Three-component Complex Research Articles

Riemann–Hilbert Method Equipped with Mixed Spectrum for N-Soliton Solutions of New Three-Component Coupled Time-Varying Coefficient Complex mKdV Equations

Riemann–Hilbert Method Equipped with Mixed Spectrum for N-Soliton Solutions of New Three-Component Coupled Time-Varying Coefficient Complex mKdV Equations

Generalized Nonthermal Polarization Force Acting on Dust Particles in a Three-Component Nonextensive Complex Plasma

Generalized Nonthermal Polarization Force Acting on Dust Particles in a Three-Component Nonextensive Complex Plasma

Fullerenes on a Nanodiamond Platform Demonstrate Antibacterial Activity with Low Cytotoxicity.

Carbon nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties, such as fullerenes, can be distinguished among the promising means of combating pathogens characterized by resistance to commercial antibiotics. However, they have a number of limitations for their use in medicine. In particular, the insolubility of carbon nanoparticles in water leads to a low biocompatibility and especially strong aggregation when transferred to liquid media. To overcome the negative factors and enhance the action of fullerenes in an extended range of applications, for example, in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, we created new water-soluble complexes containing, in addition to C60 fullerene, purified detonation nanodiamonds (AC960) and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The in vitro antibacterial activity and toxicity to human cells of the three-component complex C60+AC960+PVP were analyzed in comparison with binary C60+PVP and C60+AC960. All complexes showed a low toxicity to cultured human skin fibroblasts and ECV lines, as well as significant antimicrobial activity, which depend on the type of microorganisms exposed, the chemical composition of the complex, its dosage and exposure time. Complex C60+PVP+AC960 at a concentration of 175 µg/mL showed the most stable and pronounced inhibitory microbicidal/microbiostatic effect.

Complex sentences of heterogeneous subordination with one conditional component in the scientific style of the Russian language (based on texts of mathematical works)

In the scientific style of the Russian language, of particular interest are multicomponent complex sentences of heterogeneous subordination. They allow decomposing a complex idea into components and conveying it to the addressee intelligibly, which is very important in the texts of mathematical works. However, such constructions cannot be considered as a “mechanicalˮ coupling of different sentences – it is an integral communicative unit that has a single modality in which the dominant syntactic connection can be distinguished. The most productive construction in the scientific style is a three-component complex sentence of heterogeneous subordination, where the main part is combined with a component of an indivisible structure (object, attributive, pronominal-conjunction correlative clauses) and one conditional clause. In the text of mathematical works, where the course of logical reasoning is of great importance, the conditional part helps to identify the connection between two situations, to clearly structure scientific thought, and it contributes to the implementation of the text-forming function of such constructions. The material for the study was the works of famous mathematicians of the 20th – 21st century, the authors of a number of scientific papers and textbooks in the field of algebraic and differential topology, the presentation style of which is considered classical in the scientific community. The article explores various cases of combining a conditional and a component of an indivisible structure in one complex sentence. Structural and semantic features of constructions with prepositive, interpositive and postpositive conditional components are considered. The most pronounced conditional semantics is manifested in the first case; while in the latter case, the conditional clause acquires an additional, restrictive connotation. The subordinate part of the indivisible type loses its independence, becomes like a semi-predicative unit and closely merges with the main part. In a complex sentence, two organising centres are created – in the main clause and in the conditional clause. Thus, it turns out that the multicomponent syntactic construction is in a state of equilibrium, where the complex main clause is balanced by the conditional subordinate part. Such a division coincides with the actual division of the sentence and is easier for the reader to perceive.

