Three-dimensional Porous Current Collector Research Articles

Advances in anode current collectors with a lithiophilic gradient for lithium metal batteries.

The practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is inevitably associated with serious safety risks due to the uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites. Thus, to inhibit the formation of lithium dendrites, many researchers have focused on constructing three-dimensional porous current collectors with a high specific surface area. However, the homogeneous structure of porous collectors does not effectively guide the deposition of lithium metal to the bottom, leading to a phenomenon known as "top-growth." Recently, the construction of 3D porous current collectors with a lithiophilic gradient has been widely reported and regarded as an effective approach to inhibit lithium top-growth, thus improving battery safety. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on such anode current collector design strategies, including surface modification of different base materials, design of gradient structures, and field factors, emphasizing their lithium-affinity mechanism and the advantages and disadvantages of different collector designs. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future research directions and applications of gradient affinity current collectors.

An Improved Lithium-Sulfur Battery By Using Porous Carbon As the Sulfur Template

As global demand for electric vehicles (EVs) continues to rise, the rechargeable battery of high-energy density is actively researched. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in the electric vehicles (EVs) and have been leading the EVs market. However, LIBs have reached their limits due to their practical low-capacity and high-cost. Therefore, novel strategy is required to solve the problem of the LIBs.Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries attract attention because of high theoretical capacity (1675 mAh/g) and high energy density (2600 Wh/kg). Moreover, sulfur as electrode material is abundant and inexpensive. However, the sulfur-based batteries have serious disadvantages, which is the shuttle of intermediate polysulfides (Li2Sn, 2<n≤8), and low conductivity, result in poor cycle stability and low discharge capacity [1,2].Therefore, in this study, the sulfur electrode is fabricated by impregnating sulfur into three-dimensional porous carbon. The porous structure suppressed the dissolution/shuttle of sulfur species and improved the cycling stability and discharge capacity. Moreover, three types of porous carbon templated of activated carbon cloth, activated carbon felt, and porous carbon foam were compared on electrochemical performances.Reference Jimin Yun, 2023, High Loading Sulfur Cathode with Three-dimensional Porous Current Collector for Lithium-Sulfur Battery, Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, P.11, p.14Kimin Park, 2022, Design od metal phosphate based electrodes for high-performance Li-Ion & Li-S battery, Department of materials science and engineering seoul national university, P.1

Preparation and Characterization of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Having a 3D Stainless-Steel Fiber Sheet as the Current Collector.

One strategy to improve the performance of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) is changing the current collector material. In this study, a three-dimensional porous current collector comprising stainless-steel fibers is fabricated using a relatively simple method. Capacitor properties of the EDLC using this unique current collector are characterized by cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge tests. The voltammograms of the EDLC develop a more butterfly shape and an increased specific capacity at higher electrolyte concentrations. It shows reversible charge–discharge potential profiles, little capacity degradation (∼98% of the initial capacity at 1000th cycle), and a good rate performance at higher electrolyte concentrations (90% capacity retention for 2.5 times increase in discharge current). Its capacitance values (95–99 F g–1) are roughly twice the specific capacitance of an EDLC using the flat stainless-steel plate current collector (51 F g–1) without any performance degradation even at a higher loading of electrode active materials. Based on the AC impedance analysis, these good properties are attributed to the reduction in several resistances compared to the case of a flat stainless-steel plate: (i) the contact resistance between the electrode active material and the current collector, (ii) the resistance of the electrolyte in the finely branched space formed by the fibers and the active material, and (iii) the resistance in the diffusion layer. Increasing the electrolyte concentration further reduces the latter two resistances and the bulk electrolyte resistance, resulting in higher performance of the EDLC using the stainless-steel fiber sheet current collector.

Mo/Fe bimetallic pyrophosphates derived from Prussian blue analogues for rapid electrocatalytic oxygen evolution

Efficient and stable oxygen evolution electrocatalysts are indispensable for industrial applications of water splitting and hydrogen production. Herein, a simple and practical method was applied to fabricate (Mo, Fe)P2O7@NF electrocatalyst by directly growing Mo/Fe bimetallic pyrophosphate derived from Prussian blue analogues on three-dimensional porous current collector. In alkaline media, the developed material possesses good hydrophilic features and exhibits best-in-class oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performances. Surprisingly, the (Mo, Fe)P2O7@NF only requires overpotentials of 250 and 290 mV to deliver 100 and 600 mA cm−2 in 1 mol L−1 KOH, respectively. Furthermore, the (Mo, Fe)P2O7@NF shows outstanding performances in alkaline salty water and 1 mol L−1 high purity KOH. A worthwhile pathway is provided to combine bimetallic pyrophosphate with commercial Ni foam to form robust electrocatalysts for stable electrocatalytic OER, which has a positive impact on both hydrogen energy application and environmental restoration.

