Three-dimensional Laser Scanning Research Articles

Numerical Simulation Study Considering Discontinuous Longitudinal Joints in Soft Soil under Symmetric Loading

In shield tunneling, the joint is one of the most vulnerable parts of the segmental lining. Opening of the joint reduces the overall stiffness of the ring, leading to structural damage and issues such as water leakage. Currently, the Winkler method is commonly used to calculate structural deformation, simplifying the interaction between segments and soil as radial and tangential Winkler springs. However, when introducing connection springs or reduction factors to simulate the joint stiffness of segments, the challenge lies in determining the reduction coefficient and the stiffness of the springs. Currently, the hyperstatic reflection method cannot simulate the discontinuity effect at the connection of the tunnel segments, while the state space method overlooks the nonlinear interaction between the tunnel and the soil. Therefore, this paper proposes a numerical simulation method considering the interaction between the tunnel and the soil, which is subjected to compression rather than tension, and the discontinuity of the joints between the segments. The model structure and external load are symmetrical, resulting in symmetrical calculation results. This method is based on the soft soil layers and shield tunnel structures of the Shanghai Metro, and the applicability of the model is verified through deformation calculations using three-dimensional laser scanning point clouds of sections from the Shanghai Metro Line 5. When the subgrade reaction coefficient is 5000 kN/m3, the model can effectively simulate the deformation of operational tunnels. By adjusting the bending stiffness of individual connection springs, we investigate the influence of bending stiffness reduction on the bending moment, radial displacement, and rotational displacement of the ring. The results indicate that a decrease in joint bending stiffness significantly affects the mechanical response of the ring, and the extent and degree of this influence are correlated with the joint position and the magnitude of joint bending stiffness.

Research on the Digital Preservation of Architectural Heritage Based on Virtual Reality Technology

As a representative of the scientific and technological achievements of the new era, the overall development of virtual reality (VR) technology is becoming increasingly refined, which provides new development ideas and technical support in the field of ancient building restoration and architectural heritage preservation. In this context, digital conservation and the practice of architectural heritage have become important focuses of application in the industry. This paper starts from the core concept of VR technology, analyzes the value of the application of VR technology in the protection of ancient architecture, puts forward relevant suggestions and technical application methods, and takes Red Pagoda in Fuliang County as an example. In this sense, virtual reality technology is used to restore and protect the buildings, forming a digital heritage of ancient architecture. This study first utilizes a three-dimensional laser scanning instrument to collect point cloud data, and then the plane graph is drawn by measurement. Then, an Architectural Heritage Building Information Model is created, and comprehensive information on historical buildings is integrated. Finally, VR technology is used to show the effect of digital display and preservation. This study transforms architectural cultural heritage into a shareable and renewable digital form through restoration and reproduction, interpreting and utilizing it from a new perspective and providing new ideas and methods for architectural heritage conservation.

Interlocking characteristic and its correlation with interlayer shear strength in typical double-layered asphalt systems

ABSTRACT Interlayer bonding is crucial to maintaining the structural integrity of asphalt pavement structures. Addressing a crucial research gap, this study uniquely investigated the impact of interface morphology on interlocking properties and interlayer shear strength in three typical double-layered asphalt systems: AC-13/AC-20, SMA-13/AC-20, and OGFC-13/AC-20. Through the innovative application of nondestructive separation technology and three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning, interface morphology characteristics were thoroughly analyzed. This approach enabled the detailed extraction of texture parameters, unveiling the complex relationship between interface morphology and interlayer bonding strength. Interface shear tests further assessed the difference in shear strength, revealing significant differences in texture characteristics influenced by the mineral size variance in the upper layer. This analysis led to the development of a predictive model for interlayer shear strength based on morphological characteristics, offering a new tool for approximating the shear bonding condition, despite challenges in capturing the complex interaction between interface morphology and interlocking effects. The comprehensive examination of 3D interface morphology, combined with the shear strength analysis, clarified the mechanisms of interlayer bonding in relation to interface morphology. This breakthrough provides essential insights into the role of interface morphology in bonding efficacy and represents a significant advancement in understanding of interlayer bonding mechanisms.

