Three-dimensional Picture Research Articles

Deep Learning-Based Pulmonary Nodule Screening: A Narrative Review

AbstractGiven its capacity to generate three-dimensional pictures, computed tomography is the most effective means of detecting lung nodules with more excellent resolution of detected nodules. Small lung nodules can easily be overlooked on chest X-rays, making interpretation difficult. Artificial intelligence algorithms have recently demonstrated remarkable progress in medical imaging, especially with deep learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs). CNN produces excellent results in natural image recognition and classification using abundant available data and the computational abilities of modern computers. It further reduces false-positive pulmonary nodules in medical image processing. This review article provides a detailed and inclusive review of recent advances, challenges, performance comparisons, and possible future directions for the problem of pulmonary nodule screening using deep learning methods.

Visualisation of Images and Performance in Music Genres

The purpose of the article is to analyse the visual component in the musical genre (songs) and musical-theatrical genre (ballet), which is an element for the formation of spectacle. The work methodology includes analytical, structural-functional, generalising scientific methods; techniques of comparative analysis to reveal the specifics of modern artistic practices in revealing the specifics of the visual as a component of spectacle. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the analysis of the song “Smerekova Khata”, the musical and stage performance of the “Gerdan” theatre, the ballet “Signs” with the determination of the visualisation of the images laid down by the authors to form the spectacle. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of M. Bakay and P. Dvorskyi's song “Smerekova Khata”, the dependence of visualisation in musical-poetic composition and music, metaphoricity in musical-poetic images in various performing interpretations with a certain amount of spectacularity according to the definition of “spectacularity” in the dictionary of Efron and Brockhaus is determined as a concert, performance. The analysis of the concert performance of the Chernivtsi City Folklore Theatre-Studio “Gherdan” based on the musical and textual material, stage design and costumes of the performers made it possible to reveal the degree of visualisation of musical and stage images that contribute to spectacle in art according to K. Stanislavska's concept as a spectacle with an artistic structure, which is a system of means of expression with external manifestations. The French-American dancer-choreographer Carolyn Carlson's ballet “Signes” (1997, Paris Opera) with scenery by the French artist Olivier Debre and electronic music by the French composer René Aubry fully meets all the parameters of spectacle: a) unusual events that appeal to history with famous heroes Leonardo da Vinci and Gioconda with her outstanding smile; b) entertainment in the presentation of material with the use of three-dimensional pictures that are constantly moving; c) seven different locations; d) lack of verbal text (words), which are compensated by electronic music and choreographic movements.

Edgar Allan Poe's journey to Russia: fiction and reality

This study highlights the history of E.A. Poe's work on the Russian literary scene, shedding light on the cultural, historical and editorial factors that determined its existence in Russia in the nineteenth century. In analysing the translations, we have resorted to the study of existing studies on the subject, archival materials of the Russian press, literary criticism etc. The aim of the study was to reconstruct the specific context and the specific conditions under which the work of Poe penetrated into Russia, which would also allow us to illustrate the key role of translators in the presentation of Poe on the Russian, French, and world literary scene. The subject of our study was the special conditions that determined the penetration of Poe's work in Russia. The object of the study was the biographies written by different people in different eras, as well as documents that influenced his image. The main method of the study was a comparative analysis of texts that tell about Poe's life and personality. The main result of the research is the reconstruction of the ‘route’, following which Poe's work came to Russia, as well as the identification of all the key persons, without whom Poe's work would have to wait for its time. The article also contributes to our understanding of the historical and cultural context that determined the appearance of Poe on the Russian literary scene, as well as names the most important writers, researchers and translators who paved the way for Poe to come to Russia. Scientific novelty is provided by creating a synthesis of existing studies on this topic in Russian, French and English, which allows to make the most complete three-dimensional picture and chronology of the existence of Poe's work which also provides theoretical significance of the study.

