Thiobarbituric Acid Substances Research Articles

Liver response to the consumption of fried sunflower oil

Sunflower oil is one of the most commonly used fat sources in Argentina, and deep-fat frying is the popular food preparation process. The liver response of feeding a diet containing fried sunflower oil (SFOx) on growing rats was studied. Thirty-nine male weanling Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of three diets for 8 wks: control (C), sunflower oil (SFO), and a diet containing SFOx, both of the sunflower diets were mixed with a commercial rat chow at weight ratio of 13% (w/w). Body weight and food consumption were recorded weekly. At t=8 wk, lipid profile and glycemia were measured. Visceral adiposity was registered. Liver was weighed and preserved for histological analysis, relative fatty acid profile, fibrosis markers and oxidative status.The three diets did not alter body weights; however, the SFOx fed rats showed increased energy intake and visceral fat; therefore, in liver saturated fat content, trans fatty acids, plus other unidentified minor components, such as hydroperoxides, hydroxides, epidioxides, hydroperoxy epidioxides, hydroxylepidioxides, and epoxides, were detected. The hepatosomatic index of SFOx rats was altered and showed hepatic steatosis. SFOx rats exhibited increased liver dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate and thiobarbituric acid substance levels and oxidized-proteins content. Their livers had lower relative levels of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids and catalase activity, but matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity was unchanged.Consumption of a diet rich in fried oil during growth could induce liver damage due to steatosis, excessive lipid toxicity and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Further progression could lead to hepatic fibrosis.

Evaluation of the Emulsifying Property and Oxidative Stability of Myofibrillar Protein-Diacylglycerol Emulsions Containing Catechin Subjected to Different pH Values.

Myofibrillar protein-diacylglycerol emulsions containing catechin (MP-DAG-C) possess outstanding emulsifying property and oxidative stability. However, the effect of pH on MP-DAG-C emulsions should be revealed to provide possibilities for their application in practical meat products. Therefore, MP-DAG-C emulsions at different pH values were used in this study, in which lard, unpurified glycerolytic lard (UGL), and purified glycerolytic lard (PGL) were used as the oil phases. The results indicated that the emulsifying property of the UGL- and PGL-based emulsions increased compared to those of the lard-based emulsions (p < 0.05). The emulsifying activity and stability indices, absolute value of ζ-potential, and rheological characteristics increased with the increase in pH values (p < 0.05), with the droplets were smallest and distributed most uniformly at a pH of 6.5 compared to the other acidic environment (p < 0.05). The thiobarbituric acid substance and carbonyl content increased (p < 0.05), while the total sulfydryl content decreased (p < 0.05) during storage. However, there was no statistical difference between the oxidative stability of the MP-DAG-C emulsions with different pH values (p > 0.05). The results implied that the emulsifying property of MP-DAG-C emulsions increased with an increase in pH values. The oxidative stability of the MP-DAG-C emulsions at high pH values was improved by catechin.

Metformin alleviates sodium arsenite‐induced hepatotoxicity and glucose intolerance in mice by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis

BackgroundEpidemiological studies have shown that exposure to sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) causes diabetes and hepatotoxicity. Metformin (MET), an oral hypoglycemic agent, has long been used in diabetes therapy. In addition, MET has been shown to have hepatoprotective effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of MET on NaAsO2-induced hepatotoxicity and glucose intolerance in mice. MethodsMice were divided into four groups: Groups I and II received distilled water and NaAsO2 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for five weeks, respectively. Groups III and IV were treated with NaAsO2 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for three weeks, followed by MET (125 and 250 mg/kg, p.o.) for the last two weeks before NaAsO2. A glucose tolerance test was performed on day 35. The serum and tissue parameters were also evaluated. ResultsHistopathological examination revealed NaAsO2-induced liver and pancreatic damage. NaAsO2 caused hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and a significant increase in liver function enzymes. Administration of NaAsO2 significantly reduced hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total thiol levels and increased the content of reactive thiobarbituric acid substances. In addition, it led to an increase in liver nitric oxide levels and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor kappa B, and cysteine-aspartic proteases-3. In contrast, treatment with MET (250 mg/kg) significantly improved NaAsO2-induced biochemical and histopathological changes. ConclusionOur findings suggest that the significant effects of MET against NaAsO2-induced hepatotoxicity and glucose intolerance may be exerted via the regulation of oxidative stress, followed by suppression of inflammation and apoptosis.

