Three-dimensional Evaluation Method Research Articles

Symmetry recovery in zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures compared to normal unfractured population: A new reliable 3D evaluation

ObjectiveThis study aims to quantify the facial symmetry of surgically treated zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures through a new reliable three-dimensional evaluation method, which is crucial for improving post-operative aesthetic and functional outcomes. Material and methodsHealthy patients and patients with surgically treated ZMC fractures were retrospectively reviewed. Using Brainlab Elements® the zygomatic bone and the orbit of each patient was segmented and mirrored. Subsequently, the mirrored side was matched with the other side via volume-based registration, using the segmented orbit as reference. Volumetric asymmetry was measured using 3-matic software, and a surface-based matching technique was used to calculate the mean absolute differences (MAD) between the surfaces of the two sides of the ZMC. The reliability of this novel method using volume-based registration was tested, and the intra-class correlation coefficient was assessed. ResultsThe MAD between the surfaces of the left and right sides in the control group was 0.51 mm (±0.09). As for the ZMC fracture group, MAD was 0.78 mm (±0.20) and 0.72 mm (±0.15) pre- and post-operatively, respectively. The MAD showed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-operative groups (p = 0.005) and between control and post-operative groups (p < 0.001). The intra-class correlation coefficient was high (≥0.99). ConclusionsThis evaluation method using mirroring and volume-based registration to determine the symmetrical position of the ZMC is reliable. The surface-based measurements revealed an improved symmetry after surgery. However, the symmetry of the treated patients remained lower than the control group.

A three-dimensional evaluation method for building energy systems to guide power grid-friendly interactions during the planning and operational stages

Under the premise of on-site demand satisfaction and improving the efficiency of energy utilization, grid-friendly buildings can achieve stable power consumption without increasing dispatch pressure on local power grids. They can even actively respond to the grid's demand. The existing methods for evaluating grid-friendly building energy systems are based on a single perspective and scenario. There is no multidimensional evaluation system that takes into account the requirements that exist in the planning and operational stages of buildings. Thus, building designers do not know the short- and long-term response effect or grid-friendly potential of alternative schemes. To address this issue, three evaluation dimensions of grid-friendly building energy systems have been determined based on the requirements that exist in the planning and operational stages, and a comprehensive evaluation system has been developed. First, the three evaluation dimensions were defined by analyzing the evaluation needs. Second, indexes for the three dimensions were developed. Third, the optimal grid-friendly building energy system origin was calibrated with the index extremum analysis. The integrated score calculation approach was developed with the spatial Euclidean distance. Finally, the correctness and rationality of the proposed method have been verified via comparison with the traditional method and dimensional reciprocity. The results show that energy storage can significantly increase the grid-friendly capacity of a building's energy system and enhance the long-term and short-term response effects. It is anticipated that building designers will be better equipped to select alternative schemes if they use the proposed method and that using this method will support the optimization of building-side scheduling and grid-side management strategy formulation.

CAugment: An Approach to Diversifying Dataset by Combining Image Processing Operations

In deep learning, model quality is extremely important. Consequently, the quality and the sufficiency of the datasets for training models have attracted considerable attention from both industry and academia. Automatic data augmentation, which provides a means of using image processing operators to generate data from existing datasets, is quite effective in searching for mutants of the images and expanding the training datasets. However, existing automatic data augmentation techniques often fail to fully exploit the potential of the data, failing to balance the search efficiency and the model accuracy. This paper presents CAugment, a novel approach to diversifying image datasets by combining image processing operators. Given a training image dataset, CAugment is composed of: 1) the three-level evolutionary algorithm (TLEA) that employs three levels of atomic operations for augmenting the dataset and an adaptive strategy for decreasing granularity and 2) a design that uses the three-dimensional evaluation method (TDEM) and a dHash algorithm to measure the diversity of the dataset. The search space can be expanded, which further improves model accuracy during training. We use CAugment to augment the CIFAR-10/100 and SVHN datasets and use the augmented datasets to train the WideResNet and Shake-Shake models. Our results show that the amount of data increases linearly along with the training epochs; in addition, the models trained by the CAugment-augmented datasets outperform those trained by the datasets augmented by the other techniques by up to 17.9% in accuracy on the SVHN dataset.