Jamal Mahjoub’s The Fugitives and Hala Alyan’s The Arsonists’ City: A Panoramic View of the Occident

Contemporary Anglophone diasporic Arab writers have initiated an “Occidentalist discourse” through which they depict a complete image of the Occident. Their narratives are not meant to distort or misrepresent the “other”, but to provide the reader with nuanced accounts about what an Arab immigrant/ refugee may experience in the “West”. These narratives are deemed consistent because contemporary Anglophone diasporic Arab writers have become part of their host countries’ sociocultural tapestry since they are, in most cases, part of European countries’ population. By applying Zahia Salhi’s definition of Occidentalism to Arab-British novelist Jamal Mahjoub’s The Fugitives (2021) and Arab-American novelist Hala Alyan’s The Arsonists’ City (2021), this paper aims to illustrate how both writers paint a three-dimensional panoramic picture of the Occident by exploring triumphant as well as depressing journeys of Arab individuals in America. This study is also an attempt to demonstrate, by using these two novels as examples, that Occidentalism cannot be defined as “Orientalism in reverse” since Occidentalist literature, as Salhi proposes, represents Western life and culture with a great sense of impartiality.

The socio-political situation in Greece according to the report of the Swedish diplomatic mission from Constantinople (August 1916)

The subject of the study is a report from the Swedish diplomatic mission in Constantinople, transmitted to the envoy of the Swedish Kingdom in St. Petersburg, considered as an important source on the socio-political situation in Greece with an assessment of possible prospects for its development. The report contains information concerning the most serious disagreements and irreconcilable contradictions between supporters of the Germanophile position led by King Constantine and supporters of the prominent liberal politician E. Venizelos, who repeatedly headed the Greek government. The latter openly advocated cooperation with the Entente countries, primarily Great Britain, for the landing of a contingent of allied troops in Greece to help the Serbian army and prevent the troops of the central powers. The period of the beginning of a series of uprisings in continental Greece and on the Greek islands of the king's policy is described. Based on the methods of historicism and systematic research, the issues of the very complicated situation around Greece as one of the most important players in the Balkans, the problems of the Thessaloniki Front, the military and diplomatic actions of the Entente allies in the region, the assessment of the situation by Swedish diplomats and their forecasts are considered. The analysis of the considered source allows us to draw the following conclusions. The materials of the report under study, together with other information, created a three-dimensional picture of events in Greece for the Swedish government in order to take any measures and take the necessary position from the point of view of the country's interests. This report was also important for our military and diplomatic authorities to understand the Swedish side's reaction to the events in Greece, to see their objective assessment of the outcome of this situation, and of the entire world war as a whole. The information obtained from this source gave Russian diplomacy the opportunity to use them in its relations with partners and have an idea of the prospects for the development of the situation in the Balkans.

Cardiac Healthcare Digital Twins Supported by Artificial Intelligence-Based Algorithms and Extended Reality—A Systematic Review

Recently, significant efforts have been made to create Health Digital Twins (HDTs), Digital Twins for clinical applications. Heart modeling is one of the fastest-growing fields, which favors the effective application of HDTs. The clinical application of HDTs will be increasingly widespread in the future of healthcare services and has huge potential to form part of mainstream medicine. However, it requires the development of both models and algorithms for the analysis of medical data, and advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based algorithms have already revolutionized image segmentation processes. Precise segmentation of lesions may contribute to an efficient diagnostics process and a more effective selection of targeted therapy. In this systematic review, a brief overview of recent achievements in HDT technologies in the field of cardiology, including interventional cardiology, was conducted. HDTs were studied taking into account the application of Extended Reality (XR) and AI, as well as data security, technical risks, and ethics-related issues. Special emphasis was put on automatic segmentation issues. In this study, 253 literature sources were taken into account. It appears that improvements in data processing will focus on automatic segmentation of medical imaging in addition to three-dimensional (3D) pictures to reconstruct the anatomy of the heart and torso that can be displayed in XR-based devices. This will contribute to the development of effective heart diagnostics. The combination of AI, XR, and an HDT-based solution will help to avoid technical errors and serve as a universal methodology in the development of personalized cardiology. Additionally, we describe potential applications, limitations, and further research directions.

