Thiobarbutiric Acid Reactive Substances Research Articles

The effect of glycine on oxidative stress, inflammation and renin-angiotensin system in kidneys and aorta of cyclosporine-administered rats

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug, used in organ transplantations. Oxidative stress, inflammation and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation play an important role in CsA-toxicity. Glycine (Gly) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, Gly was investigated for its protective role against CsA-induced toxicity. CsA (20 mg/kg/day; subcutaneously) was administered to rats along with Gly injection (250 or 1000 mg/kg; intraperitoneally) for 21 days. Renal function markers [serum urea and creatinine and urinary protein and kidney injury molecule levels and creatinine clearance values] together with histopathological examinations were performed. Oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances, advanced oxidation products of protein, glutathione, ferric reducing anti-oxidant power and 4-hydroxynonenal levels), and inflammation (myeloperoxidase activity) were determined in kidney tissue. The RAS system [angiotensin II (Ang II) levels, and mRNA expressions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II type-I receptor (AT1R)] and NADPH-oxidase 4 (NOX4) were measured in kidney and aorta. CsA caused significant disturbances in renal function markers, increases in oxidative stress and inflammation parameters and renal damage. Serum angiotensin II levels and mRNA expressions of ACE, AT1R and NOX4 elevated in the aorta and kidney of CsA-rats. Gly, especially its high-dose, alleviated renal function markers, oxidative stress, inflammation and renal damage in CsA-rats. Moreover, serum Ang II levels and mRNA expressions of ACE, AT1R and NOX4 decreased significantly in aorta and kidney in CsA-rats due to Gly treatment. Our results indicate that Gly may be useful for the prevention of CsA-induced renal and vascular toxicity.

Kuraklık Stresi Altında Borago officinalis L.'de Antioksidan Savunma Sistemi

Drought is one of the main abiotic stress factor that limits plant growth and development. Drought stress effects on Borago officinalis L. (borage) plants in terms of physiological and antioxidant responses have been evaluated in this study. In parallel with this purpose, relative growth rate (RGR), leaf relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were determined under drought treatment in a controlled greenhouse. RGR, RWC and osmotic potential were significantly decreased, while lipid peroxidation expressed thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and H2O2 contents were increased under drought stress. On the other hand, significant increases in POX, CAT, APX and GR activities did not prevent the increase in lipid peroxidation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted on the enzymatic antioxidants of the defense system of Borago officinalis L. under drought stress.

Increasing oxidative stability of precooked trout fillet using herbal essential oils

The antioxidant effect of tarragon and summer savory herbal essential oils (EOs) on precooked trout fillets during frozen storage period was investigated in this study. Three groups of fish fillets were treated with tarragon EO and three other groups were treated with summer savory EO and then cooked by different cooking methods (frying, oven baking and steaming). During the storage period, fat hydrolysis was evaluated through measuring free fatty acid value (FFA) and oxidation products were measured via peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances value (TBARS). During the storage period, the amount of FFA was high in oven baked samples (0.34–0.53% oleic acid) and steamed fillets (0.56–0.84% oleic acid). Following the control, the highest PV was obtained from fried fillets treated with summer savory (4.53–4.67 meq/kg) (P<0.05). Also, TBARS in fried and steamed samples containing summer savory was higher than samples containing tarragon (P<0.05). Overall acceptability score of antioxidant treated samples was higher than that of controls (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that tarragon and summer savory essential oils retarded the oxidation during frozen storage and samples treated with tarragon showed slower hydroperoxide and malonaldehyde formation than those of summer savory-treated or the control samples.

The effect of some pre-roasting treatments on quality characteristics of pumpkin seed oil

In this study, the pumpkin seed oils used were obtained from roasted and unroasted seeds of the two varieties called “Nevşehir Çerçevelisi” and “Ürgüp Sivrisi”, belonging to the species Cucurbita pepo. Oil extraction, from seeds subjected to three different pretreatments (unsalted, dry salted and wet salted) before roasting and sun-dried unroasted seeds, was carried out by means of a screw press. Pumpkin seed oils were analyzed for quality and antioxidant characteristics. The p-anisidine, peroxide and TBARS (thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances) values of oils obtained from sun-dried unroasted seeds and roasted seeds after wet salting process were lower than the other sample groups (p < 0.05). The obtained oils were rich in Zn, Fe, Mg, Se, Ca, K and Na minerals, and palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic fatty acids. In the oils, β + γ tocopherols content ranged from 131.78 to 881.77 mg/kg oil, δ-tocopherol content ranged from 3.22 to 8.67 mg/kg oil. Total phenolic matter content ranged from 1.35 to 3.62 mg gallic acid equivalent (EAG)/g. ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of the oils obtained from sun-dried-unroasted seeds and roasted seeds after wet salting process was determined higher than the other oil samples (p < 0.05).

