Three-dimensional Microstructures Research Articles

Orange peel derived activated carbon supported Ni–Co3O4 as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution and reduction reaction in alkaline media

This study focuses on the development of a cost-effective electrocatalyst with excellent activity and stability for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is crucial for water electrolysis and fuel cell technologies. Waste orange peel is utilized as a carbon precursor to synthesize biomass-derived activated carbon (OPAC) with a unique three-dimensional sheet-like microstructure. Subsequently, a simple hydrothermal method is employed to modify the OPAC by introducing Ni-doped Co3O4, leading to the formation of a Ni–Co3O4/OPAC hybrid. We propose the Ni–Co3O4/OPAC hybrid as a highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for both OER and ORR. Co3O4/OPAC and Co3O4 catalysts are also prepared for comparison. Remarkably, the Ni–Co3O4/OPAC hybrid exhibits significantly enhanced OER activity compared to Co3O4/OPAC and Co3O4 catalysts. It demonstrates a lower overpotential of 360 mV and a lower Tafel slope of 55.47 mV/dec, indicative of more efficient electrochemical performance. Moreover, in the ORR analysis, the Ni–Co3O4/OPAC hybrid displays a two-step pathway and achieves a higher ORR limiting current density compared to the Co3O4/OPAC and Co3O4 catalysts. These results highlight the synergistic effects of Ni and Co species, along with the unique properties of the OPAC support, which contribute to the enhanced activity, stability, and electron transfer characteristics of the Ni–Co3O4/OPAC hybrid. Furthermore, the improved electrical conductivity of the Ni–Co3O4/OPAC hybrid makes it a promising candidate for applications in metal-air batteries and other energy conversion devices. The utilization of waste orange peel as a carbon precursor and the facile synthesis method demonstrate the potential for cost-effective and sustainable electrocatalyst production. Overall, the Ni–Co3O4/OPAC hybrid represents a significant advancement in electrocatalyst design and holds promise for advancing the field of energy conversion and storage.

Reproduction of Three-Dimensional Microstructures on Inconel 718 Utilizing Laser-Textured PECM Cathodes

Abstract Pulse electrochemical machining (PECM) is an unconventional material removal process, widely applied to machine or shape difficult-to-machine materials. A new concept of reproducing three-dimensional (3D) microstructures has been developed and elaborated. Picosecond laser was utilized to produce concave or convex patterns on PECM cathodes, and pattern replication was carried out to PECM anodes. The laser achieved high machining precision and excellent surface integrity; both patterns were successfully replicated on the anodes. However, considerable deviations were found in the reproduced concave patterns on the anodes, possibly due to the rounding and widening effects.

Magnetic hydrogel scaffold based on hyaluronic acid/chitosan and gelatin natural polymers.

Owing to their native extracellular matrix-like features, magnetic hydrogels have been proven to be promising biomaterials as tissue engineering templates In the present work, magnetic hydrogels scaffold based on chitosan, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, containing Fe3O4 as magnetic nanoparticles (IONPs) were prepared. The prepared hydrogels were loaded with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride as a model drug. The magnetic hydrogel was prepared using different volumes of chitosan, 1%, gelatin, 10%, and hyaluronic acid, 1% in glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent and Fe3O4 as magnetic nanoparticles. The hydrogel scaffold and magnetic scaffold hydrogel samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The porosity, mechanical properties, swelling degree, and antibacterial activity of the hydrogel scaffold were also determined as well as the drug release profiles of the hydrogels. SEM imaging revealed that the magnetic hydrogel scaffold showed a relatively rough morphology with an irregular surface. The data obtained indicated that the hydrogel surface has three-dimensional porous microstructures and the porosity varied depending on the hydrogel formulation. The breaking load of the hydrogel scaffold increased from 1.361 Kgf to 4.98 Kgf by increasing the glutaraldehyde concentration from 0.2 mL to 0.8 mL. Swelling degree values in water were from 250 to 2000% after 24h. The antibacterial activity of the hydrogel scaffold ranged from 54% to about 97% for Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and from about 26-92% for Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). The ciprofloxacin hydrochloride loaded hydrogel has a sustained release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride over 10h. The presence of IONPs gave a faster release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride.