Experimental Characterization of Propeller-Induced Flow (PIF) below a Multi-Rotor UAV

The availability of multi-rotor UAVs with lifting capacities of several kilograms allows for a new paradigm in atmospheric measurement techniques, i.e., the integration of research-grade sonic anemometers for airborne turbulence measurements. With their ability to hover and move very slowly, this approach yields unrevealed flexibility compared to mast-based sonic anemometers for a wide range of boundary layer investigations that require an accurate characterization of the turbulent flow. For an optimized sensor placement, potential disturbances by the propeller-induced flow (PIF) must be considered. The PIF characterization can be done by CFD simulations, which, however, require validation. For this purpose, we conducted an experiment to map the PIF below a multi-rotor drone using a mobile array of five sonic anemometers. To achieve measurements in a controlled environment, the drone was mounted inside a hall at a 90° angle to its usual flying orientation, thus leading to the development of a horizontal downwash, which is not subject to a pronounced ground effect. The resulting dataset maps the PIF parallel to the rotor plane from two rotor diameters, beneath, to 10 D, and perpendicular to the rotor plane from the center line of the downwash to a distance of 3 D. This measurement strategy resulted in a detailed three-dimensional picture of the downwash below the drone in high spatial resolution. The experimental results show that the PIF quickly decreases with increasing distance from the centerline of the downwash in the direction perpendicular to the rotor plane. At a distance of 1 D from the centerline, the PIF reduced to less than 4 ms−1 within the first 5 D beneath the drone, and no conclusive disturbance was measured at 2 D out from the centerline. A PIF greater than 4 ms−1 was still observed along the center of the downwash at a distance of 10 D for both throttle settings tested (35% and 45%). Within the first 4 D under the rotor plane, flow convergence towards the center of the downwash was measured before changing to diverging, causing the downwash to expand. This coincides with the transition from the four individual downwash cores into a single one. The turbulent velocity fluctuations within the downwash were found to be largest towards the edges, where the shear between the PIF and the stagnant surrounding air is the largest.

Endoscope Assisted Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia: Surgical Safety and Efficacy.

The cranial nerve (CN) V and adjacent neurovascular structures are crucial landmarks in microvascular decompression (MVD). MVD of CN V is the most effective treatment for patients with drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia (TN) diagnosis. The endoscope-assisted retrosigmoid approach (RSA) provides better exposure and less cerebellar retraction in the corridor towards the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Five adult cadaver heads (10 sides) underwent dissection of the MVD in park bench position. MVD was simulated using microsurgical RSA, and the anatomical landmarks were defined. Microsurgical dissections were additionally performed along the endoscopic surgical path. Additionally, we present an illustrative case with TN caused by anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) compression. The CN V and its close relationships were demonstrated. Endoscopic and microscopic three-dimensional pictures were obtained. This study increases the anatomical and surgical orientation for CN V and surrounding structures. The CN V arises from the lateral part of the pons and runs obliquely upward toward the petrous apex. It has motor roots that leave from pons antero-supero-medial direction to the sensory root. The endoscopic instruments provide perfect visualization with minimal cerebellar retraction during MVD. MVD surgically targets the offending vessel(s) leading to TN and aims to create a disconnected area. The combination of preoperative radiographic assessment with and anatomical correlation provides safe and effective application while facilitating selection of the most appropriate approach. The RSA allows satisfactory visualization for CN V. Endoscope-assisted microsurgery through the CPA is a challenge, it should be performed with advanced anatomical knowledge.

Investigation of the Phase Mechanism Behaviors of Fe-Cr-Ni alloy by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

In the presented study, Fe-Cr-Ni ternary alloy system, which is classified as medium entropy alloys, was modelled using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method. Model system was built at specific concentration ratios in accordance with the crystal lattice structures in the phase diagrams. The potential energy function based on the Grujicic-Zhou (GZ) type embedded atom method (EAM) was chosen as the potential function suitable for the system. The phase transformation mechanisms of the model system were investigated by applying heating-cooling processes on the most stable structures. In these processes, thermodynamic parameters such as temperature, volume, potential energy and density were calculated. In addition, the phase transformation mechanism and structural properties were analysed using radial distribution functions (RDF). Three-dimensional pictures of MD cells and the number of crystal structures were obtained using the visualization and analysis software via the atomic positions obtained during the transformations. In all these processes, the results obtained by the MD calculation method were interpreted and compared with the experimental data

