Three-dimensional Image Display Research Articles

Response of 2-Hydroxymethyl Methacrylate Polymer Gel Dosimeter with Maltose Additive for Radiation within Diagnostic X-Ray Energies

The use of polymer gel dosimeters (PGD) in x-ray radiography has not yet been confirmed. However, if it could be applied, it could help to improve patient dosimetry, dose optimization, and quality assurance through its three-dimensional (3D) image display. This research aimed to evaluate the response of a 2-hydroxymethyl methacrylate (HEMA) polymer gel dosimeter at lower energies for possible use in diagnostic x-ray radiography and to determine the effect of maltose concentrations on the sensitivity. The dosimeter was made under normoxic conditions using Gelatin, HEMA, N, N’- Methylene – bis – acrylamide (BIS), Ascorbic Acid, deionized water, and maltose of various concentrations (10 – 50 mM). The PGDs were then irradiated using a conventional x-ray machine with exposure settings ranging from 10-200 mA, 40-100 kV, and s = 1 s. Afterward, the irradiated dosimeters were scanned using UV-spectroscopy. The result showed that the dosimeters responded to low-energy x-rays, and the effect of the maltose concentration within the tested range was not linear with the sensitivity. We concluded that the HEMA polymer gel dosimeter could be used for clinical x-ray dosimetry, but further research on the effect of maltose concentrations on the sensitivity is needed.

BUKU POP UP DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA SEBAGAI SARANA MEDIA PENGEMBANGAN LITERASI ANAK USIA DINI BAGI GURU PAUD DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

A pop up book is a book with an embossed, two-dimensional or three-dimensional image display. Pop-up books can be used as a learning medium to develop literacy in early childhood. Based on a survey of 103 ECCE teachers in Banyumas District, data related to teachers' responses to the use of pop-up books was obtained. The data showed that respondents had an understanding that literacy recognition could be conveyed to learners through pop-up books. The basis for consideration of using pop up books can be used as a learning medium, because pop up books:(1) can be used to show the ability to recognize several symbols and signs including language (35%), (2) able to communicate learning messages with more concrete thoughts/ideas (65%). Respondents stated that pop up books can be used in learning activities, because pop up books can serve to support literacy: 1) reading literacy with the introduction of letters, words, and sentences (68.9%), 2) knowing stories (2%) and numeracy literacy, knowing numbers (29.1%). Although respondents mostly understand that pop-up books can be a learning medium to improve children's literacy, not many respondents have used them in learning activities. Based on respondents' answers, only 35% claimed to have used pop up books in learning activities, the remaining 65% of respondents admitted that they had never used pop up books in learning activities. Respondents who have not used pop up books, stated that it is not easy to find pop up books in bookstores. Another respondent stated that the price of pop up books is quite expensive, and hoped that the government would provide assistance in providing pop up book packages to schools. Keywords: pop up books, learning media, literacy

基于LED屏裸眼三维集成成像显示技术的空间分辨率研究

基于LED屏裸眼三维集成成像显示技术的空间分辨率研究

Continuous combination of viewing zones in integral three-dimensional display using multiple projectors

We propose a method for arranging multiple projectors in parallel using an image-processing technique and for enlarging the viewing zone in an integral three-dimensional image display. We have developed a method to correct the projection distortion precisely using an image-processing technique combining projective and affine transformations. To combine the multiple viewing zones formed by each projector continuously and smoothly, we also devised a technique that provides accurate adjustment by generating the elemental images of a computer graphics model at high speed. We constructed a prototype device using four projectors equivalent to 4K resolution and realized a viewing zone with measured viewing angles of 49.2 deg horizontally and 45.2 deg vertically. Compared with the use of only one projector, the prototype device expanded the viewing angles by approximately two times in both the horizontal and vertical directions.

三维集成成像显示系统分辨率的测试模型设计

三维集成成像显示系统分辨率的测试模型设计

Three-dimensional integral imaging display system based on negative lens array

An integral imaging display system based on negative lens array in real mode is proposed in this letter. Compared with the conventional integral imaging system with positive lens array, the negative one has a huge advantage on viewing angle. The minimum viewing angle of the imaging display system based on negative lens array is the maximum viewing angle of the positive one with the same parameters. And the imaging display system based on negative lens array can enhance the viewing angle to 180° with special parameters. Other parameters, such as resolution and depth-of-field, are the same in both systems. Another advantage is that the proposed imaging display system based on negative lens array can fill the image area gap between 0 and 2f. The feasibility of our proposed method is experimentally proved.

