Threat Of Violent Extremism Research Articles

뉴노멀 시대의 테러환경 변화와 시사점 연구

Recently, the threat of violent extremism that promotes terrorism is transcending borders and is rapidly spreading in the online space with the changing security crisis situation in the international community. Terrorists bent on violent extremism occur in crowded places targeting an unspecified number of people which is a potential risk factor for terrorist attacks. In particular, there is a tendency for the boundaries between crime and terrorism to become blurred as the motivation for terrorism expands, and like the lone wolf type, the evolution of terrorist threats is linked to radicalization. Unlike traditional criminal crimes, the radicalization of terrorists in the past was mainly accomplished through terrorist group recruitment through propaganda and instigation, and terrorist training and instructions. Therefore, Counter-terrorism measures also prevented the inflow of terrorist organization members and terrorist propaganda and inciting ideologies into the country. However, there are limitations due to changes in the security paradigm, and information sharing, and cooperation from the international community are absolutely necessary, and domestic positive law must also implement a policy of preventing information related to terrorism in online spaces.

Preventing Violent Extremism – What Has Gender Got to Do With It?

Abstract. Violent extremism and acts of terrorism are a major threat to peace and security globally. To date though the gender dynamics of support for, participation in, and prevention of violent extremism have been largely neglected by psychology, sociology, and political science scholars. Drawing on field research in Indonesia where the threat of violent extremism is pervasive, this article asks how do gendered perceptions and ideologies fuel and spread extremism and violent extremism? It highlights how women resist, counter, and prevent fundamentalist and extremist ideologies and the gendered identities and ideologies associated with them in everyday life in order to bring a gendered perspective into an examination of the causes of violent extremism and efforts to prevent it.

Making Sense of Extremism in the Bosnian Football Terraces

This paper presents an initial assessment of the results of a four-month research project studying Ultras in BiH. This research contributed to the Bosnia & Herzegovina Resilience Initiative (BHRI) Programme (implemented by the International Organization for Migration - United Nations, funded and closely coordinated with the U.S. Agency for International Development -USAID) aiming to reduce the threat of violent extremism in BiH and to counter extremist efforts to deepen or exploit communal tensions.

EMPOWERING PAKISTAN’S CIVIL SOCIETY TO COUNTER VIOLENT EXTREMISM

IntroductionPakistan is among the most strategically important countries for the United because of its nuclear capabilities, geographic location, and its position as a frontline state in the battle against global extremism. Since 9/11, the United has invested more than $30 billion in civilian and military assistance to Pakistan.1 However, Pakistan still remains a base for numerous U.S.-designated terrorist groups, and the threat of violent extremism has continued to increase over the last decade.Radical ideologies continue to gain traction in Pakistan, and the risk to civilians, government institutions, and aid organizations is growing in spite of the Pakistani military's counter-extremism and deradicalization programs. According to intelligence reports, between 2001 and March 2013, 49,000 Pakistanis died at the hands of the Taliban and other militant groups.2 The situation has particularly deteriorated within the past four years, with an incr ease in ethnic and sectarian violence3 and numer ous attacks on ma jor cultural and religious sites resulting in the deaths of scores of civilians.4The government of Pakistan (GoP) is unable to effectively counter violent extremism (CVE) because of its competing national security priorities and economic and energy crises. As a result, Pakistan's civil society has had to take a lead in peacebuilding and CVE initiatives.5 While many civil society CVE programs are effective at the grassroots level, civil society organizations (CSOs) must overcome numerous challenges to become more sustainable and replicable. The United and the int ernational community must adopt a more systematic and integrated regional approach to empowering Pakistan's civil society to specifically address these issues.It is more urgent than ever to support Pakistan's civil society in its peacebuilding efforts as the United reduces its presence in Afghanistan. Since 2001, the United has made considerable progress in establishing r ela tionships wit h Pakistan's civil society t o i mpl ement programs that specifically address drivers of violent extremism. This paper aims to equip policymakers with the tools to expand such efforts and develop a sophisticated strategy for the distribution, allocation, and implementation of assistance to Pakistan to reduce the threat of international terrorism. This CVE strategy can also ser ve as a model for stabilizing other at-risk Muslim ma jority countries such as Afghanistan, Syria, Yemen, and Egypt.First, this paper will explore Pakistan's civil society-led CVE programs and assess U.S. government efforts to support these initiatives since 2001. The report will then consider challenges to civil society-focused CVE work in Pakistan, including institutional obstacles and capacity limitations. Recommendations are addressed primarily t oward U.S. policymakers and CVE program implementation agencies, as well as their partners in the diaspora community and in Pakistan.6Defining CVECVE is a broad-ranging term that describes initiatives to reduce the spread of violent extremist ideologies espoused by al-Qa'ida and similar terrorist networks.7 The Obama Administration used the phrase in 2011 with the release of its policy paper, Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States and the subsequent release of its Strategic Implementation Plan. Senior policyma kers from the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Department of Justice (DOJ) and the State Department acknowledge that protecting our nation from foreign and domestic violent extremism is a top national security priority. Accordingly, significant resources and political capital have been dedicated to advancing the CVE agenda.The phenomenon of extremism in Pakistan is highly complex and multilayered. While this report primarily addresses Taliban and al-Qa'ida related violent extremism, radicalization may result from a multitude of push and pull factors such as poverty, ethnic or sectarian dis cord, political grievances, and extremist ideologies. …