Improved pass-through dimensionality reduction for point cloud contour extraction

Obtaining a point cloud model that considers the overall information of large steel components as well as the local information of bolt holes is an important approach for the virtual assembly of large steel structures. A point cloud extraction method to improve the uniformity of the dimensionality reduction distribution is presented. Firstly, point cloud data characterising the overall information of a large-size component and local information of the bolt-hole group are obtained by combining vertical three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning and handheld 3D laser scanning. The point cloud is then triaxially equidistant and reduced in dimension based on improved straight-pass filtering and the corner point cloud is extracted using a planar point cloud distribution uniformity algorithm. Finally, the point cloud is restored to the same space to complete the contour extraction of the point cloud. The accuracy of the contour extraction method was verified by conducting point cloud feature extraction tests using standard components. Compared with conventional feature extraction, the method provides targeted local feature extraction for bars with a certain regularity of geometric configuration, reducing the time required for feature extraction and providing a brief database for the virtual assembly of steel joist beams.

Spatial virtual recovery design technology of ancient buildings based on 3D laser scanning technology

Due to the persistent advancements in science and technology, the implementation of digital technology in the preservation of cultural heritage is progressively expanding. One of the focal points of research lies in the spatial virtual restoration design technology of ancient edifices, which is based on three-dimensional laser scanning technology. The study initially outlines the process of obtaining point cloud data via 3D laser scanning technology and subsequently executes denoising, splicing, and simplification processing on the point cloud. Subsequently, the pre-processed data undergo 3D mesh model construction. Finally, an effective repair technique is implemented to address the void phenomenon present during the modeling process. To construct the implicit surface, the RBF method is employed and new vertices are adjusted, resulting in a more accurate spatial virtual restoration of ancient buildings (ABs). The study found that using the radial basis function based void repair method resulted in a mean void repair accuracy of 92.38% in the west wall, an improvement of 3.08% compared to the Liepa-based method. In addition, this method achieved the highest accuracy of 98.94% on the north wall, improving by 6.37% compared to the Poisson grid editing algorithm. Meanwhile, the RBF-based method repaired cavities in the west wall model with an average runtime of only 20.613 s, resulting in a 19.16 s reduction compared to the Liepa-based method. In addition, the method’s average repair time for the north wall was only 5.364 s, a decrease of 13.28 s compared to the Poisson grid editing algorithm. This shows that combining 3D laser scanning technology and cavity repair technology can acquire high-quality point cloud data of historic structures, create precise 3D models, and achieve spatial virtual restoration. This offers a new and efficient technological approach to preserving and passing down ABs.

Full-Section Deformation Monitoring of High-Altitude Fault Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Technology.

In traditional tunnel monitoring, the characteristic points of an object within a tunnel are measured to obtain information about the object. Considering the limitations of the traditional method in measuring the complex surface structure of tunnels, such as limited monitoring points, a long measurement period, and low precision, this study introduces an approach that uses three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning for monitoring tunnel cross-section deformation. Using this approach, the soft surrounding rock of a high-altitude ultralong tunnel was taken as the monitoring object. The test tunnel was first scanned using a 3D laser scanner, and the collected data were processed. The internal structural data of the tunnel were subsequently compared with its actual contour lines and the data of its primary branch and secondary lining on different dates. The results indicate that the arch roof of the tunnel tended to be stable within a certain time range when the positions of the primary branch and secondary lining were at different measuring points with different pile numbers. The deformation of the pile number on the left and right sides did not generally exceed 0.02 m, except at a few measuring points. A comparison between the actual cross section of the initial branch and that of the designed section showed that the actual elevation of the arch of the initial branch of the tunnel was greater than its designed elevation by no more than 0.3 m. Hence, through this study, a convenient and practical method is presented for monitoring deformation in complex curved tunnel structures.

A Coal Mine Tunnel Deformation Detection Method Using Point Cloud Data.

