Thousands Of Boxes Research Articles

Curating Community behind Barbed Wire: Canadian Prisoner of War Art from the Second World War

Though often under-represented in the official and national narratives and in Canadian military historiography more broadly, the intimate and personal lived experiences of Canadian prisoners of war (POW) during the Second World War can be found in archives, photography collections, and collections of war art. In an attempt to see past the mythologised versions of POWs that appear in Hollywood films, best-selling monographs, and other forms of popular culture, it is through bits of ephemera—including wartime log books and the drawings carefully kept and sent home to loved ones along with handwritten letters—that the stories of non-combatant men and women who spent their war as POWs, can be told. Together, Canadian POWs created and curated community and fostered unconventional family ties, sometimes called “emotional communities”, through the collection and accumulation of drawings, illustrations, paintings, and other examples of war art on the pages of their wartime log books while living behind barbed wire. This article uncovers some of these stories, buried in the thousands of boxes in the George Metcalf Archival Collection—the textual archives—at the Canadian War Museum (CWM) in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

A Multi–Level Approach for Simulation of Storage and Respiration of Produce

A produce gas respiration model and fruit-stack geometric digital generation approach is used with commercial CFD software (ANSYS CFXTM) to conduct shape-level simulations of the fluid flow, heat and respiration processes that occur during the storage of produce, with the ultimate purpose of providing detailed information that can be used to develop closure coefficients for volume-averaged simulations. A digital generation procedure is used to develop an accurate representation of the shapes of the different produce. The produce shapes are then implemented into a discrete element modelling tool to generate a randomly-distributed stack of produce in a generic container, which is then utilized as a representative elementary volume (REV) for simulations of airflow and respiration. Simulations are first conducted on single pieces of produce and compared to a recently published experimental data for tomatoes and avocadoes to generate coefficients for the respiration model required for the shape-level simulations on the REV. The results of the shape-level simulation are then processed to produce coefficients that can be used for volume-averaged (porous-continuum-level) calculations, which are much more practical for simulations of large areas of storage comprised of hundreds or thousands of boxes of different commodities. The results show that the multi-level approach is a viable means for developing the simulation parameters required to study refrigeration, ripening and storage/transport of produce.

The Reinvention of Atlantic Slavery: Technology, Labor, Race, and Capitalism in the Greater Caribbean by Daniel B. Rood

Reviewed by: The Reinvention of Atlantic Slavery: Technology, Labor, Race, and Capitalism in the Greater Caribbean by Daniel B. Rood Alicia Maggard (bio) The Reinvention of Atlantic Slavery: Technology, Labor, Race, and Capitalism in the Greater Caribbean. By Daniel B. Rood. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. 272. Cloth, $74.00.) Follow Daniel Rood on a tour of Atlantic slavery in the middle of the nineteenth century, and he'll take you to one of that world's largest castiron structures: a newly constructed warehouse on newly made land in Havana Bay. Railcars and cranes moved within, as did large workforces made up of indentured Chinese and enslaved workers who stacked and unstacked thousands of boxes of sugar. In Richmond awaited a building purported to be the largest in the United States, where teams of enslaved Virginians maintained thirty-one pairs of millstones capable of grinding out 200,000 barrels of flour per year. Many of those barrels were bound for Rio de Janeiro, where Afro Brazilian bakers preferred "sweet" Richmond flour and where slave-grown and slave-milled wheat was exchanged for the beans harvested from the expanding coffee plantations of the Paraíba Valley. Elsewhere in the Atlantic world, cotton may have been king, but in Cuba, Brazil, and the Upper South, creole elites were systematizing the production and distribution of commodities not governed by the unipolarity of Liverpool. Rood's brilliant book considers how elite slaveholders across the hemisphere deployed cutting-edge machine technology, storage and transportation infrastructure, and techniques of racial management to consolidate wealth and power in a system threatened by resistance, abolitionism, and the growing hegemony of European and Yankee regimes. [End Page 794] Contributing to the growing body of work on "second slavery," Rood maps the intensification of relations between the slave societies of the U.S. South, Cuba, and Brazil—what he collectively terms the Greater Caribbean—in the wake of the Haitian and Industrial Revolutions. Through careful research, he details how slaveholders adapted industrial technologies and racial divisions of labor to gain leverage in global commodity markets. For an audience of U.S. historians who tend to know far more about the cotton southwest, Rood recovers not merely different crops in different places but also different strategies through which slaveholders fit the plantation system to capitalist modernity. Innovations in how perishables like sugar and flour were processed, packed, and transported enabled more of the production process to occur (and therefore more financial gain to accrue) near the sites of extraction. Networks of exchange and knowledge built around shared identification with "tropical" climates, topographies, and captive labor regimes linked "semi-peripheral producers" and opened up new opportunities for them within a Greater Caribbean committed to foreclosing possibilities for peoples of African descent (7). Rood portrays the Greater Caribbean as a region of experimentation and innovation, a place where imported technology was "creolized" to fit both the environment and the plantation complex. Following the Haitian Revolution, Cuban slaveholders moved into large-scale sugar production, and the richest and most technologically aggressive of them imported mechanized boiling systems developed for the European sugar-beet industry but modified to better serve the exigencies of sugar production in a hot, humid, and resource-scarce environment. Aided by investments in mechanical technology and their command of enslaved and indentured labor, elite merchant-planters moved to construct new railroads, wharves, and warehousing facilities to control more of the distribution and marketing infrastructure. In parallel maneuvers carried out over the course of the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, Richmond's millers combined innovations in milling, coopering, and marine navigation with strategies of vertical integration to capture Virginia's wheat hinterland and become the preferred flour supplier to the expanding bread-eating classes of Brazil. The developments taking place in different locales of the Greater Caribbean were linked as much by shared tendencies as by a circulating cadre of "plantation experts" (2). Veterans of Upper South railroad projects found themselves particularly in demand, sought as much for their [End Page 795] technical expertise and familiarity with mountainous terrain as for their experience managing enslaved workers. In the Greater Caribbean, however, white people did not have a monopoly on technical expertise...