Machine Learning-Enhanced Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Co-Pt Microstructures via Localized Electrochemical Deposition

This paper presents a novel method for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) microstructures of cobalt–platinum (Co-Pt) permanent magnets using a localized electrochemical deposition (LECD) technique. The method involves the use of an electrolyte and a micro-nozzle to control the deposition process. However, traditional methods face significant challenges in controlling the thickness and uniformity of deposition layers, particularly in the manufacturing of magnetic materials. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a method that integrates machine learning algorithms to optimize the electrochemical deposition parameters, achieving a Co:Pt atomic ratio of 50:50. This optimized ratio is crucial for enhancing the material’s magnetic properties. The Co-Pt microstructures fabricated exhibit high coercivity and remanence magnetization comparable to those of bulk Co-Pt magnets. Our machine learning framework provides a robust approach for optimizing complex material synthesis processes, enhancing control over deposition conditions, and achieving superior material properties. This method opens up new possibilities for the fabrication of 3D microstructures with complex shapes and structures, which could be useful in a variety of applications, including micro-electromechanical systems (MEMSs), micro-robots, and data storage devices.

Transfer learning-based techniques for efficient 3D-reconstruction of functionally graded materials

The various properties and phenomena in materials significantly depend on the high-quality three-dimensional (3D) microstructure. This paper proposes a novel method for 3D reconstruction of functionally graded materials (FGMs) using transfer learning techniques to overcome the limitations of experimental 3D microscopy. The approach begins by interpolating 2D cross-sectional images of FGM microstructures through a hybrid deep learning method combining StyleGAN and Gatys techniques, generating intermediate images based on style and content. In the next step, transfer learning is applied using convolutional occupancy networks to reconstruct the 3D microstructure from the 2D image depth layers, with the model trained on point clouds obtained from 2D images. To validate the method, the reconstructed microstructures are compared to actual material images at the same depth using various metrics, including lineal path, two-point correlation, and quality of connection functions. The results show a high degree of accuracy, indicating that the reconstructed images closely match the target microstructures. Finally, to show the application of model the approach is implemented to the functionally graded lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) and 3D microstructure of this FGM has been extracted using the approach

Development of decolorization and degreasing reagents for optical clearing that enables visualization of the three-dimensional microstructure inside foods

Development of decolorization and degreasing reagents for optical clearing that enables visualization of the three-dimensional microstructure inside foods

Optimization, structural characterization, and biological applications of exopolysaccharide produced by Enterococcus faecium KT990028

The aim of this study was to select the best exopolysaccharide (EPS) producer among the Enterococcus strains to optimize, characterize, and evaluate its biological properties. Among the eleven strains, Enterococcus faecium KT990028 was selected, and the production conditions were optimized: 16.3 % (w/v) sucrose, 0.70 % (w/v) yeast extract, 8.3 % (w/v) reconstituted skimmed milk, at 38 °C in 15 h of incubation, producing 2.880 g/L of EPS. High performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) analysis revealed that the molecular weight was 166.98 kDa. HPAEC, spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analyses revealed that the EPS was a heteropolysaccharide composed of galactose (37.74 %), rhamnose (19.79 %), arabinose (17.71 %), glucose (9.50 %), fucose (7.93 %), and mannose (7.33 %). Scanning electron microscopy showed a three-dimensional microstructure in the form of decompressed plates, with wrinkles, and pores. By means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), the EPS showed an average size varying from 135.25 ± 10.56 nm and 410.60 ± 45.20 nm, as the concentration was increased from 0.5 mg/mL to 2.0 mg/mL, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed that the EPS has an amorphous and crystalline nature, while thermogravimetric analysis indicated stability up to 400 °C. The antioxidant effect (5 mg/mL) against DPPH, ABTS, OH, and O2 was 64.50 ± 0.71 %, 47.50 ± 0.10 %, 68.36 ± 0.59 %, and 44.83 ± 0.86 %, respectively. It was also able to inhibit and biofilm disruption of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 6057 and had an antimicrobial effect from 50 mg/mL for the strains of against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 6057. Cell cytotoxicity carried out using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay revealed that the EPS was safe and promoted the proliferation of Vero cells. Thus, the results indicated that the EPS from E. faecium KT990028 is a promising functional biopolymer for possible applications in the food and pharmaceutical fields.