In recent years, the deformation detection technology for underground tunnels has played a crucial role in coal mine safety management. Currently, traditional methods such as the cross method and those employing the roof abscission layer monitoring instrument are primarily used for tunnel deformation detection in coal mines. With the advancement of photogrammetric methods, three-dimensional laser scanners have gradually become the primary method for deformation detection of coal mine tunnels. However, due to the high-risk confined spaces and distant distribution of coal mine tunnels, stationary three-dimensional laser scanning technology requires a significant amount of labor and time, posing certain operational risks. Currently, mobile laser scanning has become a popular method for coal mine tunnel deformation detection. This paper proposes a method for detecting point cloud deformation of underground coal mine tunnels based on a handheld three-dimensional laser scanner. This method utilizes SLAM laser radar to obtain complete point cloud information of the entire tunnel, while projecting the three-dimensional point cloud onto different planes to obtain the coordinates of the tunnel centerline. By using the calculated tunnel centerline, the three-dimensional point cloud data collected at different times are matched to the same coordinate system, and then the tunnel deformation parameters are analyzed separately from the global and cross-sectional perspectives. Through on-site collection of tunnel data, this paper verifies the feasibility of the algorithm and compares it with other centerline fitting and point cloud registration algorithms, demonstrating higher accuracy and meeting practical needs.

Modelling and protection of grotto temples based on iterative closest point and Poisson

As a non-renewable cultural heritage, grotto temples face many value threats and the crises of rapid extinction. Due to the unique environment, diverse volume and complex geometric structure of grotto temples, cultural relic protection faces huge challenges. Digitisation has become the most important and effective preventive protection method. This study proposes a comprehensive modeling method, which uses three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning technology to obtain the point cloud data of grotto ruins, close range photogrammetry to obtain multi-angle and high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) image data, and through the fusion modelling of the laser point cloud and image dense matching point cloud, a complete geometric model of grotto is obtained. The registration method of the improved algorithm is based on Euclidean distance residual. The performance is better, with residuals mainly distributed in the range of 0.02 to 0.03 mm. In terms of texture mapping, the accuracy of model mapping is adjusted by adjusting the constraints of control points. The gray values of 50 pixels around the control points show significant gradient changes in the X direction, while the changes in the Y direction are relatively small. These methods and technologies provide practical and effective means for the protection and preservation of cultural relics in grotto temples.

Visual reconstruction method of architectural space under laser point cloud big data

In order to solve the problem that the reconstruction accuracy and integrity are affected due to the large amount of point cloud data in the process of building space reconstruction, the visual reconstruction method of building space under laser point cloud big data is studied. The three-dimensional laser scanner is used to collect the laser point cloud big data in the building space, and the laser point cloud big data is organized and processed through three steps: hierarchical calculation of the point cloud pyramid, thinning treatment and block treatment. From the processing results of laser point cloud big data, the line features of building space are extracted based on the improved Mean-shift method, and the continuous broken lines in the point cloud data of building space are extracted by using the double radius threshold line tracing method. According to the feature extraction results of point cloud data in building space, the visual reconstruction of building space is completed through the process of translation matching and space matching. The experimental results show that this method can realize the visual reconstruction of architectural space, and the average reconstruction accuracy is higher than that of 97 %, and the reconstruction completion and smoothness are higher than 95 %.

Non-destructive monitoring and prediction of fouling by organic matters and residual anionic coagulant during membrane process

Physical fouling characteristics on silicon carbide (SiC) membranes induced by various organic matter compounds vary depending on the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+). Both destructive techniques (morphological surface analysis) and non-destructive techniques (fouling properties monitoring) were used to determine the fouling mechanisms and behavior during the membrane filtration systems. Destructive analysis and a modified Hermia model were employed to assess the fouling mechanisms. Fouling behavior was also analyzed through non-destructive monitoring techniques including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and three-dimensional laser scanning confocal microscopy (3D-LSM). At concentrations of 10, 30, and 100 mg/L without Ca2+, the flux decreased by 57–95% for humic acid (HA) and anionic polyacrylamide (APAM). APAM exhibited a notable removal rate of up to 56% without Ca2+. At concentration of 10, 30, and 100 mg/L in the absence of Ca2+, the flux decreased by 6–8% for sodium alginate (SA). However, the addition of Ca2+ led to a reduction in the flux for SA by up to 91% and resulted in a removal rate of 40%. Furthermore, addition of Ca2+ led to an alteration of the fouling characteristics of HA and SA. In the case of HA, higher concentrations resulted in elevated thickness and roughness with correlation coefficients of 0.991 and 0.992, respectively. For SA, increased SA concentration led to a thicker (correlation coefficient of 0.999) but smoother surfaces (correlation coefficients of 0.502). Monitoring of these physical characteristics of the fouling layer through non-destructive analysis is crucial for effective fouling management, optimization of the system performance and extending the lifespan of the membrane. By continuously assessing the fouling layer thickness and surface roughness, we expect to be able to provide insights on the fouling behavior, identify trends, that can help scientists and engineers to make informed decisions regarding fouling control strategies in future.

