusting for age, antral follicles, and embryos transferred, the endometrial blood flow branches on the day before embryo transfer was the independent factor influencing the chance of clinical pregnancy, with an odds ratio of 3.001 (95% confidence interval: 1.448 − 6.219, P = 0.003).ConclusionsEndometrial blood flow perfusion during the peri-transplantation period of the HRT-FET cycle is a good indicator of pregnancy outcomes, suggesting that valuation of endometrial branches via power Doppler ultrasound is a simple and effective approach for achieving indicator measurements.

Combination of serum FOXR2 and transvaginal three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of uterine lesions.

Cervical carcinoma and endometrial carcinoma are the most common gynecologic cancers worldwide. Forkhead-box R2 (FOXR2) plays an important role in the progression of various malignant tumors. However, the effects of FOXR2 on the development of uterine lesions remain unclear. This prospective observational study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of FOXR2 and transvaginal three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography (3D-PDU) for malignant uterine lesions. This study included 404 uterine lesion patients and 200 healthy individuals who visited the hospital for a physical examination from April 2014 to May 2016. All patients received FOXR2 detection and 3D-PDU examination at admission. The demographic data and clinical data, including age, body mass index (BMI), and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, were collected. All the patients were followed up for 5 years. The overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curve analysis. The diagnostic value of FOXR2 and 3D-PDU was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Serum levels of FOXR2 mRNA were upregulated in patients with malignant uterine lesions. Patients with high expression of FOXR2 showed a higher expression of the cancer biomarkers CA125, CA199, CEA, and SCCA. It was also found that FOXR2 expression was associated with the clinical outcomes of patients with malignant uterine lesions. Moreover, higher expression of FOXR2 predicted a poor prognosis. The combined use of FOXR2 and 3D-PDU showed favorable potential for the diagnosis of malignant uterine lesions, especially for cervical carcinoma and endometrial carcinoma. The combination of serum FOXR2 and transvaginal 3D-PDU has a potential in the diagnosis of uterine lesions.

Decreased Placental Perfusion Assessed by Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound in Pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Decreased Placental Perfusion Assessed by Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound in Pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Retracted: The Application Value of Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound in Fetal Growth Restriction.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/4087406.].

Changes of placental three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography in third trimester among hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy and its predictive value for pregnant outcomes.

Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy (HDCP) represent a systemic condition specific to pregnant women. Three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler ultrasonography is a technique that utilizes erythrocyte density, scattered intensity, or energy distribution in the bloodstream for imaging purposes. This study aimed to compare the changes in 3D power Doppler ultrasonography parameters in late pregnancy between patients with HDCP and those without HDCP, and to evaluate the predictive value of these parameters for pregnancy outcomes in patients with HDCP. The study included 160 pregnant women diagnosed with HDCP and 100 pregnant women without HDCP, who served as the control group. 3D power Doppler ultrasonography was performed, and the values of the vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI) were measured. In the HDCP group, the VI, FI, and VFI were all lower than those observed in patients without HDCP. In HDCP patients with positive outcomes, these three parameters were higher than those recorded in patients with negative outcomes. The area under the predicted curve (AUC) for VI, FI, VFI, and the combination of these three parameters were 0.69, 0.63, 0.66, and 0.75, respectively. The parameters of 3D power Doppler ultrasonography can reflect the perfusion status of the placenta and predict the outcome of pregnancy in patients with HDCP. By monitoring these relevant hemodynamic parameters, valuable information can be provided for the clinical diagnosis, objective evaluation, and treatment of HDCP.

Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasonography Evaluation of Maternal Orbital Perfusion in Pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasonography Evaluation of Maternal Orbital Perfusion in Pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Placental micro blood perfusion for isolated single umbilical artery foetuses and VEGF protein expression in the placenta