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SURFACE PROFILE OF OPTICAL-MECHANICAL STRUCTURE WITH WHITE LIGHT INTERFERENCE BY DEEP LEARNING U-NET MODEL

This research proposes a method to accurately determine the location of the interference signal peak in white light interferometry. This improves the accuracy and resolution of the measurement, enabling precise measurement and reconstruction of three-dimensional microstructures on optical surfaces. By using a deep learning algorithm with a U-net neural network architecture to generate a predicted signal that closely matches the reference signal, combined with Fast Fourier Transform to filter noise and fit the proposed function, the exact location of the envelope signal peak is determined, providing information about the height of the point. This method can achieve an accuracy of around 0.9 nanometers at a noise level of 50 dB, which is over 40% more accurate than the traditional Fourier transform method at various noise levels. The persistent issues of the traditional Fourier transform method, such as determining the location of the interference signal peak at a signal position and the accuracy being heavily influenced by noise and the fitting signal, are effectively addressed.

Correlative X-ray micro-nanotomography with scanning electron microscopy at the Advanced Light Source.

Geological samples are inherently multi-scale. Understanding their bulk physical and chemical properties requires characterization down to the nano-scale. A powerful technique to study the three-dimensional microstructure is X-ray tomography, but it lacks information about the chemistry of samples. To develop a methodology for measuring the multi-scale 3D microstructure of geological samples, correlative X-ray micro- and nanotomography were performed on two rocks followed by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis. The study was performed in five steps: (i) micro X-ray tomography was performed on rock sample cores, (ii) samples for nanotomography were prepared using laser milling, (iii) nanotomography was performed on the milled sub-samples, (iv) samples were mounted and polished for SEM analysis and (v) SEM imaging and compositional mapping was performed on micro and nanotomography samples for complimentary information. Correlative study performed on samples of serpentine and basalt revealed multiscale 3D structures involving both solid mineral phases and pore networks. Significant differences in the volume fraction of pores and mineral phases were also observed dependent on the imaging spatial resolution employed. This highlights the necessity for the application of such a multiscale approach for the characterization of complex aggregates such as rocks. Information acquired from the chemical mapping of different phases was also helpful in segmentation of phases that did not exhibit significant contrast in X-ray imaging. Adoption of the protocol used in this study can be broadly applied to 3D imaging studies being performed at the Advanced Light Source and other user facilities.

Photoresist Development for 3D Printing of Conductive Microstructures via Two-Photon Polymerization.

The advancement of electronic devices necessitates the development of three-dimensional (3D) high-precision conductive microstructures, which have extensive applications in bio-electronic interfaces, soft robots, and electronic skins. Two-photon polymerization (TPP) based 3D printing is a critical technique that offers unparalleled fabrication resolution in 3D space for intricate conductive structures. While substantial progress has been made in this field, this review summarizes recent advances in the 3D printing of conductive microstructures via TPP, mainly focusing on the essential criteria of photoresist resins suitable for TPP. Further preparation strategies of these photoresists and methods for constructing 3D conductive microstructures via TPP are discussed. The application prospects of 3D conductive microstructures in various fields are discussed, highlighting the imperative to advance their additive manufacturing technology. Finally, strategic recommendations are offered to enhance the construction of 3D conductive microstructures using TPP, addressing prevailing challenges and fostering significant advancements in manufacturing technology.