UPDATE OF GEOMONITORING TECHNOLOGIES AS A FACTOR OF ENSURING THE SAFE OPERATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Obtaining reliable data based on the results of geomonitoring allows timely measures to stabilize deformations of buildings and structures. Implementation of the scientific justification for the development of methodological recommendations is required to increase the stability of structures and take the necessary measures to protect buildings in case of detection of unacceptable deformations. Among the causes of deformations, it is possible to single out the imperfection of the structures of the building, the influence of natural conditions (changes in temperature, groundwater level, wind action, seismic events, geological conditions) and anthropogenic human influence (mechanical loads). The purpose of the work is to study research of existing methods of geomonitoring for deformations of buildings and structures in dense urban development. Comparative analysis of geomonitoring methods and the formation of proposals for their rational and mandatory use. Methodology. Analysis of regulatory and literary sources on geodetic monitoring of buildings and structures. Analysis of foreign experience of observation of towers using modern 3D laser scanning technologies. Comparative analysis of accuracy and economic characteristics of methods of monitoring buildings and structures. Scientific novelty. It is recommended during the design process to include geodetic marks for the monitoring network in the projects of buildings and structures, so as not to spoil their architectural appearance at the stage of operation, if necessary, to carry out geodetic monitoring. By using modern geodetic monitoring methods with innovative modern technologies, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional picture of the deformation of buildings and structures. These actions are performed in order to take timely measures to combat them and develop protective measures to prevent further destruction of buildings. Practical value. Nowadays, with the development of technologies and the appearance of modern equipment, the combined method of geomonitoring has become widely used. This method involves a combination of tacheometric surveying with terrestrial laser scanning and digital stereo photography. This allows you to get a three-dimensional 3D picture of the deformations of the entire building (both foundations and walls). An analogue of this method is the use of traditional ground methods − leveling and plan-altitude surveying, and the prototype − ground stereo photography. However, there are often cases when geodetic observations of deformations of foundations and foundations of structures are neglected in order to save the construction budget. Results. Types and causes of deformations of engineering structures are analyzed. Modern technologies of geodetic monitoring are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. Attention is drawn to compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents and the rational choice of an economically feasible technology for conducting geodetic monitoring using reliable geodetic points. In large cities with different building densities and the presence of various architectural ensembles, during the development of construction works, it is necessary to have a reliable geodetic basis. A reliable geodetic network can be formed by regular monitoring of the existing urban geodetic network.

3D assessment of alveolar bone alterations in orthodontic movement among Indians.

Apical root resorption, which is characterised as a biological or abnormal phenomenon that shortens the length of the root apex, is additional typical iatrogenic impact of orthodontic tooth movement that may jeopardise the effectiveness of treatment and tooth lifespan. The main goals of the current retrospective investigation were to assess the dimensions of alveolar bone alterations that come along with orthodontic movement and to look into the frequency and extent of resorption of root in maxillary incisors across categories that were similarly managed with clear aligners (OCA) and fixed appliances (OFA) using CBCT. The study included 50 subjects who were divided into two categories with 25 study subjects in each category. Category OFA: Subjects receiving OFA (n=25). A CBCT scan was used to get three-dimensional pictures at the beginning of therapy as well as at the end of therapy. The overall resorption of root at apical region in OFA group was 0.63±0.21 mm. The overall resorption of root at apical region in OCA group was 0.32 ±0.36 mm. The difference in observation was statistically significant (p= 0.000) with reduced resorption of root at apical region in clear aligners. It was concluded that the decrease in thickness of alveolar bone was greater in orthodontic fixed appliances group as compared to clear aligners. The resorption of root at apical region was lesser in clear aligners group as compared to fixed appliances.