Preparation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Ternary Inclusion Complexes of Ascorbyl Palmitate and Urea with γ-Cyclodextrin

A three-component inclusion complex of ascorbyl palmitate (ASCP), urea (UR), and γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) with a molar ratio of 1/12 has been prepared for the first time using the evaporation method (EVP method) and the grinding and mixing method (GM method). Also, we investigated changes in the physicochemical properties of the three-component complexes. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements showed ASCP, UR, and γCD characteristic peaks in the physical mixture (PM) (AU (ASCP/UR = 1/12)/γCD = 1/2). In GM (AU (ASCP/UR = 1/12)/γCD = 1/1), new diffraction peaks were observed around 2θ = 7.5° and 16.6°, while characteristic peaks derived from EVP (ASCP/UR = 1/12) were observed at 2θ = 23.4° and 24.9°. On the other hand, new diffraction peaks at 2θ = 7.4° and 16.6° were observed in GM (1/2). In the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurement, an endothermic peak at around 83 °C was observed in the GM (1/1) sample, which is thought to originate from the phase transition of urea from the hexagonal to the tetragonal form. An endothermic peak around 113.9 °C was also observed for EVP (ASCP/UR = 1/12). However, no characteristic phase transition-derived peak or EVP (ASCP/UR = 1/12)-derived endothermic peak was observed in GM (1/2). Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of GM (1/2) showed no shift in the peak derived from the CH group of ASCP. The peaks derived from the NH group of UR shifted to the high and low wavenumber sides at 5032 cm−1 and 5108 cm−1 in EVP (ASCP/UR = 1/12). The peak derived from the OH group of γCD shifted, and the peak derived from the OH group of ASCP broadened at GM (1/2). These results suggest that AU (ASCP/UR = 1/12)/γCD prepared by the mixed grinding method formed inclusion complexes at the molar ratio (1/2).

Geometric descriptions for the polarization of nonparaxial light: a tutorial

This tutorial provides an overview of the local description of polarization for nonparaxial light, for which all Cartesian components of the electric field are significant. The polarization of light at each point is characterized by a three-component complex vector in the case of full polarization and by a 3 × 3 polarization matrix for partial polarization. Standard concepts for paraxial polarization such as the degree of polarization, the Stokes parameters, and the Poincaré sphere then have generalizations for nonparaxial light that are not unique and/or not trivial. This work aims to clarify some of these discrepancies, present some new concepts, and provide a framework that highlights the similarities and differences with the description for the paraxial regimes. Particular emphasis is placed on geometric interpretations.

Mapping the myelin bilayer with short-T2 MRI: Methods validation and reference data for healthy human brain.

To explore the properties of short-T2 signals in human brain, investigate the impact of various experimental procedures on these properties and evaluate the performance of three-component analysis. Eight samples of non-pathological human brain tissue were subjected to different combinations of experimental procedures including D2 O exchange and frozen storage. Short-T2 imaging techniques were employed to acquire multi-TE (33-2067 μs) data, to which a three-component complex model was fitted in two steps to recover the properties of the underlying signal components and produce amplitude maps of each component. For validation of the component amplitude maps, the samples underwent immunohistochemical myelin staining. The signal component representing the myelin bilayer exhibited super-exponential decay with T2,min of 5.48 μs and a chemical shift of 1.07ppm, and its amplitude could be successfully mapped in both white and gray matter in all samples. These myelin maps corresponded well to myelin-stained tissue sections. Gray matter signals exhibited somewhat different components than white matter signals, but both tissue types were well represented by the signal model. Frozen tissue storage did not alter the signal components but influenced component amplitudes. D2 O exchange was necessary to characterize the non-aqueous signal components, but component amplitude mapping could be reliably performed also in the presence of H2 O signals. The myelin mapping approach explored here produced reasonable and stable results for all samples. The extensive tissue and methodological investigations performed in this work form a basis for signal interpretation in future studies both ex vivo and in vivo.

Three-component complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination in the scientific style of the Russian language (based on texts of mathematical works)