Limits of UK Counterterrorism Policy and its Implications for Islamophobia and Far Right Extremism

The UK Government has recently announced a new Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 to facilitate tackling the threat of violent extremism. In light of this and previous initiatives, this paper provides a critical assessment of UK counterterrorism policy. This policy has created a notion of ‘suspect communities’ such that it has alienated young Muslims at the community engagement level, conceivably and empirically, potentially further exacerbating concerns government and communities have over questions of radicalisation, extremism, and the associated political and criminal violence. This paper argues that such policies can lead to the institutionalisation of Islamophobia, acting as an echo chamber for far right extremism to flourish. Significant gaps in government policy in this area can only be addressed by fostering effective relations between communities and policy makers, with enablers such as police officers, youth workers, activists and faith leaders empowered to formulate nuanced approaches in various local area settings. Given the social, cultural and political situation regarding British Muslim youth, including those presently thought to be fighting in parts of Iraq and Syria, as well as ongoing threats on UK soil presented as imminent and dangerous by UK government, there remain acute challenges with limited opportunities.

Community perceptions of radicalisation and violent extremism: an Australian perspective

This paper discusses selected findings and implications of a recent qualitative Australian study, Community and Radicalisation, focusing on grassroots community and government perspectives about what radicalisation and violent extremism mean for Australian communities a decade after 11 September. The key aims of the study were to identify how communities understand the meanings of and relationship between radicalisation and extremism; to explore community perceptions of the underlying drivers for radicalisation and extremism; the perceived impact of radicalisation and violent extremism on sense of community and social harmony and cohesion; and to investigate community approaches to and solutions for eliminating or reducing the threat of violent extremism in Australia in order to inform and support effective policy and strategy development around countering radicalisation and extremism in Australia. The study's findings suggest that a broad national sample of 542 participants were reasonably confident that Australia is in a good position to meet and address some of the continuing challenges presented by the threats of radicalisation and violent extremism to a peaceful and open democratic society. However, a range of strategies and solutions were identified that help focus attention on what work still needs to be done and what innovations may be needed to stay abreast of a social and political environment that is dynamic, fluid, occasionally volatile and still working towards broadscale resilience and social cohesion in Australian contexts.

Building Community Resilience to Counter Violent Extremism

The Obama administration's new approach to countering violent extremism through engaging community partners challenges us to make a paradigm shift in how we understand the causes of terrorism. This approach is supported by theory, research findings, practice knowledge, and policy successes. However, for the US government to deliver on its promise of building community resilience, it is necessary to better understand the meanings of resilience as applied to US communities under the threat of violent extremism. The resilience approach will need to attend to the issues of multilevel dimensions, sociocultural context, community collaboration, and the need for further research.