A NOVEL DIGITAL METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF MUCOSA THICKNESS CHANGES IN TIME: CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH A REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE

The aim of the study was to propose a method for three-dimensional evaluation and visualisation of mucosa thickness and mucosa thickness changes and to validate it in four different software implementations. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and digitised mandibular impression, i.e., optical scan, of five patients treated with a mandibular distal extension removable partial denture were acquired at baseline (T0) and 1-year follow-up (T1). CBCT images were automatically segmented and then superimposed with a corresponding optical scan and within a patient. To obtain mucosa thickness changes in the T0-T1 interval, firstly, the distances between T0 and T1 models were computed for mucosa surface, representing surface changes (dSurface) and bone surface, representing bone changes (dBone). The distances were saved as scalar field values in the mesh model. Finally, the mucosa thickness changes (dMucosa) were calculated by subtracting the corresponding dBone from dSurface values. Distance computation algorithms in four different software were tested and compared. No differences were found between all four tested software (p0.001). Mean (and standard deviation) of median dSurface, dBone, and dMucosa of right and left residual ridge (n=10) was -0.47mm (0.43), -0.44mm (0.62), and 0.00mm (0.35), respectively. High local variability of dBone and dMucosa was found on the colour-coded maps. A novel method facilitates precise three-dimensional evaluation and visualisation of mucosa thickness and thickness changes, regardless of the software used.

Investigation of novel intelligent energy management strategies for connected HEB considering global planning of fixed-route information

Intelligent algorithms and route information play significant roles in improving the energy management of a hybrid electric bus (HEB). This paper proposes two intelligent strategies for connected HEB based on a novel layered framework considering global planning of fixed-route information. At the cloud layer, the optimal SOC and working mode of global planning is solved by a new dynamic programming algorithm with termination state constraints under the representative cycle of fixed-route. At the vehicle layer, integrated with these results of global planning, the adaptive optimization intelligent energy management strategy (G-AOI-EMS) and Deep Q-learning intelligent energy management strategy (G-DQL-EMS) are presented, respectively. To evaluate the proposed two intelligent strategies, a novel three-dimensional evaluation method for comprehensive comparison is carried out from optimality, adaptability, and real-time. The results indicate that the fuel economy of G-AOI-EMS is better than G-DQL-EMS in terms of optimality. In terms of adaptability, the G-DQL-EMS can better adapt to condition changes. Finally, the hardware-in-the-loop test is implemented. In terms of real-time, the offline simulation and HIL test results are approximately consistent for the proposed two strategies. The G-DQL-EMS have better real-time than G-AOI-EMS.

Three-dimensional evaluation method for asphalt pavement texture characteristics

To supplement the research on the evaluation method of asphalt pavement texture, novel three-dimensional (3D) methods are proposed. First, 18 different pavement textures were measured in laboratory from asphalt mixture specimens using laser texture scanner (LTS), and the macro-texture and micro-texture were extracted based on spectrum analysis techniques. Then, macro-texture level evaluation indices f8mac and f9mac together with micro-texture level evaluation indices f8mic and f9mic were proposed based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) method, and the determination of hyperparameters angle θ, pixel distance d and vertical resolution v were discussed. Through the correlation analysis and compared with existing conventional evaluation indices, the optimum pavement texture level evaluation index was selected and verified. Additionally, the evaluation index σ of distribution uniformity of pavement texture (DUPT) was proposed based on the uniformity of deviations between sub-surfaces and the average surface of pavement texture. Finally, the correlations of σ with texture profiles were studied. The results show that f8mac and f8mic are determined as the optimum indices for pavement texture level. Mean texture depth has significant correlation with f8mac, and the correlation coefficient R is 0.9611; friction coefficient μ has significant correlation with f8mic, and the R is 0.9422. θ is recommended to be 90°; d and v are set to 52 pixels (0.4953 mm) and 0.01 mm respectively for macro-texture level evaluation; d and v are set to 1 pixel (0.0095 mm) and 0.003 mm respectively for micro-texture level evaluation. Moreover, the effectiveness of σ is also validated by calibrating with standard grooved surface. It can be concluded that the proposed indices in this study are suitable to the evaluation of pavement texture level and pavement texture distribution.