Heuristic algorithms for a three-dimensional loading capacitated vehicle routing problem in a carrier

In this paper, we present heuristic algorithms for a three-dimensional loading capacitated vehicle routing problem arising in a real-world situation. In this problem, customers make requests of goods, which are packed in a sortment of boxes. The objective is to find minimum cost delivery routes for a set of identical vehicles that, departing from a depot, visit all customers only once and return to the depot. Apart of the usual 3D container loading constraints which ensure that the boxes are packed completely inside the vehicles and that the boxes do not overlap each other in each vehicle, the problem also takes into account constraints related to the vertical stability of the cargo and multi-drop situations. The algorithms are based on the combination of classical heuristics from both vehicle routing and container loading literatures, as well as two metaheuristic strategies, and their use in more elaborate procedures. Although these approaches cannot assure optimal solutions for the respective problems, they are relatively simple, fast enough to solve real instances, flexible enough to include other practical considerations, and normally assure relatively good solutions in acceptable computational times in practice. The approaches are also sufficiently generic to be embedded with algorithms other than those considered in this study, as well as they can be easily adapted to consider other practical constraints, such as the load bearing strength of the boxes, time windows and pickups and deliveries. Computational tests were performed with these methods considering instances based on the vehicle routing literature and actual customers’ orders, as well as instances based on a real-world situation of a Brazilian carrier. The results show that the heuristics are able to produce relatively good solutions for real instances with hundreds of customers and thousands of boxes.

Reply to 'Questions of bias in climate models'