A Model for Dry Electron Beam Etching of Resist

This paper presents a detailed physical model for a novel method of two- and three-dimensional microstructure formation: dry electron beam etching of the resist (DEBER). This method is based on the electron-beam induced thermal depolymerization of positive resist, and its advantages include high throughput and relative simplicity compared to other microstructuring techniques. However, the exact mechanism of profile formation in DEBER has been unclear until now, hindering the optimization of this technique for certain applications. The developed model takes into account the major DEBER phenomena: e-beam scattering in resist and substrate, e-beam induced main-chain scissions of resist molecules, thermal depolymerization of resist, monomer diffusion, and resist reflow. Based on the developed model, a simulation algorithm was implemented, which allowed simulation of the profile obtained in resist by DEBER. Experimental verification of the DEBER model was carried out, which demonstrated the reliability of the model and its applicability for theoretical study of this method. The ultimate DEBER characteristics were estimated by simulation. The minimum line width and the maximum profile slope that could be obtained by DEBER were approximately 300 nm and 70°, respectively.

On-Chip Droplet Splitting with High Volume Ratios Using a 3D Conical Microstructure-Based Microfluidic Device.

This work reports a simple microfluidic method for splitting a mother droplet into two daughter droplets with high and precise volume ratios. To achieve this, a droplet-splitting microfluidic device embedded with a three-dimensional (3D) conical microstructure is fabricated, in which the high splitting ratios of monodisperse mother droplets are achieved. The volume ratio of the split daughter droplets can reach up to 265. In addition, we examined factors that affect the splitting ratio of the daughter droplets and found that the ratio is affected by the flow rates of the two individual outlet channels, the injection length of the conical microstructure, and the diameter of the original mother droplets. Numerical simulations of these parameters were conducted to gain a clearer understanding of the splitting behavior. The proposed droplet splitting device with a conical microstructure enables on-chip sample extraction and droplet volume control, which can be a powerful tool for various droplet-based applications in microfluidic devices such as viral infectivity assays and sequencing heterogeneous populations.

An Electro-Chemo-Mechanic Model Resolving Delamination between Components in Complex Microstructures of Solid-State Batteries

A novel approach is presented to model delamination and recontacting at internal interfaces of three-dimensional resolved microstructures of solid-state batteries. To resolve the effect of delaminations, we incorporate the consistent enforcement of contact constraints at those interfaces using Nitsche’s method. The model incorporates charge, mass, and momentum conservation to consider electrochemistry, solid mechanics, and their interaction. After introducing and verifying the model, we examine various scenarios to quantify the effect of delaminations at the electrode-solid electrolyte interface on cell performance. The simulations show that increased mechanical stack pressure during cycling mitigates delamination tendencies at the electrode-solid electrolyte interface. Consistent with existing literature, the simulations demonstrate that delaminations increase the internal resistance and reduce the amount of transferred charge. In contrast to experimental analyses, the presented model allows quantitative and in-depth investigations of delamination effects. Furthermore, our analysis of two cell concepts—one assembled in the discharged state and another assembled in the charged state—indicates that half-cells assembled in an initial state from which the active material shrinks in volume upon first charge or discharge show a higher delamination risk at the electrode-solid electrolyte interface. The study highlights the critical relationship between solid mechanics and electrochemistry in consideration of delamination phenomena in solid-state batteries, offering valuable insights for optimizing battery design and performance.

The Lattice Strain Distribution in GexSn1-x Micro-Disks Investigated at the Sub 100-nm Scale

Experimental assessment of the strain tensor within a microstructure is challenging, especially for small mechanical deformations acting over submicron length scales. In this work, we fully characterize the spatial strain distribution within a suspended micro-disk laser made of Ge1-xSnx alloy, with fine resolution <200 nm. We employ Scanning X-ray Diffraction Microscopy, a model-free method based on synchrotron radiation, to directly obtain maps of all components of lattice strain and rotation, including the shear strains, finding them on a magnitude ~10-3. We correlate these small elastic deformations to structural defects and the relaxation of the three-dimensional microstructure, demonstrating the potential of an advanced X-ray microscopy technique for microelectronics.

