Three-dimensional Interconnected Porous Carbon Research Articles

Novel Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Porous Carbon Probe for the Discovery of N-Glycan Biomarkers and Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma Detection.

Due to the highly heterogeneous nature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the accurate diagnosis of HCC during the early phase of development is still a challenging task. Therefore, the further development of novel diagnostic methods by discovering new biomarkers is required to improve the rate of HCC diagnosis in the early phase. In this work, an oxygen-modified three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon probe is designed and fabricated to profile the differences of N-glycans in human serum from health controls (H) and patients with hepatic dysfunction (HD) and HCC for the discovery of new biomarkers with HCC development. Excitingly, we discovered that the expression levels of 12 serum N-glycans were gradually increased from H to patients with HD and eventually to patients with HCC. Moreover, two machine learning models established based on these 12 serum N-glycans reached a satisfactory accuracy for predicting HCC development where the receiver operating characteristic curve arrived above 0.95 for distinguishing healthy controls and patients with liver diseases (HD or HCC) and the ROC curve arrived at 0.85 for distinguishing HD and HCC. Our work not only developed a new method for the large-scale characterization of serum N-glycans but also provided valuable guidance for accurate and highly sensitive diagnosis of early liver cancer development in a non-invasive manner.

Facile synthesis of three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon for high performance supercapacitor

Facile synthesis of three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon for high performance supercapacitor

Biowaste-derived oxygen-self-doped three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon for electrochemical supercapacitor applications

ABSTRACT Biowaste for producing a biomaterial is an inexpensive, profuse, widely available, and viable natural source and has been extensively investigated and applied in a wide range of research fields. In this work, jackfruit leaf waste as a biowaste source was utilized to prepare a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected porous carbon framework self-doped with oxygen by KOH impregnation, carbonization, and activation under a CO2 atmosphere. The as-prepared porous carbon has a 3D interconnected porous framework with a rich oxygen content of 36.82%, and high BET surface area of 455.687 m2 g−1 with a pore volume of 0.522 cm3 g−1. The 3D interconnected porous framework exhibits a high specific capacitance of 199 F g−1 with a maximum energy density of 27.64 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 99.60 W kg−1 at a sweep rate of 1 mV s−1 in a two-electrode setup. The correlation between structure and great performance of electrode materials is deeply studied. The great capacitive performance of porous carbon materials can be assigned to its 3D interconnected porous framework, high specific surface area, suitable pore size distributions, and advantageous heteroatom-doping, resulting in the rapid ion diffusion and sufficient charge storage along with the contributed pseudocapacitance behavior. Hence, the exciting results reveal an efficient, cost-effective, time-saving, and facile method to prepare 3D interconnected porous carbon frameworks self-doped with oxygen derived from natural biowaste sources for developing supercapacitor devices.

Nitrogen and Sulfur Codoped Porous Carbon Directly Derived from Potassium Citrate and Thiourea for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

By introducing a heteroatom into carbon material, an effective improvement in capacitance can be realized owing to surface oxidation and reduction reactions of pseudocapacitors. Herein, a simple one-pot carbonization activation method was proposed to convert potassium citrate into three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon (PC). Then, an effective double heteroatom doping method by thiourea was used to prepare nitrogen-sulfur-doped PC (N,S-PC). This porous structure facilitates the storage of a large number of ions and reduces their diffusion path. The synthesized N,S-PC nanomaterial has a capacitance of 674 F/g at 1 A/g in a 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte, can retain 94.41% of the initial capacitance after 10 000 cycles at 5 A/g, and has a long cycle life. More importantly, a symmetric supercapacitor assembled with this material can exhibit an energy density of up to 32.6 (W·h)/kg at a high-power density of 750 W/kg. This is due to the high performance of N,S-PC in supercapacitor electrode materials.