Using the sand tray method as a reflective learning tool in social work practice education

ABSTRACT The article explains a creative technique I developed to reflect on cases in a sand tray during practice supervision. Sand has been used in play therapy since the early 20th century to help children and adults create a visual representation of their world for the purpose of healing personal trauma. I often used the technique in my earlier career as a direct work and life story work tool with children. The sand tray becomes a three-dimensional picture, which the therapist and child explore together. I learned it from an experienced play therapist who took me on my own journey through the sand. The pictures I made were powerful and helped me to explore personal/professional realms. The sand tray becomes an artifact, an object rich with significance and imagery that acts as a metaphor for its maker, providing opportunities to crystalize complex stories in our case work for examination. The article provides instructions for Practice Educators who would like to explore the technique with their students in practice supervision.

Numerical modeling of internal flows in tanks with baffles

The proposed article presents the materials of experimental and mathematical studies of internal inertial flows of an incompressible liquid during its fluctuations in tanks. An analysis of modern problems related to the harmful effect of liquid resonant splashing on tank structures, as well as on the trajectory and nature of the object movement itself with the liquid, was carried out. The use of damping baffles and guide devices in similar closed flows allows to fundamentally change the structure of internal flows, reducing gradients of shock pressures in flows, as well as redistributing the main liquid inertial effects. Numerical modeling of such flows qualitatively confirms the results of experimental studies and allows us to build a rather complex three-dimensional development picture of fluctuations in fluid flows. In addition to the use of the damping baffles structures, it is proposed to make the plane of baffles perforated with different degrees of permeability due to the diameter of the holes and their number. The effect of hydraulic resistance occurs when flow energy is lost due to overcoming artificial obstacles in the form of holes of small diameter. Thus, the shock effects of the flow on the walls of the tank are predicted to have a smaller amplitude and duration. The use of the proposed dampers labyrinth structures allows to control the force effects of the liquid only by hydraulic means and thus reduce the number and dimensions of the internal guide devices.

Plassotherapy Method in the Prevention of Burnout Syndrome “ZHYTOˮ (Authorʼs Method N. Ya. Balatskaya)

This article is devoted to the prevention of burnout syndrome. The characteristics of the syndrome of emotional burnout, the history of the emergence of interest in the problem among specialists in helping professions are given. A method of working with kinetic sand is presented, which simply and at the same time gives a three-dimensional picture of the psychodiagnostics of the emotional burnout syndrome. In addition, the method makes it possible to see important aspects of one life, analyze and change the tactics of attitude to work and to other areas of one life and interactions with other people, while in the moving sand the client feels comfortable and safe.

Description of Dissolved Organic Matter Transformational Networks at the Molecular Level.

Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) is an important component of the global carbon cycle. Unscrambling the structural footprint of DOM is key to understand its biogeochemical transformations at the mechanistic level. Although numerous studies have improved our knowledge of DOM chemical makeup, its three-dimensional picture remains largely unrevealed. In this work, we compare four solid phase extracted (SPE) DOM samples from three different freshwater ecosystems using high resolution mobility and ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS/MS). Structural families were identified based on neutral losses at the level of nominal mass using continuous accumulation of selected ions-collision induced dissociation (CASI-CID)FT-ICR MS/MS. Comparison of the structural families indicated dissimilarities in the structural footprint of this sample set. The structural family representation using Cytoscape software revealed characteristic clustering patterns among the DOM samples, thus confirming clear differences at the structural level (Only 10% is common across the four samples.). The analysis at the level of neutral loss-based functionalities suggests that hydration and carboxylation are ubiquitous transformational processes across the three ecosystems. In contrast, transformation mechanisms involving methoxy moieties may be constrained in estuarine systems due to extensive upstream lignin biodegradation. The inclusion of the isomeric content (mobility measurements at the level of chemical formula) in the structural family description suggests that additional transformation pathways and/or source variations are possible and account for the dissimilarities observed. While the structural character of more and diverse types of DOM samples needs to be assessed and added to this database, the results presented here demonstrate that Graph-DOM is a powerful tool capable of providing novel information on the DOM chemical footprint, based on structural interconnections of precursor molecules generated by fragmentation pathways and collisional cross sections.

