Third-order Response Research Articles

Third-order anomalous Hall response to the Fermi-surface topology in magnetic materials

Third-order anomalous Hall response to the Fermi-surface topology in magnetic materials

Research on the strategy of cruise control system for urban traffic jam assistant

This paper proposes a hierarchical cruise control strategy that can adapt to urban traffic scenarios. Firstly, the perception layer defines a target selection strategy by using a novel trapezoidal dangerous area. Then, the upper controller contains speed follow mode and distance follow mode. An improved PI mode with integral separation and saturation terms is developed to achieve the desired speed following control, a safe distance mode via variable time headway is developed to facilitate the safe and smooth distance following control. The lower controller is designed based on feedforward and PI feedback. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the strategy can effectively select suitable target vehicles in complex urban scenarios. With the improved safe distance model and the third-order Bessel actuator response delay model, the strategy exhibits adaptability and stability. This study offers valuable suggestions and guidance for designing and applying the cruise control strategy for urban traffic scenarios.

χ (2)-induced artifact overwhelming the third-order signal in 2D Raman-THz spectroscopy of non-centrosymmetric materials.

Through comprehensive data analysis, we demonstrate that a χ(2)-induced artifact, arising from imperfect balancing in the conventional electro-optic sampling detection scheme, contributes significantly to the measured signal in 2D Raman-THz spectroscopy of non-centrosymmetric materials. The artifact is a product of two 1D responses, overwhelming the desired 2D response. We confirm that by analyzing the 2D Raman-THz response of an x-cut beta barium borate crystal. We furthermore show that this artifact can be effectively suppressed by implementing a special detection scheme. We successfully isolate the desired third-order 2D Raman-THz response, revealing a distinct cross-peak feature, whose frequency position suggests the coupling between two crystal phonons.

Bismorpholin-4-ium tetrabromo-cadmium metal-organic single crystal delivering Crystal structure, physicochemical properties and Characterizations for Optoelectronic Applications

For the development of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, compositions of cadmium chloride (CC) and Morpholinium bromide (MB) molecules were utilized to form metal-organic materials. Morpholinium bromide was incorporated with cadmium metal to have electron charge transfer by constructing acentric structures that take advantage of strong third-order nonlinear optical properties. Bis Morpholinium cadmium bromide (BMCB) crystals were synthesized by a slow evaporation method (SEST). The BMCB crystal belongs to monoclinic P21/c space group with four molecules in the unit cell (a=6.7607(4) Å, b=16.5811(2) Å, c=14.9744(2) Å, β=94.136(3) ° and Z=4). The grown BMCB crystal phase purity and crystallinity were further investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the functional groups and their vibrational states were evaluated. From the results obtained from UV-vis-NIR spectral analysis, it is clear that the title compound is transparent in the visible range with the lower cut-off wavelength of 254 nm. The TG-DTA measurement has been used to evaluate thermal stability. Microhardness measurements were carried out to evaluate the mechanical stability of the grown crystal. The third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics were studied using Z-scan technique. The grown crystal exhibits outstanding third-order NLO response and wide laser damage threshold (LDT), which are crucial characteristics for developing practical NLO devices. The findings consequently open a novel path for the logical design of enormous, thermally stable and NLO-active metal-organic complexes for NLO applications.

Analysis on optical, thermal and third-order nonlinear properties of L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate single crystal

This research contributes valuable insights into the understanding of third-order nonlinear optical effects in L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate (LHHC) single crystal, offering a foundation for future work in optimizing its properties for practical applications in the field of nonlinear optics. It presents a systematic analysis into the LHHC crystal properties harvested by slow evaporation solution (SEST) method. Originally, structure of the compound was confirmed through single crystal x-ray diffraction and powder x-ray diffraction analysis. FTIR analysis was performed to get information about molecular composition of the compound. The assessment of the optical quality of LHHC single crystal was done by UV–Visible and photoluminescence spectroscopies. TG-DTA was employed to assess the stability of the single crystal under different temperature conditions. Z-scan technique, with an open aperture (OA) & closed aperture (CA) configuration, was employed to comprehensively explore the third-order nonlinear response of LHHC single crystal. The nonlinear absorption coefficient β is determined to be 5.32 × 10−10 cm W−1. The NLR index (n2) is calculated as −2.72 × 10−15 cm2 W−1.