Transmission line tower inclination measurement method based on three-dimensional laser scanning and inter frame difference

Abstract The purpose of this study is to propose a method based on three-dimensional laser scanning and frame difference technology to measure the inclination of transmission line towers, so as to realize accurate monitoring of transmission line structure. Firstly, the multi-scale Retinex algorithm is used to enhance and preprocess the transmission line tower image to improve the image quality. Secondly, the method of frame difference and background difference is combined to detect and identify the inclined tower. Finally, the point cloud data of inclined tower is obtained by using three-dimensional laser scanning technology, and the inclination of transmission line tower is calculated by coordinates. The experimental results show that this method has high accuracy and reliability, with an error of less than 0.15 × 10−5 and an inclination of less than 0.17°. It is proved that this method can improve the monitoring efficiency of transmission lines, has good effects in engineering practice, and can provide effective means for the safe operation of transmission line structures.

Corrosion characteristics and evaluation of galvanized high-strength steel wire for bridge cables based on 3D laser scanning and image recognition

The study investigates the corrosion behavior of galvanized high-strength steel wire, which significantly affects the bearing capacity and residual fatigue life of cables in cable-supported bridges. Through standardized salt spray accelerated corrosion tests, steel wires with varying corrosion degrees are obtained. Three-dimensional laser scanning technology reconstructs the corroded wire surface, while image recognition techniques extract geometric characteristics of corrosion pits. Fitting expressions are established to correlate the minimum cross-sectional area, maximum pit depth and dip angle, and mass loss ratio of the wire. Statistical analysis reveals log-normal distributions for the lengths of major and minor axes of corrosion pits over time. Fitting curves for elongation after fracture, nominal yield strength, and nominal ultimate strength, along with elastic modulus distribution, are derived for different mass loss ratios. Comparing corrosion grading criteria, the study quantitatively describes corrosion characteristic parameters for distinct corrosion grades. These insights enhance understanding of corrosion behavior and mechanical property degradation in high-strength steel wires, offering a quantitative framework for assessing and classifying corrosion extent based on measurable parameters.

Relationship between topographic parameters and BRDF for tungsten surfaces in the visible spectrum

In metallic fusion devices, parasitic light originating from multiple reflections on the wall is a major problem for the interpretation of optical diagnostics. Strong stray light affects several optical diagnostics in ITER. One possibility to cope with this reflected light is to use photonic simulation, which can accurately predict the behavior of light within complex 3D geometry. A prerequisite is to get a good description of the reflection model, represented by the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF), based on optical measurements of in-vessel materials. To avoid complicated measurements using goniophotometer to get the BRDF, one possibility is to link surface optical properties and topography characteristics, such as roughness measurements, for example, using the classical Bennett’s formula. Measurements were performed using two experimental goniophotometers to fully characterize the BRDF of tungsten samples with different roughness values. Surface topography was measured using a three-dimensional laser scanning confocal microscope. Several parameters were extracted from these measurements including the arithmetic average roughness (Ra), the root mean square roughness (RMS), the Surface Inclination Angle Distribution and furthermore its mean value δm and the power spectral density (PSD). The correlations of BRDF model parameters deduced from the measurements are compared with the previous topographic parameters. The initial results on several tungsten samples show that Ra, which is the usual measure of surface roughness, is not the most suitable metric to link with the reflection behavior of the surface. In contrast, the PSD and the surface inclination angle are interesting metrics for describing the reflected light.