Three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon nanoflakes with improved electron transfer and ion storage for lithium-ion batteries

Graphite anode has been commercially applied to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs); however, its low theoretical specific capacity (372 mAh g−1) cannot meet the ever-increasing energy storage requirements with high energy/power densities. Therefore, exploring novel carbon anode with high capacity, high-rate properties, easy accessibility, and environmental benignity is urgent and indispensable. Herein, three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon nanoflakes (3DPCNs) are successfully constructed by a chemical blowing strategy followed by a washing process. The resulting 3DPCN has numerous ions/electrons fast transfer pathways, expanded interlayer spacing, high specific surface area (189.5 m2 g−1). All of which are more favorable for improving reaction kinetics and maintaining structural integrity. Based on this, the optimized 3DPCN electrode delivers an excellent electrochemical performance, including high capacity (802.6 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1), rate capability (581 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 2000 mA g−1), and long-cycle stability. The synthesis strategy presented in this work is expected to promote the development of carbon anodes for high-performance LIBs.

Simultaneous determination of paracetamol and Dopamine, and detection of bisphenol a using Three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon functionalized with ionic liquid

Three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon (3DIPC) materials were successfully prepared by a simple one-step pyrolysis reaction from sodium citrate. Then, the 3DIPC was combined with 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium tertrafluoroborate [(VEIM)BF 4 ] and ultrasonicated to form 3DIPC-ionic liquid (3DIPC-IL). The 3DIPC-IL modified glassy carbon electrode (3DIPC-IL/CS/GCE) displayed good electrocatalytic activity toward paracetamol (PA), dopamine (DA), and bisphenol A (BPA). • Three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon (3DIPC) materials were successfully prepared firstly and then combined with 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium tertrafluoroborate [(VEIM)BF 4 ] to form 3DIPC-ionic-liquid (3DIPC-IL). • The fabricated 3DIPC-IL chitosan coated glassy carbon modified electrode (3DIPC-IL/CS/GCE) displayed good electrocatalytic activity toward paracetamol (PA), dopamine (DA), and bisphenol A (BPA). • The modified electrode possesses good selectivity to PA and DA, and can be used to simultaneous determination of PA and DA. • The electrochemical sensor exhibits high sensitivity, good stability, and good selectivity for the determination of PA and DA, BPA. In this work, three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon (3DIPC) materials were successfully prepared by a simple one-step pyrolysis reaction from sodium citrate. Then, the 3DIPC was combined with 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium tertrafluoroborate [(VEIM)BF 4 ] and ultrasonicated to form 3DIPC-ionic liquid (3DIPC-IL). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to determine the structure and morphology of the 3DIPC and 3DIPC-IL. The fabricated 3DIPC-IL chitosan coated glassy carbon modified electrode (3DIPC-IL/CS/GCE) displayed good electrocatalytic activity toward paracetamol (PA), dopamine (DA), and bisphenol A (BPA). Using this technique, PA and DA can be detected simultaneously and BPA can be detected as well. Under ideal conditions, the sensor displays two linear ranges of 1.0 to 200 μM and 200 to 700 μM for PA and of 1.0 to 100 μM and 100 to 500 μM for DA. In addition, a linear range of 2.0 to 100.0 μM was established for BPA. The detection limits of PA, DA, and BPA were determined to be 0.58 μM, 0.13 μM, and 0.028 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. The 3DIPC-IL/CS/GCE also exhibits high sensitivity, good stability, and good selectivity for the determination of PA, DA, and BPA.

A novel Si/Ag@PM@MIL-100 porous double-shell anode materials prepared by in-situ growth with MOF coatings

In order to improve the electrochemical performance of Si-based anode materials, a marvelous Si-based anode material was prepared with double-shell structure (Si/Ag@PM@MIL-100). The double-shell structure achieved a dual functions of the inner shell and the outer shell. The outer shell MIL-100 can promote the formation of a stable SEI film and enhance the synergistic effect of Si/Ag@PM. The three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon nanosheets and MWCNTs (PM) network of the inner shell can accommodated the volume expansion of Si during charge and discharge. It also effectively alleviated the press and prevented the pulverization of the Si particles. The structure also suppressed the aggregation of the nano-Ag particles. Nano-Ag and PM can improve the electrical conductivity of electrodes. The porous outer shell layer was obtained by HCl to dissolve iron oxide of the outer shell. The double-shell structure particles contained a large number of pores and interconnected channel. The structure is beneficial to the storage and rapid transportation of lithium ions. The high conductivity improved the conduction of electrons. The initial coulombic efficiency of the Si/Ag@PM@MIL-100 electrode reached 80.4% and maintained a specific discharge capacity of 615 mAh/g at a current density of 1 A/g with a capacity retention ratio of 62.9% after 500 cycles.