The relationship between the cholinergic mechanism of toxicity and oxidative stress in rats during subacute diazinon poisoning

Diazinon is an organophosphate pesticide (OP) that has significant potential for accidental and intentional poisoning of wildlife, domestic animals and humans.The aim of the study is to investigate the correlation between cholinesterase activity and oxidative stress parameters in liver and diaphragm by continuous monitoring as a function of time during prolonged use of diazinon.Wistar rats were treated orally with diazinon (55 mg/kg/day): 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. At the end of each period, blood, liver and diaphragm were collected to examine cholinesterase activity and enzymatic/non-enzymatic oxidative stress parameters: superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl groups.In all four time periods, there was a significant change in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in blood plasma, CAT in liver and diaphragm and SOD1 in diaphragm. Parameters significantly altered during the cholinergic crisis included: cholinesterases and TBARS in liver and diaphragm and partially SOD1 in liver. Protein carbonyl groups in liver and diaphragm were significantly altered outside the cholinergic crisis. In the liver, there was a very strong negative correlation between BuChE and TBARS in all four time periods and BuChE and CAT on day 7. In the diaphragm, a very strong negative correlation was found between AChE and TBARS at days 7 and 14, and a very strong positive correlation between AChE and SOD1 at days 14, 21 and 28.A better understanding of the relationship between cholinergic overstimulation and oxidative stress may help to better assess health status in prolonged OPs intoxication.

Effect of Piaractus brachypomus fish protein hydrolysate on physicochemical, sensory, and storage properties of cookies

The impact of different concentrations of red-bellied pacu fish meat protein hydrolysate (RPMPH) on the physicochemical, sensory, and storage properties of cookies was studied. RPMPH was prepared from red-bellied pacu fish meat by probiotic Bacillus fermentation for 48 h. RPMPH showed 87.48% protein content with DPPH scavenging activity (71.22%), ABTS scavenging activity (90.05%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (278.13 μM TE/g), and Fe2+ chelating activity (65.46%). Cookies incorporated with RPMPH displayed a higher protein content (11.76–14.40%) and in vitro protein digestibility (65.21–96.0%) compared to control (without RPMPH) cookies (P < 0.05). The total dietary fiber content of all cookies ranged from 1.74 to 2.63 g/100 g sample. The control-cookies had a higher diameter (7.0 mm) and spread ratio (8.37%) compared to cookies incorporated with RPMPH (P < 0.05). The cookies incorporated with RPMPH exhibited a slightly higher water absorption index (6.79–7.51%), water solubility index (2.74–2.88%), and hardness (41.36–49.48 N) than the control-cookies. Color of cookies, influenced by incorporation of RPMPH. Further, the cookies incorporated with RPMPH showed slightly higher moisture and water activity compared to control-cookies throughout the storage (P < 0.05). Conversely, cookies incorporated with RPMPH displayed lower free fatty acids, peroxide values, and thiobarbituric acid substances than control-cookies (P < 0.05) throughout the storage period. The cookies with 8% RPMPH exhibited a higher score for overall acceptability and presented a better amount of essential amino acids. The present study suggested that 8% RPMPH can be incorporated into the cookie formulation, enhancing the nutritional profile and storage stability.

Effects of gaseous ozone treatment on the quality and microbial community of salmon (Salmo salar) during cold storage

To elucidate the effect of gaseous ozone with different dose and exposing time (A and B: 1 mg/m 3 or 3 mg/m 3 for 5 min; C and D: 1 or 3 mg/m 3 for 10 min, respectively, corona discharge method) on the quality of salmon, the microbial growth, lipid oxidation, color, odor characteristics, microbiota, and the correlations between them were studied. The results showed that the total viable counts of groups C (6.05 log CFU/g) and D (5.71 log CFU/g) were lower than the control (7.08 log CFU/g) on day 10. The ozone treatment also retarded the increase of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS), and drip losses as well as the decrease of sensory scores. Though the ozonated treatment led to a slight decrease of a * value, it could deodorize the fishy smell. The results of next-generation sequencing showed that the relative abundance of Photobacterium decreased after treatments, but recovered during storage, and it was the predominant bacteria causing the deterioration of salmon fillets according to the correlation analysis with sensory score, TVB-N, and TBARS values. The results demonstrated that gaseous ozone was a promising method for salmon preservation, and the exposing time had a greater effect on the salmon quality than the ozone concentrations in this study. The ozonation treatment with the dose of 1 or 3 mg/m 3 for 10 min was recommended for salmon fillets. • Photobacterium was the main bacteria causing the quality deterioration of salmon. • Gaseous ozone reduced the relative abundance of Photobacterium after treatment. • The exposing time had a greater effect on the salmon quality than the ozone dose. • The optimal ozonation treatment for salmon was 1 or 3 mg/m 3 for 10 min. • The deodorizing effect of ozone may relate to the ozonolysis of fatty acids.