Three-Dimensional Point Cloud Denoising for Tunnel Data by Combining Intensity and Geometry Information

At present, three-dimensional laser scanners are used to scan subway shield tunnels and generate point cloud data as the basis for extracting a variety of information about tunnel defects. However, there are obstacles in the tunnel such as pipelines, tracks, and signaling systems that cause noise in the point cloud. Usually, the data of the tunnel point cloud are huge, and the efficiency of artificial denoising is low. Faced with this problem, based on the respective characteristics of the geometric shape and reflection intensity of the tunnel point cloud and their correlation, this paper proposes a tunnel point cloud denoising method. The method includes the following three parts: reflection intensity threshold denoising, joint shape and reflection intensity denoising, and shape denoising. Through the experiment on the single-ring segment point cloud of a shield tunnel, the method proposed in this paper takes 2 min to remove 99.77% of the noise in the point cloud. Compared with manual denoising, the method proposed in this paper takes two fifteenths of the time to achieve the same denoising effect. The method proposed in this paper meets the requirements of a tunnel point cloud data survey. Thus, it provides support for the efficient, accurate, and automatic daily maintenance and surveys of tunnels.

Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in the UK: carbon storage potential and growth rates.

Giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum) are some of the UK's largest trees, despite only being introduced in the mid-nineteenth century. There are an estimated half a million giant sequoias and closely related coastal redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) in the UK. Given the recent interest in planting more trees, partly due to their carbon sequestration potential and also their undoubted public appeal, an understanding of their growth capability is important. However, little is known about their growth and carbon uptake under UK conditions. Here, we focus on S. giganteum and use three-dimensional terrestrial laser scanning to perform detailed structural measurements of 97 individuals at three sites covering a range of different conditions, to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) and annual biomass accumulation rates. We show that UK-grown S. giganteum can sequester carbon at a rate of 85 kg yr-1, varying with climate, management and age. We develop new UK-specific allometric models for S. giganteum that fit the observed AGB with r 2 > 0.93 and bias < 2% and can be used to estimate S. giganteum biomass more generally. This study provides the first estimate of the growth and carbon sequestration of UK open-grown S. giganteum and provides a baseline for estimating their longer-term carbon sequestration capacity.

Research on Key Technologies for Container Ship Loading Test Based on 3D Laser Scanning

_ Traditional accuracy check methods for cargo hold in container ships rely solely on manual and visual operations, which are time-consuming and resource-intensive. Addressing the challenge of extracting and analyzing key data, such as cell guides and container pedestals, from large-scale point clouds obtained through three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning in container ship trial runs, this paper proposes an algorithmic framework based on 3D laser scanning. Building upon this framework, an improved coordinate-axis filtering RANSAC algorithm is employed to optimize the extraction of cell guide planes. Additionally, an algorithmic process based on Bhattacharyya distance is utilized to automatically extract container pedestal point clouds. Furthermore, a combination of the genetic algorithm and the ICP algorithm is proposed to achieve the fitting of the container pedestal edge contour through point cloud registration. Experimental results demonstrate the consistency between the extracted cell guide and container pedestal data and the actual results, indicating the high practical value of the proposed methodology. Keywords container ship loading test; cargo hold accuracy check; 3D point cloud processing

Digital Fracture Surface Morphology and Statistical Characteristics of Granite Brazilian Tests after Non-Steady-State Thermal Disturbance

With the widespread advent of digital technologies, traditional perspectives in rock mechanics research are poised for further expansion. This paper presents a Brazilian test conducted on granite after non-steady-state thermal disturbance at 25 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C, with detailed documentation of the damage process and failure response using an acoustic emission (AE) apparatus and a digital image correlation (DIC) system. Subsequently, utilizing point cloud data captured by a three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning system, a digital reconstruction of the failed specimen’s fracture surface was accomplished. The 3D fractal characteristics and roughness response of the digitized fracture surface were studied using the box-counting method and least squares approach. Furthermore, texture information of the digitized fracture surface was calculated using the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), and statistical characteristics describing the elevation distribution were analyzed. The results elucidate the influence of thermal disturbance temperature on the mechanical parameters of the specimen, acoustic emission behavior, surface strain field evolution, and digital fracture morphology characteristics. The findings indicate a non-linear degradation effect of temperature on the specimen’s tensile strength, with a reduction reaching 80.95% at 600 °C, where acoustic emission activity also peaked. The rising thermal disturbance temperature inhibited the crack initiation load at the specimen’s center but expanded the high-strain concentration areas and the growth rate of horizontal displacement. Additionally, varying degrees of linear or non-linear relationships were discovered between thermal disturbance temperature and the 3D fractal dimension of the fracture surface, average roughness (Ra), peak roughness (Rz), and root mean square roughness (Rq), confirming the potential of Rsm in predicting the 3D fractal dimension of Brazilian test fracture surfaces. The study of the GLCM of the digitized 3D fracture surface demonstrated a high dependency of its four second-order statistical measures on thermal disturbance temperature. Finally, the statistical parameters of the fracture surface’s elevation values showed a significant non-linear relationship with thermal disturbance temperature, with a critical temperature point likely existing between 400 and 600 °C that could precipitate a sudden change in the fracture surface’s elevation characteristics.