Improving the electrochemical performance of Si-based anodes by co-compositing LiF and double carbon layer composed of graphite and three-dimensional PM

In order to improve the electrochemical performance of Si-based electrodes, Nano Si, lithium fluoride (LiF) and graphite (G) were combined with three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon nanosheets network embedded with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PM). MWCNTs provide a good conductive path that promotes electron transport and maintains structural integrity. The three-dimensional interconnect structure of PM facilitates rapid electrical/ion transport and good electrolyte penetration. The intercalation of nano-Si in layered porous matrix effectively alleviated the serious volume expansion of Si during discharge/charge and prevent the pulverization of Si particles. The addition of LiF can compensated for the L+ consume in the formation of the SEI layers and enhanced the stability of SEI membrane. The electrochemical tests shown that the initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of the SPM/G/7.5%LiF (SPMG-7.5%LiF) electrode reached approximately 75.2%. The capacity of the SPMG-7.5% LiF electrode hold 1057 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles with a coulombic efficiency (CE) of about 100%. The SPMG electrode exhibited a good rate performance and cycle performance.

Facile synthesis of three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon derived from potassium alginate for high performance supercapacitor

Porous carbon obtained by the conventional two-step way (chemical activation after carbonization) is confronted with the problems of long time-consuming, high cost and undeveloped macropore structure. Herein, for the first time, we report a facile and scalable way for the construction of three-dimensional (3D) interconnected porous carbons (IPC) originated from potassium alginate by a self-activation process. Owing to the high surface area, 3D interconnected ion diffusion channel and massive oxygen functional groups, the optimized IPC-800 electrode displays a high specific capacity of 279 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, superior rate capability (200 F g−1 at 50 A g−1) and excellent electrochemical stability with 96.6% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, the assembled IPC-800//IPC-800 symmetric supercapacitor shows an energy density of 16.9 Wh kg−1 and good electrochemical stability in 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. These exciting results indicate a facile, economical and scalable method for the synthesis of porous carbon materials for high performance supercapacitors.

Few-layered MoS2 vertically aligned on 3D interconnected porous carbon nanosheets for hydrogen evolution

MoS2 has been considered as a non-precious alternative to platinum based electrocatalyst for electrochemical hydrogen evolution. Since most of the active site exists on the edges of MoS2, a material design that could increase the exposure of the edges could improve its catalytic activity. In this work, we prepared small sized and few-layered MoS2 that is vertically aligned on three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon nanosheets (IPC). Benefiting from exposure of MoS2 edges, MoS2/IPC composite exhibits a high catalytic activity (225 mA cm−2 at −250 mV vs. RHE, and Tafel slope of 38 mV dec−1) and maintains steady performance for several hours. Since the procedure to prepare MoS2/IPC composites is scalable and cost-effective, our method of preparing few-layered MoS2 on porous carbon shows great potential as a competitive electrocatalysts for HER.

A novel way to synthesize nitrogen doped porous carbon materials with high rate performance and energy density for supercapacitors

We report a novel, facile method for the synthesis of nitrogen doped porous carbon with three-dimensional interconnected porous framework by one-step pyrolysis of the mixture of agar, potassium citrate and urea. The optimized material possesses large specific surface area, interconnected porous framework and massive heteroatom functional groups. As an electrode material, it delivers a high specific capacity of 357 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, good rate performance (267 F g−1 at 50 A g−1) and good electrochemical stabilization (95.6% initial capacitance retained after 10,000 cycles) in 6 M KOH solution. Moreover, the as-prepared symmetric supercapacitor based on the NPC electrodes shows an energy density of 24.1 Wh Kg−1 between the voltage ranges of 0–1.8 V in 1 M Na2SO4 solution, comparable with most of reported carbon-based symmetric supercapacitors. More immortally, even at a high power density of 12.5 kW kg−1, it still remains an energy density of 12.5 Wh kg−1. Therefore, this paper provides a facile, sustainable method for the synthesis of heteroatom doped three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon materials for high performance supercapacitors.

A high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor designed with a three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon framework and sphere-like nickel nitride nanosheets

The novel asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled based on a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected porous carbon framework as the negative electrode and 3D sphere-like nickel nitride nanosheets as the positive electrode in aqueous electrolyte.