Head Tracking Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging Display Using Smart Pseudoscopic-to-Orthoscopic Conversion

A novel head tracking three-dimensional (3D) integral imaging display is presented. By means of proper application of the smart pseudoscopic-to-orthoscopic conversion (SPOC) method, our display allows an extended viewing angle accommodated to the viewer's position which is obtained by a head/eye tracking system. Using the SPOC, new sets of elemental images are calculated and adapted to any specific viewing position. Additionally, the crosstalk which is typical in conventional integral imaging, is eliminated for a large viewing angle. By performing the rotation transformation in the simulated display, viewing a 3D scene with head rotation can be realized for robust display. Experimental results verify the feasibility of our proposed method.

Three-dimensional integral imaging display system via off-axially distributed image sensing

In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional integral imaging display system with a multiple recorded images using off-axially distributed image sensing. First, the depth map of the 3D objects is extracted from the off-axially recorded multi-perspective 2D images by using profilometry technique. Then, the elemental image array is computationally synthesized using the extracted depth map based on ray mapping model. Finally, the 3D images are optically displayed in integral imaging system. To show the feasibility of the proposed method, the optical experiments for 3D objects are carried out and presented in this paper.

Changes in ocular parameters depending on the motion-in-depth of a three-dimensional display

ObjectiveTo compare changes in ocular parameters after watching a display of three-dimensional (3D) images, with reference to motion-in-depth and viewer age.MethodsA total of 30 healthy subjects were enrolled (of whom...

Viewing Angle-Improved 3D Integral Imaging Display with Eye Tracking Sensor

In this paper, in order to solve the problems of a narrow viewing angle and the flip effect in a three-dimensional (3D) integral imaging display, we propose an improved system by using an eye tracking method based on the Kinect sensor. In the proposed method, we introduce two types of calibration processes. First process is to perform the calibration between two cameras within Kinect sensor to collect specific 3D information. Second process is to use a space calibration for the coordinate conversion between the Kinect sensor and the coordinate system of the display panel. Our calibration processes can provide the improved performance of estimation for 3D position of the observer's eyes and generate elemental images in real-time speed based on the estimated position. To show the usefulness of the proposed method, we implement an integral imaging display system using the eye tracking process based on our calibration processes and carry out the preliminary experiments by measuring the viewing angle and flipping effect for the reconstructed 3D images. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method extended the viewing angles and removed the flipping images compared with the conventional system.

Construction for True Three-Dimensional Imaging Display System and Analysis Based on State-Space Model

This paper presents a projection based on the true three-dimensional imaging display system. We analyzed true three-dimensional image display system imaging space construction, and proposed a new light emitting structure method of volume pixels (voxel), and also discussed feasibility employing local state-space model - Givone-Roessor model to compute the voxel variables. The mechanical structure is simple and the cost is inexpensive; the field angle is so larger that can display almost half a sphere except the zenith point; and the voxels constructor is easy to implement by micro controller due to the small amount of GR model calculation.

Dual-camera enabled real-time three-dimensional integral imaging pick-up and display

A new real-time integral imaging pick-up and display method is demonstrated. This proposed method utilizes the dual-camera optical pick-up part to collect 3D information of real scene in real-time without pre-calibration. Elemental images are then provided by a computer-generated integral imaging part and displayed by a projection-type integral imaging display part. The theoretical analysis indicates the method is robust to the camera position deviation, which profits the real-time data processing. Experimental results show that the fully continuous, real 3D scene pick-up and display system is feasible with a throughput of 8 fps in real time. Further analysis predicts that the parallel optimization can be adopted by the proposed method for real-time 3D pick-up and display with a throughput of 25 fps.

Optimizing Analysis, Visualization, and Navigation of Large Image Data Sets: One 5000-Section CT Scan Can Ruin Your Whole Day

The technology revolution in image acquisition, instrumentation, and methods has resulted in vast data sets that far outstrip the human observers' ability to view, digest, and interpret modern medical images by using traditional methods. This may require a paradigm shift in the radiologic interpretation process. As human observers, radiologists must search for, detect, and interpret targets. Potential interventions should be based on an understanding of human perceptual and attentional abilities and limitations. New technologies and tools already in use in other fields can be adapted to the health care environment to improve medical image analysis, visualization, and navigation through large data sets. This historical psychophysical and technical review touches on a broad range of disciplines but focuses mainly on the analysis, visualization, and navigation of image data performed during the interpretive process. Advanced postprocessing, including three-dimensional image display, multimodality image fusion, quantitative measures, and incorporation of innovative human-machine interfaces, will likely be the future. Successful new paradigms will integrate image and nonimage data, incorporate workflow considerations, and be informed by evidence-based practices. This overview is meant to heighten the awareness of the complexities and limitations of how radiologists interact with images, particularly the large image sets generated today. Also addressed is how human-machine interface and informatics technologies could combine to transform the interpretation process in the future to achieve safer and better quality care for patients and a more efficient and effective work environment for radiologists. http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.11091276/-/DC1.