Body diagonal error measurement and evaluation of a multiaxis machine tool using a multibeam laser interferometer

To comprehensively evaluate the accuracy and performance of machine tools, in this paper, a novel measuring method for the body diagonal error of a machine tool using a multibeam laser interferometer as the measuring instrument is proposed. On this basis, a three-dimensional evaluation method for the body diagonal error of a machine tool is proposed. First, a method of measuring the body diagonal error of a machine tool by using a multibeam laser interferometer is proposed. Six errors for the body diagonal of a machine tool can be measured simultaneously, including three position deviations and three angle errors. The mathematical model of the relationship between the measured data and the volumetric error is established. Second, a new evaluation method for the body diagonal error is presented that takes the position deviation and attitude error into consideration. The advantage of this evaluation method is that it fills in the blanks in the evaluation method for the body diagonal error. The method can also be applied to the evaluation of linear axis error. Finally, the proposed measurement method is applied to a vertical three-axis machining centre, and the experimental results show that this measuring method is quite convenient and effective for measuring the body diagonal error of a machine tool. The proposed method is used to evaluate the body diagonal error from measurement data. The results show that the positioning error of the machine tool is 49.37 ??m; the repeatability of the positioning error is 36.85 ??m; and the angle errors are ??????22.47 ??m/m, ??????70.9 ??m/m and 29.7 ??m/m. The traditional method (ISO230-6) is used to evaluate the body diagonal error from measurement data. The results show that the positioning error of the machine tool is 49.4 ??m. Compared with the traditional method, the information from the proposed evaluation method is more abundant, and the evaluation method is systematic and universal.

Traditional Material Resources versus Digital Resources: The Choice of Information Sources of the FCMS Nursing Interns

This paper seeks to determine the choice of information source among FCMS nursing interns using the three-dimensional evaluation method namely; reliability, accessibly and purpose between the traditional and digital resources. Appropriate cross tabulations were used in the study to present the results using actual numbers, percentages and means. The results showed that there is no significant difference on the perception among respondents with regard to reliability, accessibility and purpose of the traditional and digital sources of information albeit that digital resource has just been recently introduced in the kingdom. Furthermore, the study also presented the respondent’s perception on the relationship of the two sources of information, specifically books and the Internet. The respondents mostly answered “highly accepted” as indicated by the high averages with a mean score nearly 5.

A new method for three-dimensional evaluation of the cranial shape and the automatic identification of craniosynostosis using 3D stereophotogrammetry

Craniosynostosis is a congenital defect which can result in abnormal cranial morphology. Three dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry is potentially an ideal technique for the evaluation of cranial morphology and diagnosis of craniosynostosis because it is fast and harmless. This study presents a new method for objective characterization of the morphological abnormalities of scaphocephaly and trigonocephaly patients using 3D photographs of patients and healthy controls. Sixty 3D photographs of healthy controls in the age range of 3–6 months were superimposed and scaled. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to find the mean cranial shape and the cranial shape variation in this normal population. 3D photographs of 20 scaphocephaly and 20 trigonocephaly patients were analysed by this PCA model to test whether cranial deformities of scaphocephaly and trigonocephaly patients could be objectively identified. PCA was used to find the mean cranial shape and the cranial shape variation in the normal population. The PCA model was able to significantly distinguish scaphocephaly and trigonocephaly patients from the normal population. 3D stereophotogrammetry in combination with the presented method can be used to objectively identify and classify the cranial shape of healthy newborns, scaphocephaly and trigonocephaly patients.