Quantum geometry quadrupole-induced third-order nonlinear transport in antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4

The study of quantum geometry effects in materials has been one of the most important research directions in recent decades. The quantum geometry of a material is characterized by the quantum geometric tensor of the Bloch states. The imaginary part of the quantum geometry tensor gives rise to the Berry curvature while the real part gives rise to the quantum metric. While Berry curvature has been well studied in the past decades, the experimental investigation on the quantum metric effects is only at its infancy stage. In this work, we measure the nonlinear transport of bulk MnBi2Te4, which is a topological anti-ferromagnet. We found that the second order nonlinear responses are negligible as required by inversion symmetry, the third-order nonlinear responses are finite. The measured third-harmonic longitudinal (Vxx3ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${V}_{{xx}}^{3\\omega }$$\\end{document}) and transverse (Vxy3ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${V}_{{xy}}^{3\\omega }$$\\end{document}) voltages with frequency 3ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\omega$$\\end{document}, driven by an a.c. current with frequency ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\omega$$\\end{document}, show an intimate connection with magnetic transitions of MnBi2Te4 flakes. Their magnitudes change abruptly as MnBi2Te4 flakes go through magnetic transitions from an antiferromagnetic state to a canted antiferromagnetic state and to a ferromagnetic state. In addition, the measured Vxx3ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${V}_{{xx}}^{3\\omega }$$\\end{document} is an even function of the applied magnetic field B while Vxy3ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${V}_{{xy}}^{3\\omega }$$\\end{document} is odd in B. Amazingly, the field dependence of the third-order responses as a function of the magnetic field suggests that Vxx3ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${V}_{{xx}}^{3\\omega }$$\\end{document} is induced by the quantum metric quadrupole and Vxy3ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${V}_{{xy}}^{3\\omega }$$\\end{document} is induced by the Berry curvature quadrupole. Therefore, the quadrupoles of both the real and the imaginary part of the quantum geometry tensor of bulk MnBi2Te4 are revealed through the third order nonlinear transport measurements. This work greatly advanced our understanding on the connections between the higher order moments of quantum geometry and nonlinear transport.

Resolving plasmon-mediated high-order multiphoton excitation pathways in dolmen nanostructures using ultrafast nonlinear optical interferometry.

The multiphoton excitation pathways of plasmonic nanorod assemblies are described. By using dolmen structures formed from the directed assembly of three gold nanorods, plasmon-mediated three-photon excitation is resolved. These high-order multiphoton excitation channels were accessed by resonantly exciting a hybrid mode of the dolmen structure that was resonant with the 800-nm carrier wavelength of an ultrafast laser system. Rotation of the exciting field polarization to a non-resonant configuration did not generate third-order responses. Hence, the multiphoton excitation and resultant non-equilibrium electron distributions were generated by structure- and mode-selective excitation. Correlation between high-order and resonant plasmon excitation was achieved through sub-cycle time-resolved interferometric detection of incoherent nonlinear emission signals. The results illustrate the advantages of nonlinear optical interferometry and Fourier analysis for distinguishing plasmon-mediated processes from those that do not require plasmon excitation.

Physicochemical properties of 2-amino-5-methylpyridinium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate single crystal: An efficient material for optoelectronic applications

A novel third-order organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material with promising excellent properties in the crucial NLO application. For the first time high NLO active 2-amino-5-methylpyridinium 5-sulfosalicylic acid (2A5MP3C4H) has been rationally designed and single crystals have been grown by the slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST). X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that 2A5MP3C4H belongs to the category of triclinic system and has a Centro symmetric space group of P1. Remarkably, the grown crystal exhibits competitive and even superior physical properties including high thermal stability and wider transparency than the standard NLO single crystal. The morphology of the as-grown 2A5MP3C4H crystal was equivalent to the theoretically produced morphology. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate the molecular vibrations of 2A5MP3C4H. The optical characteristics of 2A5MP3C4H recorded optical transmittance spectrum reveals that the 2A5MP3C4H crystal possesses good optical transparency in the range between ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) regions. Intriguingly, the short cut-off edge of the grown crystal is found to be about 345 nm which is more favourable for developing modern photonic and optoelectronic devices application. The Laser Damage Threshold (LDT), were investigated to understand its effectiveness to be utilized in the area of optoelectronics and photonics. The thermal and mechanical stability of 2A5MP3C4H was tested using Thermo gravimetric Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA) and Vickers hardness test. The third-order nonlinear optical properties of 2A5MP3C4H single crystals were analyzed, which involves studying the absorption coefficient and refractive index behaviour using a continuous wave laser. Additionally, the grown crystal exhibits outstanding third-order NLO response and wide LDT, which are crucial characteristics for developing practical NLO devices. There are various 2-amino-5-methylpyridine (2A5MP) derivative single crystals available in the literature. However 2A5MP3C4H crystal has not been reported earlier. So, we have carried out our researcher on this new novel crystal. Our findings consequently open a novel path for the logical design of enormous, thermally stable and NLO-active organic complexes for true NLO applications.