Protective effect of Nigella sativa oil against acetamiprid induced reproductive toxicity in male rats

The present study was designed to investigate the adverse reproductive effects of acetamiprid, besides the possible protective role of Nigella sativa oil (NSO), as a potential antioxidant agent. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were allocated into four equal groups of eight, control (CRL), acetamiprid (ACMP, 27 mg/kg), Nigella sativa oil (NSO, 0.5 ml/kg) and in combination (ACMP + NSO). The experimental animals were dosed by gavage (5 days per week) for 45 consecutive days. Body weight gain, reproductive organs weights, sperm characteristics, testosterone, and thiobarbutiric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels were investigated. The obtained results showed that ACMP decreased significantly (p < 0.001) the body weight gain and the absolute weights of reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, and seminal vesicles). Furthermore, significant alterations at least (p < 0.01) in semen characteristics were noted in ACMP group as evidenced by a decline in spermatids number, sperm count, sperm motility, and testosterone level with an increase in abnormal and dead sperm and TBARS level. Treatment with NSO alone may stimulate spermatogenesis, increased significantly (p < 0.001) spermatids number and the weight of seminal vesicles. On the other hand, the co-administration of NSO along with ACMP can mitigate more efficiently and modulate in certain cases the adverse effects induced by ACMP on reproductive organs weights, semen quality, testosterone, and TBARS levels (at least p < 0.001). This obvious protective role of NSO against ACMP induced reproductive toxicity may be due to its antioxidant properties and ability to reduce TBARS levels as shown in this work.

Changes in the Physico-chemical and Microbial Quality during the Production of Pastırma Cured with Different Levels of Sodium Nitrite.

Pastırma, a dry-cured meat product, is produced from the whole muscle and/or muscles obtained from certain parts of beef and water buffalo carcasses. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of sodium nitrite on changes in the physicochemical and microbial quality during the production of pastırma. The changes in residual nitrite, salt, pH, moisture, thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances (TBARS), colour (L*, a*, b*), total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Micrococcus/Staphylococcus (M/S), mould-yeast (M-Y), and Enterobacteriaceae counts of pastırma with 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm sodium nitrite were determined during the production. The nitrite levels and the production stages had significant effects (p<0.01) on residual nitrite, TBARS, pH, salt, and colour values. The TBARS values of the pastırma with nitrite were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control. The final TAMB, LAB, M/S, and M-Y counts of pastırma with 150 ppm nitrite were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control. Also, the a* (relative redness) values of control pastırma were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the pastırma with nitrite. The production stages had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the moisture.

The protective effects of dexmedetomidine on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine (100 µg/kg-ip) on liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Twenty-four Wistar Albino rats were separated into three groups as control (C), ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) and dexmedetomidine group (I/R-D). Ischemia was induced with portal clampage for 45 minutes and reperfusion period was 45 minutes after declampage. Group I/R-D was received dexmedetomidine 100 µg/kg i.p. 30 min before portal clampage. Thiobarbutiric Acid-Reactive Substances (TBARS), glutathioneS-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) were investigated in blood samples. Also HSP60 and p53-positive hepatocytes were counted under ImageJ image analysis program. All parameters, except GST levels, were significant between the groups (p < 0.05). Although HSP60 expression was significantly increased between I/R, I/R-D and C groups there were no significant differences between I/R-D and C (p = 0.443). On the other hand, p53 expression was also significantly increased between I/R, I/R-D and C groups At the same time, there were no significant differences between I/R-D and C groups (p = 0.354). All the results suggest that dexmedetomidine has beneficial effects on liver ischemia/reperfusion stress (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 49).

The regulation of antioxidant enzymes in two Plantago species differing in salinity tolerance under combination of waterlogging and salinity.