Robust Lithium Metal Anodes Realized by Lithiophilic 3D Porous Current Collectors for Constructing High-Energy Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are attractive candidates for next-generation rechargeable batteries. With the steady development of sulfur cathodes, the recent revival of research on dendrite-free Li metal anodes offers opportunities to improve the stabilities and safety of Li-S batteries. However, the low capacities and low Li utilizations of current Li anodes hinder the improvement of the energy densities of Li-S batteries. Here, we present a facile approach to fabricate lithiophilic three-dimensional porous current collectors by modifying commercial metal foams with yolk-shell structured N-doped porous carbon nanosheets. Benefiting from the structure-based rational design, this current collector is able to generate dendrite-free Li anodes with improved Coulombic efficiencies and life spans, enabling carbon/sulfur cathodes to exhibit significantly enhanced stabilities (e.g., 78.1% of capacity retention after 1400 cycles). More importantly, we successfully constructed a high-areal-capacity Li-S full cell (9.84 mAh cm-2) with 82% Li utilization. This work provides a promising route toward high-energy-density Li-S batteries.

3D-structured multi-walled carbon nanotubes/copper nanowires composite as a porous current collector for the enhanced silicon-based anode

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes/Cu nanowires-coated on the copper foil used as a three-dimensional porous current collector for Si electrode has been developed to tackle the problems of silicon-based lithium-ion batteries. The highly conductive Cu nanowires cooperated with robust multi-walled carbon nanotubes not only improve the inferior electric conductivity of the Si anode but also strengthen the total frame stability. Furthermore, the three-dimensional structure creates numerous voids on the surface of Cu foils. Such porous structure of the modified current collector offers the flexible volume expansion during lithiation/delithiation process. Meanwhile, the core-shell structure of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/Si and Cu nanowires/Si minimizes the deformation strain and greatly improves the long-term cycling performance in a real battery. As a result, a high specific capacity of 1845 mAh g−1 in a half cell at a current density of 3.5 A g−1 after 180 cycles with a capacity retention of 85.1% has been achieved without any conductive additives or binder. The demonstrated three-dimensional current collector coupled with Si anode might inspire new material development on high-performance of lithium-ion batteries.

Three-dimensional Porous Current Collector for Lithium Storage Enhancement of NiO Electrode

Three-dimensional Porous Current Collector for Lithium Storage Enhancement of NiO Electrode

Three-Dimensional Porous Current Collectors As Electrodes for Li/S Battery Applications

Lithium-Sulfur (Li/S) chemistry is one of the most promising next-generation battery technologies due to their high theoretical energy density, inexpensive and eco-benign nature of sulfur. However, insulting nature of sulfur and the dissolution of formed intermediate polysulfides during charge-discharge process, have to be resolved to reach mass commercialization. Most of research efforts in Li/S batteries have focused on confining sulfur or dissolved polysulfides using carbon/polymer structures to overcome the detrimental effects they have on battery performance. In this study, we deviate completely from these confined approaches by introducing Metal/polysulfide/Metal configuration rather than focusing on electrochemical byproducts. By engineering electrodes into three dimensional format, we report a novel phonomena of controlling polysulfides shuttle process. We corroborate our findings using a detailed experimental parameters such as surface area of electrodes, different current rates and concentration of polysulfides. As a result, novel Metal/PS/Metal battery configuration delivered a discharge capacity of 900 mAh g-1 and stability over 100 cycles.

Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of LiFePO4- based Electrode Using Three-Dimensional Porous Current Collector

Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of LiFePO4- based Electrode Using Three-Dimensional Porous Current Collector

Converting rice husk activated carbon into active material for capacitor using three-dimensional porous current collector

We have successfully applied rice husk activated carbon (RHAC) as an active material for the electric double layer capacitor using a three-dimensional (3D) porous current collector. The capacity and cycle stability were evaluated in a 1.0 mol dm −3 tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate/propylene carbonate solution in the range of 0–2.5 V. The specific capacity of the RHAC was about 14 mAh g −1 at the 50 mA g −1 discharge rate, corresponding to 19 F g −1 under the present conditions. The RHAC cell using the 3D porous current collector possessed a lower internal resistance and better high-rate discharge properties than the RHAC cell using a conventional aluminum (Al) foil collector. After 5000 cycles of charging and discharging, the RHAC cell with the 3D current collector maintained 95% of its initial capacity, while the capacity of the one with the Al foil collector dropped to only 30%.

A hierarchical porous MnO2-based electrode for electrochemical capacitor

A hierarchical porous MnO2-based electrode was prepared and its electrochemical performance for electrochemical capacitors was investigated. In this work, porous MnO2 film with pore size of 2–3 nm in diameter was deposited on a three-dimensional porous current collector by cathodic electrodeposition associated with subsequent controlled heat treatment at 200°C for 2 h. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the heat treatment has a great effect on the formation of the porous structure of MnO2 layer, and the disordered porous structure was caused by dehydration during the heat treatment. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests showed that both energy and power densities are enhanced due to the unique hierarchical porous structure. The electrode delivers a high specific capacitance of 385 F g−1 at a high current density of 5 A g−1 within a potential window of −0.05 ∼ 0.85 V, and also exhibits excellent rate capability and electrochemical stability.

High-Capacity Electric Double Layer Capacitor Using Three-Dimensional Porous Current Collector

A three-dimensional porous current collector made of a nickel-chromium alloy was developed based on foamed polyurethane. The foam-type substrate exhibited a high tolerance at high voltages in nonaqueous electrochemical systems. The electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) using the foam-type substrate exhibited stable charge/discharge behavior and showed a superior high-rate discharge capability as compared to an EDLC using the conventional aluminum foil. Furthermore, impedance analysis revealed an improved current collecting ability for the foam-type substrate. To improve the performance of EDLCs, a methodology that uses a three-dimensional current collector was described.