Third-order nonlinear Hall effect in a quantum Hall system.

In two-dimensional systems, perpendicular magnetic fields can induce a bulk band gap and chiral edge states, which gives rise to the quantum Hall effect. The quantum Hall effect is characterized by zero longitudinal resistance (Rxx) and Hall resistance (Rxy) plateaus quantized to h/(υe2) in the linear response regime, where υ is the Landau level filling factor, e is the elementary charge and h is Planck's constant. Here we explore the nonlinear response of monolayer graphene when tuned to a quantum Hall state. We observe a third-order Hall effect that exhibits a nonzero voltage plateau scaling cubically with the probe current. By contrast, the third-order longitudinal voltage remains zero. The magnitude of the third-order response is insensitive to variations in magnetic field (down to ~5 T) and in temperature (up to ~60 K). Moreover, the third-order response emerges in graphene devices with a variety of geometries, different substrates and stacking configurations. We term the effect third-order nonlinear response of the quantum Hall state and propose that electron-electron interaction between the quantum Hall edge states is the origin of the nonlinear response of the quantum Hall state.

Electrically tunable third-harmonic generation using intersubband polaritonic metasurfaces

Nonlinear intersubband polaritonic metasurfaces, which integrate giant nonlinear responses derived from intersubband transitions of multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with plasmonic nanoresonators, not only facilitate efficient frequency conversion at pump intensities on the order of few tens of kW cm-2 but also enable electrical modulation of nonlinear responses at the individual meta-atom level and dynamic beam manipulation. The electrical modulation characteristics of the magnitude and phase of the nonlinear optical response are realized through Stark tuning of the resonant intersubband nonlinearity. In this study, we report, for the first time, experimental implementations of electrical modulation characteristics of mid-infrared third-harmonic generation (THG) using an intersubband polaritonic metasurface based on MQW with electrically tunable third-order nonlinear response. Experimentally, we achieved a 450% modulation depth of the THG signal, 86% suppression of zero-order THG diffraction tuning based on local phase tuning exceeding 180 degrees, and THG beam steering using phase gradients. Our work proposes a new route for electrically tunable flat nonlinear optical elements with versatile functionalities.

Epigenetic regulation by hypoxia, N-acetylcysteine and hydrogen sulphide of the fetal vasculature in growth restricted offspring: A study in humans and chicken embryos.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common outcome in human suboptimal gestation and is related to prenatal origins of cardiovascular dysfunction in offspring. Despite this, therapy of human translational potential has not been identified. Using human umbilical and placental vessels and the chicken embryo model, we combined cellular, molecular, and functional studies to determine whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) protect cardiovascular function in growth-restricted unborn offspring. In human umbilical and placental arteries from control or FGR pregnancy and in vessels from near-term chicken embryos incubated under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, we determined the expression of the H2S gene CTH (i.e. cystathionine γ-lyase) (via quantitative PCR), the production of H2S (enzymatic activity), the DNA methylation profile (pyrosequencing) and vasodilator reactivity (wire myography) in the presence and absence of NAC treatment. The data show that FGR and hypoxia increased CTH expression in the embryonic/fetal vasculature in both species. NAC treatment increased aortic CTH expression and H2S production and enhanced third-order femoral artery dilator responses to the H2S donor sodium hydrosulphide in chicken embryos. NAC treatment also restored impaired endothelial relaxation in human third-to-fourth order chorionic arteries from FGR pregnancies and in third-order femoral arteries from hypoxic chicken embryos. This NAC-induced protection against endothelial dysfunction in hypoxic chicken embryos was mediated via nitric oxide independent mechanisms. Both developmental hypoxia and NAC promoted vascular changes in CTH DNA and NOS3methylation patterns in chicken embryos. Combined, therefore, the data support that the effects of NAC and H2S offer a powerful mechanism of human translational potential against fetal cardiovascular dysfunction in complicated pregnancy. KEY POINTS: Gestation complicated by chronic fetal hypoxia and fetal growth restriction (FGR) increases a prenatal origin of cardiovascular disease in offspring, increasing interest in antenatal therapy to prevent against a fetal origin of cardiovascular dysfunction. We investigated the effects between N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the vasculature in FGR human pregnancy and in chronically hypoxic chicken embryos. Combining cellular, molecular, epigenetic and functional studies, we show that the vascular expression and synthesis of H2S is enhanced in hypoxic and FGR unborn offspring in both species and this acts to protect their vasculature. Therefore, the NAC/H2S pathway offers a powerful therapeutic mechanism of human translational potential against fetal cardiovascular dysfunction in complicated pregnancy.