Natural waterlogging affects vegetation dynamics in many areas of the world. Goose-tongue (Plantago spp.) plants include diverse group of species differing in salt tolerance, some of which are adapted to live in saline wetlands, which makes the genus Plantago a good model for comparative studies on the responses to waterlogging and salinity stresses. The aim of this study was to determine how waterlogging in combination with 200mM NaCl affect the tolerance mechanism of Plantago maritima L. (salt-tolerant) and Plantago media L. (salt-sensitive). Combination of salinity and waterlogging treatments (WLS) decreased shoot and root dry weights (DW) and leaf relative water content (RWC) of both P. maritima and P. media and these decreases were more dramatic in the latter. Lipid peroxidation level as measured by thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was increased in P. maritima by the combined salinity and waterlogging treatment, whereas in P. media it was increased by all stress treatments applied. Peroxidases (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities of P. maritima were increased whereas only POX and CAT activities of P. media were increased by salinity treatment alone. WLS treatment increased POX, APX and GR activities but did not affect CAT activities of both Plantago species. NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity did not seem to have any effect to control the level of lipid peroxidation. This study is the first to demonstrate that increased antioxidant activity protected against lipid peroxidation resulting from waterlogging and salinity stresses. In conclusion, we suggest that a salt-tolerant species would also have a higher tolerance of the combination of waterlogging and salinity stress than a salt-sensitive one.

The response of the xerophytic plant Gypsophila aucheri to salt and drought stresses: the role of the antioxidant defence system

The aim of the present study was to determine the antioxidant system responses of a xerophytic plant to salinity and drought, which were not elucidated before. Physiological and antioxidant responses of the xerophytic plant Gypsophila aucheri Boiss. were investigated under salinity (100 and 300 mM NaCl) and drought (withholding watering) treatment for 2 weeks in a controlled growth chamber. Besides growth responses (relative growth rate (RGR)), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, and SOD and CAT isoenzymes activities were determined under stress conditions. Moreover, the level of lipid peroxidation was determined as thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content. Tolerance of G. aucheri to salinity and drought was evaluated based on lipid peroxidation (oxidative damage) and RGR. According to the experiments, G. aucheri was found to be tolerant to drought and 100 mM NaCl and its antioxidant system was able to cope with oxidative stress under these conditions. However, 300 mM NaCl treatment had detrimental effects on plant growth and membrane integrity. Under this concentration, oxidative stress cannot be precluded in spite of increased SOD, POX, and APX activities. These data indicate that xerophytic G. aucheri is a moderate halophytic plant that uses an efficient antioxidant defence mechanism under salinity.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity of female rat liver tissue after sevoflurane anaesthesia: young versus old

The aim of our study was to assess the evidence of oxidative stress in the rat liver tissue by studying enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S transferase (GST) activity, and thiobarbutiric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels in young versus old female rats after sevoflurane anaesthesia. The study involved 28 female Wistar Albino rats. The rats were divided into the two groups [(Group I, n=14): Young sevoflurane group (Group I-YS, n=7); Young control group (Group I-YC, n=7)], [(Group II, n=14): Old sevoflurane group (Group II-OS, n=7); Old control group (Group II-OC, n=7)]. Sevoflurane was administered at 2 % volume inspiratory concentration, 6 L.min-1 in 100 % O2 for 2 hours. The control groups were not subjected to any procedures. Accordingly, GST, SOD, and NOS enzyme activity and TBARS level, were studied in the liver tissue samples of the rats to determine the presence of oxidative stress (OS) and antioxidant activity. Following administration of sevoflurane anaesthesia; GST, SOD enzyme activity and TBARS level was significantly higher in the Group I-YS than in the Group I-YC and in the Group II-OS than in the Group II-OC. There was no difference between the groups when the mean NOS levels were compared. Although the results of our study are similar to the previous indicating that sevoflurane has the capacity to induce the oxidative stress; a new data has been recorded that sevoflurane has a similar effect on the OS level in aged and young female rat (Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 48).