I appreciate that Smith et al. support the primary conclusion of my paper that accounting for the geographic distribution of radiative forcing is important in determining the climate response. They describe how the reduced-form model MAGICC represents the response to spatially inhomogeneous forcing via four boxes, one for land and one for ocean in each hemisphere, and I appreciate that clarification. My statement that there will be biases in simple models that do not account for the forcing distribution should have said that there will be biases in simple models that do not adequately account for the forcing distribution. Smith et al. report that the current versions of MAGICC underestimate the hemispheric asymmetry of the temperature response to well-mixed greenhouse gases by ~40% relative to the CMIP5 models. Although MAGICC can be recalibrated, this supports the conclusion that the highly simplified representation of forcing and response distributions in MAGICC contributes to the differences with respect to a CMIP5-generation model seen in a previous analysis of the response to predominantly Northern Hemisphere aerosol forcing, as discussed in my paper. Smith et al. also report that MAGICC captures the hemispheric asymmetry of the temperature response to inhomogeneous (predominantly aerosol) forcing seen in the CMIP5 models reasonably well. This agreement appears coincidental, however, as Smith et al. state that their highly asymmetric response is driven by aerosol forcing being greater over land than ocean, whereas in the CMIP5 models I analyzed, the historical aerosol + ozone forcing is actually greater over the oceans than land. The land responds more strongly in the CMIP5 models despite this, not only because of its inherently faster response time, but also because localized forcing influences climate well beyond the location of the forcing itself, especially in the zonal direction. This process is absent in MAGICC. More generally, I presented the hemispheric temperature responses simply as an example to support my claim that the different response to inhomogeneous forcing relative to homogeneous forcing was largely due to the spatial pattern rather than differences in the effectiveness of those forcing agents, and not to imply that the Northern and Southern hemisphere responses told the whole story. In fact, my study showed an even stronger response in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics than in the Northern Hemisphere as a whole, leading to an even larger asymmetry between the Northern and Southern hemisphere extratropics. This is consistent with the Northern Hemisphere extratropics having the greatest land fraction and fractional area in which powerful snow and ice albedo feedbacks operate, and is in agreement with previous results from multiple models4-6. Hence, climate sensitivity is not simply a function of the average Northern and Southern hemisphere forcing. The CMIP5 models use thousands of boxes in the horizontal and do well at capturing the heterogeneity of the climate system. Although a four-box model might be calibrated to match the CMIP5 models' global mean response to aerosol forcing for certain particular cases, assessments of its skill in capturing the climate response to complex temporally and spatially evolving inhomogeneous forcings (for example, recent shifts in aerosols from more northerly developed to more equatorial developing nations) are surely required. Thus, the conclusions of my paper hold firm, namely that the geographic distribution of radiative forcing plays an important role in determining the transient climate response, and that calculations with simple models and those inferring transient climate response from historical surface temperature observations need to adequately account for this.

The Waldemar Lindgren Award for 2010: Citation of Brian Rusk

Members and friends of the SEG: I am most pleased to introduce Brian Rusk as the 2010 recipient of the Waldemar Lindgren Award of the Society of Economic Geologists. I got to know Brian when he started graduate study at the University of Oregon after receiving a B.S. degree in geology from James Madison University. Brian began his research when he showed up on his mountain bike at the Capri Motel in uptown Butte, Montana, to join John Dilles and me to begin a summer project of mapping Butte drill core. After we explained to Brian the monumental task ahead, involving a forklift and thousands of boxes of core on pallets, many of which had slumped and tumbled, and many more of which were encrusted by years of pigeon droppings, we asked Brian, “Are you ready to go?” He said, “Sure, let’s go do it.” So began …

Fragments of the Modern City: Material Culture and the Rhythms of Everyday Life in Victorian London

Lining the shelves of a Museum of London warehouse are thousands of boxes of the broken and fragmented belongings of Victorian Londoners. But how might such evidence – the product of recent archaeological excavations across the city – contribute to our understanding of the social and cultural worlds of Victorian Londoners? Can it take us beyond the familiar tropes of social investigation, or past the enduring literary narratives that have so powerfully influenced the historical imagination? Does it allow us to grasp the ‘actualities’ of life in the modern metropolis that are otherwise obscured by a pervasive bourgeois gaze that saturates other historical sources? Taking inspiration from methodological perspectives developed by North American and Australian historical archaeologists, this article deploys an ‘ethnography of place’ approach to demonstrate and evaluate the contribution of material evidence to the study of the nineteenth-century city. Sifting through a rich assemblage of objects discarded by a...

PLP 를 위한 Fast Algorithm 과 팔레타이징 작업 제어 S/W 를 위한 로봇 시뮬레이터 개발

Palletizing is necessary to promote the efficiency of storage and shipping tasks. These are, however some of the most monotonous, heavy and laborious tasks in the factory. Therefore many types of robot palletizing systems have been developed, but many robot motion commands still depend on the teaching pendent. That is, an operator inputs the motion command lines one by one. It is very troublesome, and most of all, the user must know how to type the code. That is why we propose a new GUI (Graphic User Interface) Palletizing System. To cope with this issue, we proposed a ‘PLP’ (Pallet Loading Problem) algorithm, Fast Algorithm and realize 3D auto-patterning visualization interface. Finally, we propose the robot palletizing simulator. Internally, the schematic of this simulator is as follows. First, an user inputs the physical information of object. Second, simulator calculates the optimal pattern for the object and visualizes the result. Finally, the calculated position data of object is passed to the robot simulator. To develop the robot simulator, we use an articulated robot, and analyze the kinematics and dynamics.<BR> Especially, All problem including thousands of boxes were completely calculated in less than 1 second and resulted in optimal solutions by the Fast Algorithm.