NMR-assisted crystallography of the tryptophan synthase α-aminoacrylate intermediate: Proton positions and role in inhibition.

NMR-assisted crystallography - the integrated application of solid-state NMR, X-ray crystallography, and first-principles computational chemistry - holds significant promise for mechanistic enzymology: by providing atomic-resolution characterization of stable intermediates, including hydrogen atom locations and tautomeric equilibria, NMR crystallography offers insight into structure and chemical dynamics. Here, we make use of this combined approach to characterize the tryptophan synthase α-aminoacrylate intermediate, a defining species for pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-dependent enzymes that catalyze β-elimination and replacement reactions. For this intermediate, NMR-assisted crystallography identifies the protonation states of the ionizable sites on the cofactor, substrate, and catalytic side chains, and the location and orientation of crystallographic waters within the active site. From this, a detailed three-dimensional picture of structure and reactivity emerges, highlighting the fate of the substrate L-serine hydroxyl leaving group and the reaction pathway back to the preceding transition state. Reaction of the α-aminoacrylate intermediate with benzimidazole, an isostere of the natural substrate, indole, shows benzimidazole bound in the active site and poised for, but unable to initiate, the subsequent bond formation step. Here, the chemically detailed, three-dimensional structure from NMR-assisted crystallography is key to understanding why benzimidazole does not react.

Absurdist Picture of Modernity in Dmitry Danilovʼs Plays

The article is addressed to today’s literary material – Dmitry Danilov’s plays of 2017–2020, where a three-dimensional artistic picture of modernity is created through absurdist stage situations, speech and collisions of actors. The ways of dramaturgical embodiment of topical social issues are considered, the image of the mental features of the hero-contemporary is discussed.

Augmented Reality in Surgical Navigation: A Review of Evaluation and Validation Metrics

Pre-operative imaging has been used earlier to guide traditional surgical navigation systems. There has been a lot of effort in the last decade to integrate augmented reality into the operating room to help surgeons intra-operatively. An augmented reality (AR) based navigation system provides a clear three-dimensional picture of the interested areas over the patient to aid surgical navigation and operations, which is a promising approach. The goal of this study is to review the application of AR technology in various fields of surgery and how the technology is used for its performance in each field. Assessment of the available AR assisted navigation systems being used for surgery is reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, a discussion about the required evaluation and validation metric for these systems is also presented. The paper comprehensively reviews the literature since the year 2008 for providing relevant information on applying the AR technology for training, planning and surgical navigation. It also describes the limitations which need to be addressed before one can completely rely on this technology for surgery. Thus, additional research is desirable in this emerging field, particularly to evaluate and validate the use of AR technology for surgical navigation.

Thin Films Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Electrocatalysis

Thin Films Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Electrocatalysis

An orchestrating role of mitochondria in the origin and development of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most discussed and actively researched areas in medicine, psychiatry, neurophysiology, biochemistry and rehabilitation over the last decades. Multiple causes can trigger post-traumatic stress disorder. Humans subjected to violence, participants in hostilities, victims of terrorist attacks, physical or psychological persecution, witnessing scenes of cruelty, survival of natural disasters, and more, can strongly affect both children and adults. Pathological features of post-traumatic stress disorder that are manifested at molecular, cellular and whole-organism levels must be clearly understood for successful diagnosis, management, and minimizing of long-term outcomes associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. This article summarizes existing data on different post-traumatic stress disorder causes and symptoms, as well as effects on homeostasis, genetic instability, behavior, neurohumoral balance, and personal psychic stability. In particular, we highlight a key role of mitochondria and oxidative stress development in the severity and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Excessive or prolonged exposure to traumatic factors can cause irreversible mitochondrial damage, leading to cell death. This review underlines the exceptional importance of data integration about the mechanisms and functions of the mitochondrial stress response to develop a three-dimensional picture of post-traumatic stress disorder pathophysiology and develop a comprehensive, universal, multifaceted, and effective strategy of managing or treatment post-traumatic stress disorder.