Transient Chiral Dynamics in the Fenna-Matthews-Olson Complex Revealed by Two-Dimensional Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy.

Chirality plays a pivotal role across scientific disciplines with profound implications spanning light-matter interactions, molecular recognition, and natural evolutionary processes. This study delves into the active influence of molecular chirality on exciton energy transfer within photosynthetic protein complexes, focusing on the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) complex. Employing two-dimensional circular dichroism (2DCD) spectroscopy, we investigate the transient chiral dynamics of excitons during energy transfer processes within the FMO complex. Our approach, incorporating pulse information into population dynamics based on the third-order response function, facilitates the calculation of 2DCD spectra and dynamics. This enables the extraction of chiral contributions to excitonic energy transfer and the examination of electronic wave functions. We demonstrate that 2DCD spectra offer excitation energies that are better resolved than those from conventional two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. These findings deepen our understanding of exciton energy transfer mechanisms in natural photosynthesis, emphasizing the potential of 2DCD spectroscopy as a powerful tool for unraveling the chiral contribution to exciton dynamics.

Giant nonlinear optical response of fullerene polymer fragments: a DFT perspective

Organic π-conjugated materials exhibit exceptional nonlinear optical (NLO) properties due to their unique electronic structures, characterized by short response times and large NLO responses. Fullerene (C60) is one of the few polymer species that possess a rich π-conjugated system, making it a promising material with significant NLO responses. In the present paper, we designed three C60 polymer fragments and employed density functional theory to estimate their molecular static first and second hyperpolarizabilities. Compared to previously reported fullerene derivatives, the designed C60 polymer fragments can exhibit notable second-order and third-order molecular NLO responses. The study shows that the hyperpolarizabilities and energy gaps of the investigated C60 polymer fragments are greatly influenced by their topological structures and bonding modes. These findings provide new insights for the design of novel NLO materials based on C60 polymers, and the realization of tunable NLO responses in C60 cluster-based molecular systems, which may have significant applications in nanophotonic devices.

Nonlinear dielectric response in glass formers: Restoring forces and avoided spin-glass criticality.

Experimental measurements of nonlinear dielectric response in glass formers like supercooled glycerol or propylene carbonate have been interpreted as providing evidence for a growing thermodynamic length scale when lowering temperature. A heuristic picture based on coherently flipping "superdipoles" with disordered internal structure has been argued to capture the essence of the experimentally reported behavior, pointing to the key role of effectively disordered interactions in structural glasses. We test these ideas by devising an explicit one-dimensional model of interacting spins incorporating both the spin-glass spirit of the superdipole argument and the necessary long-time decorrelation of structural disorder, encoded here in a slow dynamics of the coupling constants. The frequency-dependent third-order response of the model qualitatively reproduces the typical humped shape reported in experiments. The temperature dependence of the maximum value is also qualitatively reproduced. In contrast, the humped shape of the third-order response is not reproduced by a simple kinetically constrained spin model with noninteracting spins. To rationalize these results, we propose a two-length-scale scenario by distinguishing between the characteristic length of dynamical heterogeneities and a rigidity length that accounts for the local tendency of spins to flip coherently as a block, in the presence of interactions. We show that both length scales are identical in the kinetically constrained spin model, while they have significantly different dynamics in the model of interacting spins.

Acoustic Resonance Tuning by High-Order Lorentzian Mixing.

Nanoscale mechanical resonators have attracted a great deal of attention for signal processing, sensors, and quantum applications. Recent progress in ultrahigh-Q acoustic cavities in nanostructures allows strong interactions with various physical systems and advanced functional devices. Those acoustic cavities are highly sensitive to external perturbations, and it is hard to control those resonance properties since those responses are determined by the geometry and material. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel acoustic resonance tuning method by mixing high-order Lorentzian responses in an optomechanical system. Using weakly coupled phononic-crystal acoustic cavities, we achieve coherent mixing of second- and third-order Lorentzian responses, which is capable of the fine-tunability of the bandwidth and peak frequency of the resonance with a tuning range comparable to the acoustic dissipation rate of the device. This novel resonance tuning method can be widely applied to Lorentzian-response systems and optomechanics, especially active compensation for environmental fluctuation and fabrication errors.