Biomass-derived hierarchically porous carbon skeletons with in situ decorated IrCo nanoparticles as high-performance cathode catalysts for Li–O2 batteries

Green biomass derived three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon skeletons with in situ decorated IrCo nanoparticles were fabricated for high-performance Li–O2 batteries.

One-step synthesis of three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon and their modified electrode for simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol

Sodium citrate-derived three-dimensional (3D) interconnected porous carbon (3DIPC) material is successfully synthesized through an easy and one-step pyrolysis reaction without templates and substrates. The structural characterization reveals that the 3DIPC materials are formed by ultrathin nanosheets with porous structure. The thickness of the nanosheets is about 1.5 nm. Moreover, the nanosheets of 3DIPC material are nonoverlapping interconnected and connect to each other to form a complicated 3D framework, which finally form a carbon foam. Such unique structure made 3DIPC material has considerable practical application prospect. To demonstrate its potential application, it was used as an electrode material for simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CA). Under the optimal condition, very low detection limits (2.1 × 10−8 M for HQ and 3.7 × 10−8 M for CA) and high sensitivities were achieved.

Three-dimensional porous carbon aerogels from sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite for high-performance supercapacitors

Three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon aerogels were successfully prepared by the pyrolysis of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite using borax as a cross-linking agent. After sol–gel, freeze-drying, carbonization and KOH-activation treatments, the as-obtained carbon aerogels exhibited high specific surface areas (SSAs) and excellent electrochemical performance. The optimal sample showed a high SSA of up to 601.4 m2/g with a total pore volume of 0.38 cm3/g. The aCA-3 sample exhibited an excellent capacitance of 182.8 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g, within a potential window of − 1.0 to 0.0 V in a 6 M KOH electrolyte solution. In addition, the aCA-3 electrode showed excellent cyclability with 96.2% capacitance retention efficiency at 2 A/g current density after 2000 cycles of charge/discharge. These easily prepared, well-structured and high-performance carbon aerogels have significant potential applications in advanced electronic devices and energy storage systems.

Lotus root-like porous carbon nanofiber anchored with CoP nanoparticles as all-pH hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts

The development of highly active and cost-effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts is of vital importance to addressing global energy issues. Here, a three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon nanofiber (PCNF) membrane has been developed and utilized as a support for active cobalt phosphide (CoP) nanoparticles. This rationally designed self-supported HER catalyst has a lotus root-like multichannel structure, which provides several intrinsic advantages over conventional CNFs. The longitudinal channels can store the electrolyte and ensure fast ion and mass transport within the catalysts. Additionally, mesopores on the outer and inner carbon walls enhance ion and mass migration of the electrolyte to HER active CoP nanoparticles, thus shortening the ion transport distance and increasing the contact area between the electrolyte and the CoP nanoparticles. Moreover, the conductive carbon substrate provides fast electron transfer pathways by forming an integrated conductive network, which further ensures fast HER kinetics. As a result, the CoP/PCNF composites exhibit low onset-potentials (−20, −91, and −84 mV in 0.5 M H2SO4, 1 M PBS, and 1 M KOH, respectively). These findings show that CoP/PCNF composites are promising self-supporting and high-performance all-pH range HER catalysts.

From Trash to Treasure: Direct Transformation of Onion Husks into Three-Dimensional Interconnected Porous Carbon Frameworks for High-Performance Supercapacitors in Organic Electrolyte

Onion husks (Allium cepa L.), an abundant biomass, has been tentatively explored as a renewable carbon source to prepare value-added three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon frameworks (OHCFs) by means of direct carbonization & activation process, and the synthetic procedure is quite simple as easy to be scaled up for industrial applications. The two-electrode symmetric supercapacitor based on the OHCF-2 sample (synthesized from 2MK2CO3 solution) exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with large specific capacitance (up to 188F/g at 1A/g), good cycling stability (92.5% capacity retention after 2000 cycles), small IR drop (0.48V at 30A/g), outstanding rate capability (74.9% from 1A/g to 30A/g), and unusually high energy densities of 35.4-47.6 Wh/kg at power densities of 675–20250W/kg in organic electrolyte. This facile, efficient and template-free synthesis strategy holds great promise for preparing novel porous carbons from renewable biomass resources for application in state-of-art energy storage devices.