A regionális tehetséggazdálkodás vizsgálati módszerei a Pécsi Tudományegyetem Közgazdaságtudományi Kar hallgatóinak példáján

A területi tehetséggazdálkodás – azaz a kiváló képességű emberi erőforrás tudatos vonzása, megőrzése, motiválása és fejlesztése – eredményessége jelentős hatást gyakorolhat a régiókra, a nemzetgazdaságokra. A tanulmány a Pécsi Tudományegyetem Közgazdaságtudományi Kar (PTE KTK) szakmai gyakorlatos hallgatói közül – háromdimenziós értékelési módszerrel – azonosított tehetségek területi preferenciáit mutatja be. Célom az volt, hogy mind módszerek, mind eredmények tekintetében fontos, újszerű és hasznos megállapításokat tegyek a tehetséggazdálkodásról. A tehetségek térbeli sajátosságait szekunder kutatások alapján mutatom be, amelyhez 2005–2014 között a szakmai gyakorlatokról gyűjtött empirikus adatelemzés legfontosabb eredményeit használom fel. A fenti időszakban 5186 db kérdőív gyűlt össze a hallgatóktól és a mentoroktól, melyet a hallgatók tanulmányi eredményeivel egészítettem ki. A hallgatói, munkaerő-piaci és felsőoktatási oldal értékelése alapján azonosítottam a tehetségeket és vizsgáltam térbeli sajátosságaikat. Hipotézisem szerint az egyes régiókban más és más kompetenciakészlettel rendelkező egyetemi hallgató számít tehetségesnek, azaz a tehetség fogalmának összetétele régiónként eltérő. Szignifikáns különbségeket mutattam ki az egyes régiók elvárt kompetenciái mentén: Közép-Magyarországon erőteljesebb elvárás az idegen nyelv magas szintű ismerete, a módszertani ismeretek, az informatikai tudás, a konfliktuskezelési készség, a gyors beilleszkedés és a stressz tűrése, mint Dél-Dunántúlon. Kimutatható Közép-Magyarország tehetségelszívó hatása is a gyakornoki helyeken keresztül, ami már előrevetítheti a pályakezdő diplomások munkahely- választási preferenciáit. Kutatásom eredményeit a hazai gazdasági-üzleti felsőoktatási intézményekre vonatkoztatom a PTE KTK példáján keresztül.

Three-dimensional dynamic analysis of knee joint during gait in medial knee osteoarthritis using loading axis of knee

We recently developed a new method for three-dimensional evaluation of mechanical factors affecting knee joint in order to help identify factors that contribute to the progression of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). This study aimed to verify the clinical validity of our method by evaluating knee joint dynamics during gait. Subjects were 41 individuals (14 normal knees; 8 mild KOAs; 19 severe KOAs). The positions of skin markers attached to the body were captured during gait, and bi-planar X-ray images of the lower extremities were obtained in standing position. The positional relationship between the markers and femorotibial bones was determined from the X-ray images. Combining this relationship with gait capture allowed for the estimation of relative movement between femorotibial bones. We also calculated the point of intersection of loading axis of knee on the tibial proximal surface (LAK point) to analyze knee joint dynamics. Knee flexion range in subjects with severe KOA during gait was significantly smaller than that in those with normal knees (p=0.011), and knee adduction in those with severe KOA was significantly larger than in those with mild KOA (p<0.000). LAK point was locally loaded on the medial compartment of the tibial surface as KOA progressed, with LAK point of subjects with severe KOA rapidly shifting medially during loading response. Local loading and medial shear force were applied to the tibial surface during stance phase as medial KOA progressed. Our findings suggest that our method is useful for the quantitative evaluation of mechanical factors that affect KOA progression.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Historical Architectures in Huizhou with GIS Technology

This paper presents that while evaluating historical architectures in Huizhou, researchers should have a full consideration of their layout character of relatively concentrated, place these point-form historical architectures into line-form and surface-form architecture groups, then build a more perfect and scientific three-dimensional evaluation method. It also shows that firstly researchers could use GIS technology to associate graphic data, properties and image data of selected historical architectures in Huizhou; secondly researchers can finish information integration and realize the scientific grading and classification of the architectures by weighting, quantizing and analyzing the evaluation information of these architectures; and finally finish the database under the help of GIS.