Three-dimensional polarization sensitive OCT imaging and interactive display of the human retina

Polarization sensitive OCT has recently been shown to provide tissue specific contrast, enabling direct identification of retinal layers based on the intrinsic properties of their interaction with light. However, the capabilities of displaying and analyzing 3D datasets in scientific publications were rather limited. Within the framework of the Interactive Science Publishing project, we present new ways of displaying and analyzing 3D sets of various polarization parameters recorded in healthy and diseased human retinas. These datasets can be interactively explored by the reader. Furthermore, we provide data of the 3D distribution of backscattered Stokes vectors to allow the reader to develop and test their own data processing algorithms.

Projection display for the generation of two orthogonal polarized images using liquid crystal on silicon panels and light emitting diodes

We present a projection system that is capable of two-dimensional and three-dimensional image display. A novel projection architecture is discussed that can simultaneously generate two linear polarized full-color images with orthogonal states of polarization using only one optical system. Both images are modulated by using two high-resolution liquid crystal on silicon panels that are illuminated with high-power light emitting diodes. The optical core and the illumination system are simulated, characterized, and optimized with nonsequential ray tracing software. A proof-of-concept demonstrator of the entire projection system is built and characterized. Important component specifications are discussed to improve the system performance.

Design and test of a PC-based portable three-dimensional ultrasound software system Ultra3D

Currently, portable ultrasound units lack three-dimensional (3D) image display, limiting their potential usefulness especially under remote and hostile operating environments where information must be intuitive and objective. A freehand 3D image processing and visualization software package, Ultra3D, has been developed and tested, especially to work with a miniaturized linear-array transducer probe that is connected to a laptop PC. This paper presents the software design and method to integrate Ultra3D into Terason's miniaturized SmartProbe ™ for freehand 3D ultrasound imaging. Since images generated by Ultra3D are in a digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) format, data sharing with others is easy.

Curved computational integral imaging reconstruction technique for resolution-enhanced display of three-dimensional object images

A novel curved computational integral imaging reconstruction (C-CIIR) technique for the virtually curved integral imaging (VCII) system is proposed, and its performances are analyzed. In the C-CIIR model, an additional virtual large-aperture lens is included to provide a multidirectional curving effect in the reconstruction process, and its effect is analyzed in detail by using the ABCD matrix. With this method, resolution-enhanced 3D object images can be computationally reconstructed from the picked-up elemental images of the VCII system. To confirm the feasibility of the proposed model, some experiments are carried out. Experiments revealed that the sampling rate in the VCII system could be kept at a maximum value within some range of the distance z, whereas in the conventional integral imaging system it linearly decreased as the distance z increased. It is also shown that resolutions of the object images reconstructed by the C-CIIR method have been significantly improved compared with those of the conventional CIIR method.

Viewing angle enhancement for two- and three-dimensional holographic displays with random superresolution phase masks

Holographic displays employing binary phase modulation have been demonstrated to be attractive on the grounds of efficiency and miniaturization, and they offer a plausible approach to two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) image projection and display. A novel algorithm--one-step phase retrieval--and corresponding hardware architecture have recently been proposed, providing the performance required for real-time holographic display. However, since viewing angle varies inversely with pixel size, very small display pixels are required to achieve a wide field of view. This is particularly problematic for 3D displays, as the requirement for a large display with small pixels has hitherto necessitated an unachievably large electrical bandwidth. We present a novel approach, utilizing fixed random pixelated quaternary phase masks of greater resolution than the displayed hologram, to dramatically increase the viewing angle for 2D and 3D holographic displays without incurring a bandwidth penalty or significantly degrading image quality. Furthermore, an algorithm is presented to generate holograms accounting for the presence of such a phase mask, so that only one mask is required.

Three-dimensional visualization of human vocal organ on the web.

In the field of image technology, three-dimensional (3D) image display can give the intuitive information more efficiently. In medical science, 3D visualization is used for the purpose of education and diagnosis and is becoming increasingly more important. In this article, several structures of the larynx are visualized by 3D image and displayed on the Web to provide users an easy approach to the image. VRML is used on Web3D display because it is popular and easy to manipulate.

Tactile display of virtual reality from the World Wide Web—a potential access method for blind people

Work in progress at BT Labs to investigate the use of a haptic display as a component of an emerging de facto standard (VRML) for the display of three-dimensional images on the WWW is reported. Use of a simple haptic interface to provide access to three-dimensional virtual images is discussed. This is based on experience of developing a browser capable of driving a force-feedback probe from a VRML file.