Theory of 2D electronic spectroscopy of water soluble chlorophyll-binding protein (WSCP): Signatures of Chl b derivate.

We investigate how electronic excitations and subsequent dissipative dynamics in the water soluble chlorophyll-binding protein (WSCP) are connected to features in two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectra, thereby comparing results from our theoretical approach with experimental data from the literature. Our calculations rely on third-order response functions, which we derived from a second-order cumulant expansion of the dissipative dynamics involving the partial ordering prescription, assuming a fast vibrational relaxation in the potential energy surfaces of excitons. Depending on whether the WSCP complex containing a tetrameric arrangement of pigments composed of two dimers with weak excitonic coupling between them binds the chlorophyll variant Chl a or Chl b, the resulting linear absorption and circular dichroism spectra and particularly the 2D spectra exhibit substantial differences in line shapes. These differences between Chl a WSCP and Chl b WSCP cannot be explained by the slightly modified excitonic couplings within the two variants. In the case of Chl a WSCP, the assumption of equivalent dimer subunits facilitates a reproduction of substantial features from the experiment by the calculations. In contrast, for Chl b WSCP, we have to assume that the sample, in addition to Chl b dimers, contains a small but distinct fraction of chemically modified Chl b pigments. The existence of such Chl b derivates has been proposed by Pieper et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 115, 4042 (2011)] based on low-temperature absorption and hole-burning spectroscopy. Here, we provide independent evidence.

FE Model Updating of Continuous Beam Bridge Based on Response Surface Method

In this paper, A high-order response surface method is proposed for finite element model updating of continuous beam bridges. Firstly, based on visual inspection and environmental vibration testing, the peak picking (PP) method and random subspace identification (SSI) method are used to identify the dynamic characteristic parameters of the structure. Then, the finite element model of the continuous beam bridge is updated based on the third-order response surface method. It can be concluded that the results of the updated finite element model are in good agreement with the test results, and the maximum error between the calculated and measured frequency is less than 3%, with MAC values greater than 85%. Moreover, the updated finite element model can reflect the current situation of real bridges and serve as the basis for bridge health monitoring, damage detection, and safety assessment.

Electro-Induced Phase Transformation of a Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Film for Nonlinear Optical Switching.

Achieving metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with nonlinear optical (NLO) switching is profoundly important. Herein, the conductive MOFs Cu-TCNQ phase I (Ph-I) and phase II (Ph-II) films were prepared using the liquid-phase-epitaxial layer-by-layer spin-coating method and steam heating method, respectively. Electronic experiments showed that the Ph-II film could be changed into the Ph-I film under an applied electric field. The third-order NLO results revealed that the Ph-I film had a third-order nonlinear reverse saturation absorption (RSA) response and the Ph-II film displayed a third-order nonlinear saturation absorption (SA) response. With increases in the heating time and applied voltage, the third-order NLO response realized the reversible transition between SA and RSA. The theoretical calculations indicated that Ph-I possessed more interlayer charge transfer, resulting in a third-order nonlinear RSA response that was stronger than that of Ph-II. This work applies phase-transformed MOFs to third-order NLO switching and provides new insights into the nonlinear photoelectric applications of MOFs.

22/43 GHz low-insertion-loss dual-polarized multi-layer bandpass frequency selective surfaces for millimeter astronomy

We design a frequency selective surface (FSS) capable of transmitting K-band and reflecting Q-band radio waves. The equivalent circuit approach assists the distribution of multi-layer FSS to achieve a third-order bandpass response with an incident angle of less than 30°. The unit structure consists of three metal layers embedded with two dielectric substrates. Especially, the FSS provides a 3 dB transmission bandwidth range from 18.6 to 26.7 GHz with a maximum measured insertion loss of 0.61 dB. Hence the proposed polarization-insensitive FSS with low insertion loss can be applied in the observation system of millimeter astronomy.

Two solvent-dependent Al16 nanorings: design, synthesis and nonlinear optical limiting behavior

Presented herein is a study focusing on the effect of organic shell ligands on the configuration of the ring structure with the same nuclearity, and their photo-related applications, such as fluorescence and third-order nonlinear response.