The article considers not the most productive type of multicomponent complex sentences – constructions with heterogeneous subordination. Nevertheless, sentences of this type are important in the style of the exact sciences, especially in the texts of mathematical works, where the main task of the author is to show the course of logical reasoning, and the reader is to follow the movement of the author's thought. In order to correctly understand this idea, it is necessary to imagine the described object or phenomenon from different angles. This is largely facilitated by the structures under study. On the basis of the texts of mathematical works, three-component complex sentences with various combinations of components of an indivisible type are analysed, syntactic relations in these structures are considered. So, for example, it was revealed that the substantive-attributive clause, explaining a certain term or concept, closely merges with the previous main clause. This is most clearly manifested when explaining a mathematical formula, when the substantive-attributive clause turns into a semi-phraseological construction, and the relative pronoun where almost completely loses its spatial semantics. The semantic core of the sentence, as a rule, is concentrated in the subordinate object clause, and the main clause acquires a service, introductory character. The means of connection in the constructions under study are standard, often repeated, as a rule, devoid of semantic colouring. Pronominal-correlative and pronominally-conjunction correlative clauses are used in tandem with either an object clause or a substantive-attributive clause. Pronominal clauses bring into the semantics of the sentence a bright semantic colouring of the consequence, comparison, quantity, mode of action, etc. In the constructions under study, indivisible clauses are so closely connected with the organising part that one can speak of their dependence as predicative units and likening their role to semi-predicative participial and adverbial phrases.

Антимикробная и вирулицидная активность трехкомпонентного комплекса хлоргексидин-эдта-цинк

Chlorhexidine bigluconate (CНX) is widely used as a disinfectant, but it is not effective against spore-forming microorganisms, as well as viruses. In this work, a method has been found to increase the biocidal activity of chlorhexidine by using it as part of a complex including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and zinc chloride. The structure of the three-component complex СНX-EDTA-zinc is proved by the MALDI-MS method. The biocidal activity of the chlorhexidine complex has been studied in vitro and in vivo experiments. It is shown that the complex is significantly superior to chlorhexidine alone, both in terms of activity level and in the breadth of biocidal action. In relation to the studied bacterial and fungal strains, the СНX-EDTA-Zn complex was 4–5 times more active than chlorhexidine bigluconate. In concentrations from 1.0 mg/ml to 0.008 mg/ml (depending on the type of micro-organism), in vitro the complex showed both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against the main pathogens of bacterial diseases of birds. In clinical conditions, the complex has shown high efficiency in the treatment of dermatitis in small domestic and farm animals. Also, in vitro and in vivo, the complex showed unexpectedly high antitubercular activity comparable to that of monofloxacin, including on drug-resistant strains of mycobacteria. in vitro experiments involving polio virus and adenovirus have shown that the СHX-EDTA-Zn complex possesses virulent action.

A three-component copper phosphonate complex as a sensor platform for sensitive Cd2+ and Zn2+ ion detection in water via fluorescence enhancement

A three-component molecular copper phosphonate [Cu2(H4tpmm)2(Hpybim)2]·H2O (1·H2O), where H6tpmm ​= ​2,4,6-tris(phosphorylmethyl)mesitylene and Hpybim ​= ​2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole, showing high thermal stability up to approximately 370 ​°C has been prepared. Complex 1·H2O has a dinuclear structure symmetry-related by a crystallographic inversion center, in which the Cu(II) center suits a highly distorted square pyramidal geometry. Complex 1·H2O shows two extremely weak emission bands in both solid state and H2O suspension phase. However, as Cd2+ and Zn2+ were added into the H2O suspension of 1·H2O, the fluorescence intensity would be remarkably enhanced by 11.1 and 25.2 times, respectively, with a dramatic change in the emission band shape. The fluorescence enhancement sensing of 1·H2O toward Cd2+ and Zn2+ in H2O is highly sensitive with limit of detection (LOD) values of 1.35 and 0.89 ​μM, respectively. Such sensing performances are negligibly interfered by most perturbed metal ions but largely affected by Fe3+, Ni2+, and Co2+. EDX and XPS analyses show the occurrence of weak binding interactions between the Cd2+/Zn2+ ions and the structure of 1·H2O, resulting in fluorescence enhancement. This work demonstrates a highly water stable molecular copper phosphonate behaving as a sensor platform suitable for Cd2+ and Zn2+ ion detection in water via remarkable fluorescence enhancement, providing a new method for metal phosphonate complexes.

The Crystal Structure of Bacillus cereus HblL1.