Impact of glucose syrup and antioxidants on properties and oxidative stability of microcapsules loaded with skipjack tuna eyeball oil

Effects of glucose syrup (GS) at different ratios as wall materials on encapsulation efficiency (EE) and properties of micro-encapsulated skipjack tuna eyeball oil (ME-STEO) were determined. Highest EE (90.45-90.61%) was obtained when the mixtures of fish gelatin (FG), sodium caseinate (SC) and GS at ratios of 1:1:1 and 1:1:2 (w/w/w) were used. Moisture content, water activity and lightness (L*) of ME-STEO were declined when the amount of GS was augmented, but redness (a*), yellowness (b*), total difference in color (∆E*) and surface shrinkage of ME-STEO were increased. When α-tocopherol (AT) in combination of ascorbyl palmitate (AP) were incorporated in STEO, lower peroxide and thiobarbituric acid substances were found in ME-STEO than others (P < 0.05). Mixtures of wall material (FG:SC:GS=1:1:2) and the addition of 200 ppm AT in combination with 200 ppm AP yielded STEO as a core with higher oxidative stability during 30 days of storage at room temperature.

Effect of Near-Infrared Blood Photobiomodulation on Red Blood Cell Damage from the Extracorporeal Circuit during Hemodialysis In Vitro

The contact of blood with the bioincompatible membranes of the dialyzer, which is part of the extracorporeal circuit during hemodialysis (HD), causes upregulation of various cellular and non-cellular processes, including massive generation and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), (which is one of the primary causes of anemia in chronic renal failure). We hypothesize that near-infrared (NIR) radiation possesses antioxidant properties and is considered to protect the red blood cell (RBC) membrane by enhancing its resilience to negative pressures. Our experimental setup consisted of an HD machine equipped with a dialyzer with a polyamide membrane; whole bovine blood was examined in vitro in blood-treated circulation. Blood samples were taken at 0, 5, 15, and 30 min during the HD therapy. We also assessed osmotic fragility, hematocrit, hemolysis, and oxidative stress as a concentration of reactive thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS). Our results have shown that RBC membrane peroxidation increased significantly after 30 min of circulation, whereas the TBARS level in NIR-treated blood remained relatively steady throughout the experiment. The osmotic fragility of NIR-irradiated samples during dialysis was decreased compared to control samples. Our studies confirm that in vitro, blood photobiomodulation using NIR light diminishes oxidative damage during HD and can be considered a simultaneous pretreatment strategy for HD.

Effect of Moderate Wine Consumption on Oxidative Stress Markers in Coronary Heart Disease Patients.

Evidence from research studies reports that wine consumption is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk, partly through the amelioration of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of regular light to moderate wine consumption from coronary heart disease (CHD) patients compared to the effect induced by alcohol intake without the presence of wine microconstituents, on oxidation-induced macromolecular damage as well as on endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. A randomized, single-blind, controlled, three-arm parallel intervention was carried out, in which 64 CHD patients were allocated to three intervention groups. Group A consumed no alcohol, and Group B (wine) and Group C (ethanol) consumed 27 g of alcohol/day for 8 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks. Urine oxidized guanine species levels, protein carbonyls, thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, were measured. Oxidized guanine species and protein carbonyl levels were significantly increased in the ethanol group during the intervention and were significantly decreased in the wine group. These results support the idea that wine’s bioactive compounds may exert antioxidant actions that counteract the macromolecular oxidative damage induced by alcohol in CHD patients.