Effect of hybrid lead-PVA fibers on microstructure and radiation shielding properties of high-performance concrete

With the widespread application of nuclear technology in the medical and energy fields, the demand for efficient radiation shielding materials is increasing. Employing only lead or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber reinforcement cannot achieve improvements in the brittleness of high-performance concrete (HPC) while also enhancing radiation shielding efficiency and mechanical properties. This study develops a novel HPC for radiation attenuation, incorporating magnetite as the aggregate and reinforced with hybrid lead-PVA fibers (RSHPC). The synergistic effects of various proportions of hybrid lead-PVA fibers on the mechanical properties, three-dimensional microstructure, pore structure, and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) were investigated. In addition, the radiation attenuation capacities of RSHPC with different hybrid lead-PVA fiber proportions were evaluated through experimental and simulation analysis. The results show that hybrid lead-PVA fibers notably improve the air-void structure of RSHPC. The incorporation of PVA fibers, by improving the ITZ of matrix, effectively mitigates the negative impact of lead fibers on mechanical performance. The refinement of pore structure and the introduction of light and heavy nuclides lead to a significant enhancement in the gamma-ray and neutron radiation attenuation capabilities of RSHPC. Utilizing X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) for three-dimensional reconstruction further indicates the optimization impact of hybrid lead-PVA fibers on the microstructure, notably in the improvement of pore distribution and fiber dispersion, thus enhancing the overall properties and radiation attenuation performance of RSHPC.

Spatiotemporal Characterization of Microstructure Morphology, Mechanical Properties and Bone Remodeling of Rat Tibia Under Uniaxial Compressive Overload Loading.

Bone tissue is subjected to increased mechanical stress during high-intensity work. Inadequate bone remodeling reparability can result in the continuous accumulation of microdamage, leading to stress fractures. The aim of this work was to investigate the characteristics and repair mechanisms of tibial microdamage under several degrees of overload. Also, we aimed at better understanding the effects of overload on the multi-scale structure and mechanical properties of bone. Sixty 5-month female rats were divided into three groups with different time points. Micro-CT was used to evaluate the three-dimensional microstructure, and three-point bending, quasi-static fracture toughness and creep mechanical test were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties. SEM was used to observe the morphological characteristics of fracture surfaces. Section staining was used to count the microdamage parameters and numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The microarchitectures of cancellous and cortical bones in the three overload groups showed different degrees of damage. Overload led to a messy crystal structure of cortical bone, with slender microcracks mixed in, and a large number of broken fibers of cancellous bone. The properties associated with the elastic plasticity, fracture toughness, and viscoelasticity of cortical bone reduced in three groups, with that corresponding to day 30 presenting the highest damage. The accumulation of microdamage mainly occurred in the first 14days, that is, the crack density peaked on day 14. Peak-targeted bone remodeling of cortical and cancellous bones occurred mainly between days 14 and 30. The influence of overload mechanical environment on bone quality at different time points was deeply investigated, which is of great significance for the etiology and treatment of stress fractures.

Development of in situ forming autologous fibrin scaffold incorporating synthetic teriparatide peptide for bone tissue engineering.

This study investigates the potential of an in-situ forming scaffold using a fibrin-based scaffold derived from autologous plasma combined with Synthetic Teriparatide (TP) for bone regeneration application. TP is known for its bone formation stimulation but has limited clinical use due to side effects. This autologous delivery system aims to provide precise, controlled, localized, and long-term release of TP for accelerating bone regeneration. Fibrinogen from autologous plasma was extracted using ethanol, and thrombin was precipitated with ammonium sulfate to create the fibrin scaffold. Characterization of fibrinogen was done through FTIR, SDS-Page, porosity, SEM, degradation, and rheology tests. Viability was assessed by MTT in five groups with different concentrations of TP in fibrin scaffold (50, 100, and 150 µl/ml), fibrin alone, and a control group against HEK and Wharton's jelly cells. The release profile of different concentrations of TP in the fibrin scaffold was also examined. The formation time of the fibrin scaffold was 4 ± 0.2 s. The highest Infrared absorption for fibrinogen was confirmed. Rheology assessment revealed a higher elastic modulus than the viscous modulus. The created fibrin scaffold displayed a consistent three-dimensional microstructure with an interconnected porous network. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated good biocompatibility and enhanced cell growth with different concentrations of TP in the fibrin scaffold. The TP release increased with higher concentrations, peaking at an average of 61% over 54 h. Autologous plasma-derived fibrin scaffolds incorporating TP exhibit satisfactory release within the scaffold and hold promise as a versatile bone filler for clinical use, facilitating osteoregeneration.