The Hbl toxin is a three-component haemolytic complex produced by Bacillus cereus sensu lato strains and implicated as a cause of diarrhoea in B. cereus food poisoning. While the structure of the HblB component of this toxin is known, the structures of the other components are unresolved. Here, we describe the expression of the recombinant HblL1 component and the elucidation of its structure to 1.36 Å. Like HblB, it is a member of the alpha-helical pore-forming toxin family. In comparison to other members of this group, it has an extended hydrophobic beta tongue region that may be involved in pore formation. Molecular docking was used to predict possible interactions between HblL1 and HblB, and suggests a head to tail dimer might form, burying the HblL1 beta tongue region.

Engineered extracellular vesicles as versatile ribonucleoprotein delivery vehicles for efficient and safe CRISPR genome editing.

Transient delivery of CRISPR‐based genome editing effectors is important to reduce off‐target effects and immune responses. Recently extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been explored for Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery. However, lack of mechanisms to enrich RNPs into EVs limited the efficiency of EVs as a RNP delivery vehicle. Here we describe a mechanism to actively enrich RNPs into EVs. We used the specific interaction between RNA aptamer and aptamer‐binding protein (ABP) to enrich RNPs into EVs. We inserted RNA aptamer com into single guide RNA (sgRNA), and fused com‐binding ABP Com to both termini of tetraspan protein CD63 that is abundant in exosomes. We found that the Com/com interaction enriched Cas9 and adenine base editor (ABE) RNPs into EVs, via forming a three‐component complex including CD63‐Com fusion protein, com‐modified sgRNA and Cas9 or ABE. The RNP enriched EVs are efficient in genome editing and transiently expressed. The system is capable of delivering RNPs targeting multiple loci for multiplex genome editing. In addition, Cas9 from different species can be used together. The EV‐delivered RNPs are active in vivo. The data show that the aptamer and ABP interactions can be utilized to actively enrich RNPs into EVs for improved genome editing efficiency and safety.

Enhanced protein degradation by intracellular delivery of pre-fused PROTACs using lipid-like nanoparticles

Proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC) technology is an emerging approach for achieving targeted degradation of a protein of interest (POI) intracellularly. However, the cell permeability of PROTACs is limited by their high molecular weight and total polar surface area. Moreover, the activation of the proteasome-mediated degradation by PROTAC requires the formation of a ternary (three-component) complex, composed of the PROTAC, the POIs, and E3-ligases related proteins (E3Ps). Simplifying the three-component system to two-component system could theoretically increase the efficiency of the formation of ternary complex and enhance the protein degradation efficiency. Herein, we demonstrate that pre-fusion of PROTACs with E3Ps (called “pre-fused PROTACs”) before administration could transform the original PROTAC system to two-component system. After delivery by lipid nanoparticles, the degradation of POI by pre-fused PROTACs was dramatically increased and accelerated compared with standard PROTACs. Moreover, we demonstrated that this approach could be generalized to another hydrophobic tag (HyT) degrader by demonstrating the improved targeted protein degradation after pre-fusion the HyT degrader with heat shock protein 70 (HSP70).

Pathogenetic features of morphodensitometric characteristics of cardiomyocytes and marker profile of the left ventricular remodeling in rats with experimental intermittent hypoxia of different duration