Severity of Alveolar Cleft Affects Prognosis of Infant Orthopedics in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between severity of alveolar cleft and treatment outcome of infant orthopedics in patients affected by complete unilateral cleft lip and palate from cheiloplasty to palatoplasty with a three-dimensional evaluation method. Treatment outcomes of infant orthopedics were evaluated using three-dimensional linear and angular measurements of plaster models after cheiloplasty (T1) and before palatoplasty (T2). Eleven patients who had a width of alveolar cleft (WC) less than 4.0 mm at T1 (mild group) and 13 patients who had a WC 4.0 mm or greater (severe group) were compared and analyzed. From T1 to T2, the lengths of the alveolar segments were increased, and the WC was decreased without palatal collapse of alveolar segments in both groups. However, the WC in the severe group was significantly decreased by increased growth of the major segment compared with the mild group. The incisive papilla had a more evoked growth to the alveolar cleft side than in the severe group. Conclusively, infant orthopedics was quite useful in reducing WC in patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate after cheiloplasty, and the severity of WC significantly affected the prognosis of infant orthopedics.

顔面非対称を伴う下顎前突症患者における顎骨非対称の三次元評価

The present study was designed to three-dimensionally evaluate the morphological asymmetry of maxillofacial complexes such as the maxilla and the mandible, and the state of the maxillary and mandibular deviation in the craniofacial complex of jaw-deformity patients with facial asymmetry. Based upon the results obtained, we tried to classify the states of asymmetry and/or deviation in the cases showing diverted jaw.The subjects comprised 15 patients (10 males and 5 females; 16 years and 6 months old on average) diagnosed as mandibular prognathism with facial asymmetry. All subjects exhibited more than 4-mm deviation of the mandible from the midline on the frontal cephalogram. Pretreatment CT images were taken as data for precise diagnosis in all subjects. Then, sliced CT data were forwarded to 3D reconstruction software Medical Viewer INTAGE 3.1 in order to form the MPR images. After that, 3D-CT images were constructed using the volume rendering (VR) method. After these images were obtained, the three-dimensional ratio of morphological asymmetry of the maxilla and the mandible was analyzed. The three-dimensional ratio of the maxillary and mandibular deviation was also examined.As a result, various types of asymmetry and/or deviation existed and the cases examined were divided into the following eight types: 1. Symmetrical maxilla without deviation in the craniofacial complex, 2. Almost symmetrical maxilla with deviation in the craniofacial complex, 3. Asymmetrical maxilla without deviation, 4. Asymmetrical maxilla with deviation, 5. Asymmetrical maxilla with deviation but complementary to each other, 6. Symmetrical mandible without deviation, and 7. Asymmetrical mandible with deviation, 8. Asymmetrical mandible with deviation but complementary to each other.The present method for three-dimensional evaluation made it possible to classify the state of asymmetry and/or deviation of the maxilla and the mandible in cases with diverted jaw. This VR method may be helpful in determining a more suitable treatment plan for jaw-deformity patients with deviation.

Simplified Method For Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Interstitial Brachytherapy Applications

Although three-dimensional (3-D) treatment planning has primarily been used for external beam radiation therapy, the advantages of 3-D treatment planning can be realized for brachytherapy applications. As with teletherapy, the use of 3-D treatment planning for brachytherapy can provide both superior dose distribution as well as detailed evaluations of the relationship of dose and volume in critical structures and target tissues. Conventional 3-D treatment planning uses computed tomography (CT) scans to localize structures; however, localizing individual brachytherapy sources on each CT slice can be impractical for routine clinical use. In the transition from two-dimensional to 3-D localization and dose evaluation of interstitial perineal templates in particular, a practical method of seed localization on a postimplant CT dataset has been developed. This method does not utilize dummy sources and, as such, does not require individual seed locations to be identified. Instead, the position of the afterloading catheter is defined as a reference line by connecting its location as seen on the axial CT slices and seed locations defined along its length. Full volumetric calculations can then be performed, including dose-volume histograms (DVH) for critical organs and tumor volumes. Source localization and normal tissue doses were calculated using both orthogonal films and the 3-D method for a series of perineal template guided implants. Point dose calculations of the rectum and bladder were obtained from orthogonal films and were then compared to the corresponding DVHs for these organs.