Spatial Distribution and Relationship between Slope Micro-Topography Changes and Soil Aggregate Stability under Rainfall Conditions

Natural rainfall affects the stability of soil aggregates by the kinetic energy of the rain changing the morphological characteristics of slope micro-topographic factors. Although the relationship between the stability of soil aggregates and micro-topography is not very significant at the slope scale, there are also rules to be found. This study aims to explore the relationship between slope micro-topography and aggregate stability, and to observe the spatial distribution of aggregate stability after water erosion. In this study, a digital elevation model of slope micro-topography was established by using a three-dimensional laser scanner to observe the slope erosion changes after rainfall events and clarify the spatial changes of soil aggregate stability and its relationship with slope micro-topography by combining geostatistics and generalized additive model (GAM). The results showed that the area of serious water erosion in the lower part of the slope accounted for 38.67% of the slope, and the micro-topography index of the slope changed obviously after rainfall, with the slope increasing by 3.1%, the surface roughness increasing by 5.34%, the surface cutting degree increasing by 26.67%, and the plane curvature decreasing by 61.7%. In addition, the GAM model was used to fit the multivariate variables. The results revealed that the slope and surface roughness were the key factors affecting the stability of water-stable aggregate. The slope and surface roughness were negatively correlated with the stability of water-stable aggregates.

ACCURATE 3D MODEL OF VENICE: PRESERVING HISTORICAL DATA AND INTRODUCING SLAM IMMS FOR CHANGE DETECTION AND UPDATING PROCEDURES

Abstract. The Municipality of Venice, through Insula srl (Insula, 2024), started the RAMSES (Rilievo Altimetrico, Modellazione Spaziale E Scansione 3D) project in 2005 with the unprecedented intention of conducting a static laser scanner survey of an entire city. The authors of this paper, who have been involved in the project on behalf of the client, including drafting general contract technical specifications, wished to revisit the survey’s findings nearly two decades later. This contribution illustrates the procedures implemented to guarantee the future accessibility of the surveyed data. It is interesting to highlight how the detailed technical specifications outlined in the general technical contract section have facilitated the retrieval of the historical three-dimensional laser scanner measurements archive. Tests have been conducted to determine how the existing mobile mapping technologies may be utilised to update the three-dimensional historical data obtained in the Ramses project efficiently. Furthermore, the paper describes the surveying approach that has never been adequately described in the literature. The surveying and geo-referencing methodologies continue to have several interesting and relevant aspects, especially regarding how the topographic network has been implemented. The Ramses three-dimensional model represents an extraordinary, valuable digital archive containing portraits of the city’s conditions at the time of the mapping. Ramses 3D model, when enriched with field activities conducted using more updated technologies, can provide interesting and unique evaluations of the evolution of Venice’s landscape.

Three-dimensional laser scanning for structure documentation and construction management: A case study of renovation and rebuilt of metro tunnels

The dynamic development of modern technologies allows the construction of devices that change the current approach to the design and inventory of buildings. The Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) of large-scale objects improves the existing state’s documentation and the building reconstruction design phase, especially in the interdisciplinary Architecture, Engineering, and Construction sector(AEC) approach. Understanding these applications’ wide range of technical requirements and considerations is crucial in projects. This research aims to investigate the validity and quality of using TLS for the structural expertise of a metro tunnel. The analysis exploits and focuses on laser scanning technology applications for testing the analysis accuracy of monolithic concrete walls in a building of extended length. The study results indicate that the technological advancement inBuilding Information Modelling (BIM) presents extraordinary opportunities for AEC professionals to use laser scanning in a holistic, collaborative workflow based on 3D model-based design and data quality.