Myocardial remodeling is considered as a three-component complex process, including cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, their apoptosis, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. At the same time, the nature of remodeling and the direction of restructuring in the myocardium depend on the prevalence of one of these processes, the degree of their severity and the impact duration. Therefore, to understand the effect of short- and long-term intermittent hypoxia on the direction of myocardial remodeling and its type, the aim of this study was to determine the pathogenetic features of the morphodensitometric characteristics of cardiomyocytes and the marker profile of left ventricular myocardial remodeling in the rats with experimental intermittent hypoxia durated 15 and 60 days.Material and methods. A total of 30 male Wistar rats aging 6-10 months were used for the experiment and assigned to 3 experimental groups of 10 animals each: control; rats exposed to 15-day hypoxia; rats exposed to 60-day hypoxia. The object of the study was the left ventricular myocardium. The number of nuclei in an image, their average linear size and density (the ratio of the total area of nuclei to the area of the cytoplasm), and the concentration of RNA in the nucleus and cytoplasm were measured in the sections stained by Einarson via morphodensitometric method. An immunofluorescence method was used to study the content of immunoreactive material to markers of remodeling (cardiotrophin-1, type I collagen, titin, annexin V). As a result of the study, it was found that intermittent hypoxia led to a decrease in the number of nuclei in cardiomyocytes in both experimental groups compared to the control. Such changes in the number of nuclei were accompanied by significantly larger nuclear size compared to the control (in rats with 15-day hypoxia by 52.9 %, in rats with 60-day hypoxia - by 153.4 %) and a decrease in the density of nuclei in relation to the cytoplasm by 19.5 % and 21.2 %, respectively. In both groups, a significantly lower control concentration of RNA in the nuclei of cardiomyocytes was found alongside with an increase in their area. Such changes were accompanied by a significantly higher concentration of RNA by 23.2 % in the cytoplasm in case of long-term intermittent hypoxia. The marker profile of remodeling parameters in rats exposed to 15-day hypoxia was characterized by a higher content of cardiotrophin-1 and titin by 11.5 % and 23.1 %, respectively, as compared to the control. The content of type I collagen was 19.9 % higher, while the content of annexin V did not change significantly. In rats with long-term 60-day hypoxia, the content of cardiotrophin-1 was higher by 73.6 %, titin - by 124.9 %, type I collagen - by 41.9 %, and annexin V - by 95.9 % in comparison to the control. When calculating the titin / collagen ratio in rats based on their content, a significant increase in myocardial stiffness was determined in the 60-day hypoxia group which was 1.44, while it was0.91 in the control, and in rats with 15-day short-term hypoxia – 0.93.Conclusions. Intermittent hypoxic effects, regardless of duration, result in morpho-structural rearrangements of the myocardium, are characterized by an increase in viscoelastic mechanical properties and the development of hypertrophy, but with an increase in the duration of exposure (60 days) – by an additional formation of interstitial fibrosis and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Short-term hypoxia forms a hypertrophic type of myocardial remodeling with a decrease in the number of nuclei alongside with an increase in their size and a moderate decrease in RNA concentration. The marker profile of remodeling changes in a physiological manner and is characterized by an increase in the content of cardiotrophin-1, type I collagen and titin, while maintaining the titin / collagen ratio and normal apoptotic rate. Long-term hypoxia causes a fibro-apoptotic type of pathological myocardial remodeling including an almost two-fold decrease in the number of nuclei with an increase in their size and a decrease in RNA concentration. The marker profile of remodeling is characterized by an increase in all 4 components, a significant increase in the titin / collagen ratio and high apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes.

Zakharov–Kuznetsov–Burgers equation in a magnetised non-extensive electron–positron–ion plasma

In this paper, we have studied the three-dimensional (3D) electron-acoustic waves (EAWs) in a three-component complex plasma containing q-non-extensive distributed hot electrons and positrons. The propagation characteristics of the 3D electron-acoustic (EA) shock waves under the influence of magnetic field have been studied. Our present plasma model supports the negative potential shocks. Combined action of dissipation $$(\eta )$$ , non-extensivity (q), concentration of positrons ( $$\beta $$ ), temperature ratio of cold electrons to positrons ( $$\sigma $$ ) and magnetic field ( $$\omega _c$$ ) on the EA shock waves has been studied in detail and the findings obtained here will be beneficial in future astrophysical investigations.

Stoichiometry of triple-sieve tRNA editing complex ensures fidelity of aminoacyl-tRNA formation.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the attachment of cognate amino acids onto tRNAs. To avoid mistranslation, editing mechanisms evolved to maintain tRNA aminoacylation fidelity. For instance, while rejecting the majority of non-cognate amino acids via discrimination in the synthetic active site, prolyl-tRNA synthetase (ProRS) misactivates and mischarges Ala and Cys, which are similar in size to cognate Pro. Ala-tRNAPro is specifically hydrolyzed by the editing domain of ProRS in cis, while YbaK, a free-standing editing domain, clears Cys-tRNAPro in trans. ProXp-ala is another editing domain that clears Ala-tRNAPro in trans. YbaK does not appear to possess tRNA specificity, readily deacylating Cys-tRNACysin vitro. We hypothesize that YbaK binds to ProRS to gain specificity for Cys-tRNAPro and avoid deacylation of Cys-tRNACys in the cell. Here, in vivo evidence for ProRS-YbaK interaction was obtained using a split-green fluorescent protein assay. Analytical ultracentrifugation and native mass spectrometry were used to investigate binary and ternary complex formation between ProRS, YbaK, and tRNAPro. Our combined results support the hypothesis that the specificity of YbaK toward Cys-tRNAPro is determined by the formation of a three-component complex with ProRS and tRNAPro and establish the stoichiometry of a ‘triple-sieve’ editing complex for the first time.