Microblood perfusion of isolated single umbilical artery (ISUA) foetus placenta was evaluated using three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound (3D-PDU). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression in the placenta was also semi-quantitative and qualitatively analysed. Differences between ISUA and control groups were compared. 3D-PDU was used to detect placental blood flow parameters, including vascularity index (VI), flow index, and vascularity flow index (VFI), in 58 foetuses in the ISUA group and 77 normal foetuses in the control group. Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction were employed to analyse the VEGF expression in placental tissues of 26 foetuses in the ISUA group and 26 foetuses in the control group. The control group exhibited higher VI and VFI than the ISUA group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the ISUA group showed a higher positivity rate of VEGF protein expression than the control group (χ 2=28.013, p˂0.001). The ISUA group also presented a higher VEGF mRNA protein expression than the control group (p˂0.001). 3D-PDU can be used to quantitatively analyse microblood perfusion of the placenta and provide an objective assessment of ISUA foetuses. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? Colour Doppler flow can be used to evaluate placental and maternal circulation and remains an ideal method for evaluating high-risk placental function. Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound (3D-PDU) can be used to quantify blood vessels and blood flow in placental parenchyma via the measurement of the amplitude of blood vessels and blood flow in normal foetuses, respectively. What do the results of this study add? 3D-PDU can be used to quantitatively analyse micro blood perfusion of the placenta and conduct an objective assessment of isolated single umbilical artery foetuses. The isolated single umbilical artery foetuses exhibited a higher positivity rate of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression and higher VEGF mRNA protein expression than the normal foetuses. What are the implication of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The study provides a reliable basis for maternal-foetal monitoring during pregnancy in the isolated single umbilical artery foetuses. Objective assessment of the occurrence and development of foetuses with isolated single umbilical artery was performed.

Milyen az összefüggés a lepényi perfúzió vizsgálata során a teljes placenta vizsgálata és a szonobiopsziás módszer között?

Placental perfusion can be evaluated using three-dimensional power-Doppler (3DPD) indices with sonobiopsy acquisition in a sphere or throughout the entire placenta. We aimed to explore the relation between these two measurement methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted among normal pregnant women recruited at 11 to 40 gestational weeks. Placental vascularization was evaluated using the 3DPD indices (vascularization index [VI]; flow index [FI]; vascularization flow index [VFI]) with the application of the sphere ultrasound technique or scanned from the entire placenta. A total of 150 women were recruited at a mean gestational age of 20.8 ± 7.22 weeks. We observed that scanned 3DPD indices using sphere technique decrease by gestational age between 11 and 40 weeks, whereas whole placental volume scanning yielded stable, non-decreasing indices during gestation. The indices were correlated to each other at least moderately, irrespectively of the method of scanning (r≥0.30). As gestation advances, less and less placentas can be visualized in one sweep for a whole view and at late period of gestation only a minority of placentas can be visualized as a whole. 3DPD indices acquired in a sphere of the placenta at umbilical cord insertion may reflect more to the decreasing vascularity of the exponentially growing placenta during gestation. Hence, sphere technique may have a greater screening opportunity in pathological pregnancies. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(8): 300-307.

Diagnosis values of three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography in polycystic ovary syndrome and its relationship with serum sex hormone levels

BackgroundThe diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is of great significance for early detection, timely standardized treatment and prevention of long-term complications. This study aimed to observe and measure the intraovarian blood flow distribution and blood flow indexes in patients with PCOS by three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography, and to evaluate its diagnostic value for PCOS and its correlation with serum sex hormone levels. Experimental designPatients who were diagnosed with PCOS and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited as the PCOS group, and 85 age-matched healthy women were arranged in healthy control (HC) group. Participants underwent three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound. Serum sex hormone was analyzed by chemiluminescence. The diagnostic value was analyzed by relative operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis was applied to determine the correlation of vascularization index with serum sex hormone levels. ResultsThe vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI) values in PCOS patients were all statistically higher than those of HC. The combined index (0.445 * VI + 0.1 * FI + 1.057 * VFI) has a higher diagnostic value of PCOS compared with the three indexes alone. ConclusionThree-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound could observe and quantitatively evaluate the distribution of blood flow in the ovary, which has a high diagnostic value and might provide a reference in clinical use.

Doppler ultrasound investigation of female infertility.

This study reviewed recent advances in the use of Doppler ultrasonography for the management and prediction of female infertility outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Color or power Doppler and three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound can be used to measure vessels near the ovaries, uterus, and endometrium to assess blood flow. Increased blood flow and reduced resistance to the ovaries, uterus, and endometrium are associated with improved pregnancy outcomes, and their measurement has been suggested as a key factor in ART procedural outcomes. Perifollicular vascularity indices can help predict oocyte quality and maturity. Likewise, endometrial and uterine vascularity could be associated with endometrial receptivity and may assist with embryo transfer timing and pregnancy outcome predictions. With the advancement of Doppler ultrasound technology, this highly potent examination will be used more widely in routine clinical settings for the treatment of female infertility.

The Use of Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound in Assessment of Placental Blood Flow and Volume and Its Correlation with Severity of Preeclampsia

The Use of Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound in Assessment of Placental Blood Flow and Volume and Its Correlation with Severity of Preeclampsia