Effects of 3D microstructure of porous media on DNAPL migration and remediation by surface active agents in groundwater

Aquifers composed of porous granular media are important to human beings because they are capable of storing a large amount of groundwater. Contaminant migration and remediation in subsurface environments are strongly influenced by three-dimensional (3D) microstructures of porous media. In this study, fractal models are developed to investigate contaminant transport and surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) for the regular tetrahedron microstructure (RTM) and right square pyramid microstructure (RSPM). The relationships of permeability and entry pressure are derived for these two kinds of 3D microstructures of granular porous media. Afterward, the difference in perchloroethylene (PCE) migration and SEAR efficiency between RTM and RSPM is investigated by the numerical simulation based on a synthetic heterogeneous granular aquifer. Results indicate that PCE penetrates faster and spreads farther in RSPM-based aquifers compared with RTM-based aquifers. Further, SEAR in RTM-based aquifers can achieve remediation efficiencies of 66.129%–92.214% with a mean of 84.324%, which is clearly lower than the SEAR efficiency of 70.149%–94.773% (with a mean of 89.122%) in RSPM-based aquifers. Findings are significant for understanding the 3D microstructure of porous media and how the microstructure of porous media affects macroscopic contaminant behaviors and remediation.

Liquid-immersion inclined-rotated exposure system for fabricating three-dimensional microstructures with large inclination angles

Abstract This study utilized liquid-immersion inclined-rotated ultraviolet lithography to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) microstructures. The maximum achievable inclination angles obtained through conventional inclined-rotated exposure (IRE) methods were limited by the significant refractive index differences in material. We proposed an IRE with liquid-immersion and adjustable mirrors, which enabled greater inclination angles with improved adjustability. Using liquid as a medium helped minimize the refractive index disparities between materials. We fabricated polydimethylsiloxane molds for micro suction cup (MSC) array sheets to evaluate the performance of the developed liquid-immersion IRE. The resulting MSC array sheets (10 mm2) with a suction cup diameter of 500 μm, achieved inclination angles up to 51°, approximately double those obtained with the conventional IRE method. In addition, the suction force of the fabricated MSC arrays were evaluated by pulling along the vertical, horizontal, and edge directions under wet conditions. The maximum measured suction force was 0.15 N, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed liquid-immersion IRE in fabricating 3D microstructures, as demonstrated by the fabricated MSC array sheets.

Electrolyte jet tomography: Three-dimensional microstructure mapping with an electrochemical machine tool and an optical microscope

There is a general separation between the manufacturing processes that add value to materials on the factory floor and the techniques engineers use in the laboratory to evaluate the microstructures and the surface integrity that results. These techniques are often destructive or require a vacuum and are incompatible with production lines. However, this information has intrinsic value and could be exploited to inform production decisions during manufacture. In this study, a novel approach to acquire this information is presented that is underpinned by electrolyte jet machine tool coupled with optical microscopy, which can allow the extraction of both grain-wise partial orientation and morphological information, and crystallographic macro textures in three dimensions. Here, iterative sections are precisely machined into the near surface of a commercially pure titanium alloy using an electrochemical jet and subsequently imaged, allowing the reconstruction of high-fidelity microstructure models rapidly and under ambient conditions. In doing so, new insights into the specific orientation-dependent dissolution mechanisms are offered, and the acquisition of appropriate conditions that result in nanoscale roughness surfaces (avoiding the dominance of pitting and preferential grain removal) is firstly explored. Building on prior work, a piecewise approach is presented to analyse the acquired image stacks to map partial crystal orientations, while different approaches are proposed to account for jet-specific surface artefacts and waviness. This is repeated over 20 layers in an individual specimen and layer-wise orientation maps are used to construct volumetric models of the specimen. These data sets are then explored from the perspective of materials/manufacturing engineers, who may use to this information to effect advancements to materials processing technologies.