Demetrius J. Georgacas

Obituaries165 Demetrius J. Georgacas ( ??µ?t???? ??????? Ge???a??? ) was one of the outstanding researchers in Greek lexicography and in lexicology, etymology , and onomastics. He was born in 1908 in Siderokastron in the Peloponnesus . Having studied at the University of Athens, he immediately entered the world of lexicography as one ofthe editors ofthe Lexikon tes Neos Hellenikes (for the letters P-Omega), published in 1932 by Pröia in Athens, and as a member of the staff of editors (his Greek title, syntáktes, is better) in the huge, but largely unfinished project of the Historikdn Lexikon tes Hellênikês Glosses of the Academy of Athens (1934-1946). However, in 1938 he went to Berlin for further studies. The signal result of this stay is one of the most useful works in Greek linguistics: the third volume of the Griechische Grammatik, the standard reference book for any student ofGreek historical linguistics. Its first edition was published by Karl Brugmann; in 1913 there was already a fourth edition, prepared by Albert Thumb.' In 1939 and 1950, a completely new edition was published by Eduard Schwyzer.2 This grammar is a great achievement of Neo-grammarian positivism: its 842 + 714 = 1,556 pages are so replete with data that its third volume by DemetriusJ. Georgacas, which consists of an index to vols. 1 and 2, has itself more than 400 pages densely printed in three columns of small print. W.L. Lorimer in his review of the Index praised Georgacas for his "chalcentery";3 this is a distinction otherwise given only to Murray himself, whom R. W. Chapman called "chalcenterous."4 However, like the OED, the Index to the Griechische Grammatik required more than the "brazen bowels" of diligence: to lemmatize the dialectical forms that vary so widely from one dialect to another, to explicate paradigmatically incomplete lexical units, to unify alphabets and transcriptions; all these and other problems were solved successfully. Any future author of a complicated linguistic index will do well to study this work of Georgacas. After the war, Demetrius Georgacas came to the United States. He held various positions in Chicago and Utah between 1948 and 1953. In 1953, he went to the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, and stayed there for the rest of his life: first as Associate Professor, then from 1959 to 1975 as Professor, and from 1975 on as Research Professor and University Professor. The reasons underlying the selection of Grand Forks, North Dakota, as the seat ofoperations by a Hellenist may seem elusive, but the decision was a logical and, ultimately, a propitious one. In the fifties, Georgacas decided to compile what we would characterize as a (semi-) historical dictionary of Modern Greek. This was, ofcourse, an immense undertaking; it was the University of North Dakota (as I was told personally by my deceased friend) that promised him the strongest support, and it was this promise that brought Georgacas to Grand Forks. The choice might seem to have been risky, but the outcome was good: I am glad to report that the University, particularly as represented by Dean Bernard O'Kelly, remained faithful to the original compact . To the end of his days, Georgacas had his huge scriptorium there with thousands of boxes with contextual quotations, his rich reference library, etc. 166Obituaries It was this project to which Georgacas devoted most of his time. Developing from etymological studies and from the idea of a small, purely synchronic Greek-English dictionary, it became in the sixties the "Modern GreekEnglish Dictionary"; Georgacas was the main editor throughout (again, the Greek title sounds better: archisyntáktés). For many years he was assisted by his wife Barbara Georgacas and by various assistants brought over from Greece; most notably (in the early seventies) by Ioannes Kazazis, who is at present Professor in Thessaloniki and Acting Director of the work on the Historikon Lexikon of the Academy in Athens (I owe thanks to both for important pieces of information). As does every huge project, this one also had its own history. As already mentioned, it started as a plan for a modest bilingual Modern GreekEnglish dictionary, supported by what was then the Office of Education. However, perhaps...