The effects of Fenton type (Fe+2/H2O2) oxidation system on lipid and protein oxidation of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)

Oxidative damages of lipid and protein in grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) were investigated in vitro by using Fenton reactants (Fe+2SO4/H2O2) to generate hydroxyl radical formation. Thiobarbutiric acid–reactive substances (TBARs, mg maonladehyde/ kg) were used to determine free radicalmediated oxidation of lipids. The oxidative modification of proteins was confirmed by carbonyl formation using with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and DNPH labeled of oxidized proteins by separated Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Lipids Oxidation of grey mullet with Fe+2/H2O2 gave a noticeable increase in TBARs value during 5h incubation. Protein carbonyl content decreased during the first 3h of incubation time on treatment with free radical generating system and then increased until 5th hours. At 3rd hours of incubation the intensity of the bands near 100 kDa and 150 kDa decreased and the bands above 50 kDa disappeared at 5th hours of incubation after exposure to Fe+2/H2O2. These data suggest that free radical generating system can alter the structure of a protein by leading to protein denaturation and increase in lipid oxidation by leading to development of off- flavors and off-odors during storage, which cause quality loss and limited storage life.

Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Ethanolic Extract of Chamomile capitula in Paracetamol Intoxicated Albino Rats

Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous ethanolic extract of Chamomile recutita capitula against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in albino rats was observed. In the present study the effect of aqueous ethanolic extract of Chamomile recutita capitula on blood and liver glutathione, Na+ K+- ATPase activity, serum marker enzymes, serum bilirubin, glycogen and thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances against paracetamol induced damage in rats have been studied to find out the possible mechanism of hepatoprotection. It was observed that extract of chamomile has reversal effects on the levels of above-mentioned parameters in paracetamol hepatotoxicity. The extract of capitula of chamomile functions as a hepatoprotective agent and this hepatoprotective activity of chamomile may be due normalization of impaired membrane function activity.

EFFECT OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING AND TEMPERATURE ON THE SHELF LIFE OF SLICED PASTIRMA PRODUCED FROM FROZEN/THAWED MEAT

ABSTRACT Pastirma is a dry‐cured meat product and is categorized as an intermediate moisture food. Nonsliced pastirma can be stored without refrigeration. Pastirma is consumed sliced without cooking. For preservation of quality characteristics, sliced pastirma needs to be packaged and stored at fairly low temperatures (&lt;10C). In this study, pastirma was made from frozen M. Longissimus dorsi muscle stored at−18C for 240 days and then thawed at 10C for 24 h. Pastirma produced from frozen/thawed meat was sliced. The sliced pastirma samples were stored in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (50% N2 + 50% CO2) at 4C and 10C for 150 days and thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances, free fatty acids, nonprotein nitrogen, pH, L*, a* and b* values, total aerobic and lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, yeast‐mold, and Enterobacteriaceae counts in sliced product were determined during storage (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days). Results showed that sliced pastirma samples made from frozen/thawed meat and MAP can be stored at 4C and 10C for 150 days.

Possible mechanism of hepatoprotective activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract: Part II

Hepatoprotective activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats has already been reported. In the present investigation effects of Azadirachta indica leaf extract on blood and liver glutathione, Na +K +-ATPase activity and thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats have been studied with a view to elucidate possible mechanism behind its hepatoprotective action. It was interesting to observe that Azadirachta indica leaf extract has reversal effects on the levels of above mentioned parameters in paracetamol hepatotoxicity. Possible mechanism behind the results are discussed.

Protective effects of quercetin during influenza virus‐induced oxidative stress

Oxidative stress was found to have a role in many viral diseases including AIDS, hepatitis and influenza. In the present study the pathology of influenza viral infection in the lungs, which may lead to oxidative stress, was investigated and an attempt was made to study the efficacy of anti-oxidants as therapeutic agents. Adult male mice of Swiss albino type were infected with influenza virus (A/Hong Kong/8/68) and studied for the antioxidant status in the lungs by evaluating the lung enzymatic anti-oxidant system including superoxide dismutase and catalase. Superoxide radical generation, which might increase by the activated alveolar macrophages, was estimated by nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction assay. We have also estimated lipid peroxidation levels in lung through thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances assay. We also examined the ability of flavonoid quercetin in protecting from influenza virus-induced oxidative stress. The influenza-infected group showed decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase; however, anti-oxidant supplemented groups showed these activities to be the same as in the control group. The lipid peroxide levels were increased in virus-infected mice. Administration of quercetin lowered the lipid peroxide levels significantly. Formazan positive cells were increased by 80% in the virus-infected group and supplementation with quercetin reduced their number to 44%.