Duplex microRNAs assay based on target-triggered universal reporter hybridization

In this paper, we designed and evaluated a duplex detection strategy for microRNAs (miRNAs) using universal probe-based target-triggered double hybridization and fluorescent microsphere-based assay system (xMAP array). In the absence of target miRNA, reporter DNA cannot hybridize stably with the immobilized capture DNA due to its low melting temperature. Only after adding target miRNA, can reporter probe hybridize with capture probe to form a stable three-component complex. This target-triggered stable hybridization makes this method possible for highly selective and sensitive detection of multiple miRNAs. We exemplified a quantitative detection of duplex miRNAs with a limit of detection of 40 pM. The xMAP array platform holds the potential of extending this approach to simultaneous detection of up to 100 miRNA targets. Considering the simplicity, rapidity and multiplexing, this work promised a potential detection of multiple miRNA biomarkers for early disease diagnosis and prognosis.

Optimization of Photosensitized Tryptophan Oxidation in the Presence of Dimegin-Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Chitosan Systems

By the example of a model process of tryptophan photooxidation in the aqueous medium in the presence of a three-component photosensitizing complex (porphyrin photosensitizer-polyvinylpyrrolidone- chitosan, PPS-PVP-CT) in the temperature range of 20–40 °С, we have demonstrated a possibility of modification of such a process by selecting different molar ratios of the components in the reaction mixture. The actual objective of this selection is the formation of a certain PPS-PVP-CT composition in which PVP macromolecules would coordinate with PPS molecules and at the same time practically block the complex binding of PPS molecules with chitosan macromolecules. Such blocking allows utilization of the bactericidal properties of chitosan to a greater extent, since chitosan is known to depress the PPS photosensitizing activity in PPS-PVP-CT complexes when using those in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The optimal composition of photosensitizing complexes appears to be dependent on the temperature at which the PDT sessions are performed. We have analyzed the correlations of the effective rate constants of tryptophan photooxidation with the photophysical characteristics of the formed complexes.

Pharmacokinetic studies of a three-component complex that repurposes the front line antibiotic isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The frontline tuberculosis (Tb) antibiotic isoniazid has been repurposed using a three component complex aimed at increasing the delivery efficiency and adding new avenues to its mechanism of action. This study focuses on pharmacokinetic studies of the isoniazid-sucrose–copper (II)-PEG-3350 complex. The assays include the Plasma Protein Binding Assay (85.8%), Caco-2 Permeability Assay (B→APapp, 0.13 × 10−6 cm/s), Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assay (i.e. CYP2B6, IC50 = 7.26 μM), In vitro microsomal Stability Assay (t1/2 NADPH-Dependent > 240 min), and HepG2 Cytotoxicity (no toxicity). The National Cancer Institute's 60 cell line panel is used to measure activity against cancer cells. The percent growth values averaged over all 60 cell lines indicates the complex has no anti-cancer activity, which also suggests a lack of general toxicity. It also provides data for the complexes specificity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Molecular mechanisms of the damage effect of pesticides of various structures on target organisms

The results of a study of the mechanism of action of eight pesticides: Zenkor, Lontrel, Roundup, Kusagard, Sethoxydim, Basagran, Tachigaren, and Tilt are presented. It is shown that they form bidentate metal complexes with trace elements. Pesticides and their metal complexes interact with mono-, di-, and polynucleotides and enzyme systems of living organisms. In all cases, two- or three-component complex systems are formed. The formation of a complex with adenosine triphosphoric acid leads to energy deficiency of the cell and suppression of energy metabolism. The pesticides considered are promutagens; that is, they exhibit genotoxicity after metabolic activation.