Effects of Maternal Caffeine and Vitamin E Usage on Fetus

The use of maternal caffeine has an important effect on the development of the fetus. We investigated the mechanism of oxidative damage induced by caffeine and the efficacy of vitamin E. Pregnant rats of Wistar-albino genus were used. Following groups of animals were defined: control, sham, caffeine (50 mg/kg), caffeine + vitamin E, vitamin E (60 mg/kg) all invasive applications were repeated daily for 20 days. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β(IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured in tissue homogenates by using Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Thiobarbituric acid reactive acid substances (TBARS), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione disulfide (GSSG), Total oxidant status (TOS), Total anti-oxidant status (TAS), Oxidative stress index (OSI), Calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (Vit D) parameters were measured by spectrophotometric assay. According to these data, caffeine used in pregnancy delayed ossification; It has been found that vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant, counteracts this effect.

Expression Analysis of 4-Hydroxynonenal Modified Proteins in Schizophrenia Brain; Relevance to Involvement in Redox Dysregulation

Background: Oxidative damage contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Redox imbalance may lead to increased lipid peroxidation, which produces toxic aldehydes like 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) ultimately leading to oxidative stress. Conversely, implications of oxidative stress points towards an alteration in HNE-protein adducts and activities of enzymatic and antioxidant systems in schizophrenia. Objectives: Present study focuses on identification of HNE-protein adducts and its related molecular consequences in schizophrenia pathology due to oxidative stress, particularly lipid peroxidation. Material and Methods: Oxyblotting was performed on seven autopsied brain samples each from cortex and hippocampus region of schizophrenia patients and their respective normal healthy controls. Additionally, thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) activities associated with oxidative stress, were also estimated. Results: Obtained results indicates substantially higher levels of oxidative stress in schizophrenia patients than healthy control group represented by elevated expression of HNE-protein adducts. Interestingly, hippocampus region of schizophrenia brain shows increased HNE protein adducts compared to cortex. An increase in catalase activity (4.8876 ± 1.7123) whereas decrease in antioxidant GSH levels (0.213 ± 0.015µmol/ml) have been observed in SZ brain. Elevated TBARS level (0.3801 ± 0.0532ug/ml) were obtained in brain regions SZ patients compared with their controls that reflects an increased lipid peroxidation (LPO). Conclusion: Conclusion: We propose the role of HNE modified proteins possibly associated with the pathology of schizophrenia. Our data revealed increase lipid peroxidation as a consequence of increased TBARS production. Furthermore, altered cellular antioxidants pathways related to GSH and CAT also highlight the involvement of oxidative stress in schizophrenia pathology.

The effect of corn supplementation on α-tocopherol concentration and oxidative stability in three muscles of grass-fed Holstein bulls

Context Lipids are important in improving the flavour and aroma of beef and increasing its tenderness and juiciness. However, it is generally accepted that lipid oxidation is the main process responsible for deterioration of meat quality during storage. Naturally occurring antioxidants in pasture play an important role in protecting beef from oxidation. Aims The effects of feeding Holstein bulls grass alone or grass supplemented with high-energy ground corn on α-tocopherol content and oxidative stability of beef were investigated. Methods Thirty-three Holstein bulls, 15 months of age, fed grass alone after weaning were randomly divided into three groups and fed for 85 days as follows: (1) grass ad libitum only, (2) grass ad libitum and supplemented with 4 kg/day ground corn; (3) grass ad libitum and supplemented with 8 kg/day ground corn. Samples from three different muscles, longissimus thoracis, semitendinosus and supraspinatus, were analysed for α-tocopherol content and two oxidation parameters: reactive thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Key results Levels of α-tocopherol ranged from 2.7 to 3.1 μg/g in beef from animals fed only grass, whereas levels of 1.9–2.5 μg/g were observed in beef from animals supplemented with ground corn. Inclusion of corn in the bulls’ diets resulted in lower α-tocopherol and FRAP levels (P &lt; 0.05) and higher TBARS content (P &lt; 0.05) in the three muscles studied. Conclusions Supplementation of grass-fed bulls with ground corn resulted in muscles having less vitamin E and a reduced antioxidant capacity. Implications To produce high-quality beef, grass-fed Holstein cattle should be fed high-energy forages such as corn. However, this supplementation decreases the oxidative stability of the meat, most likely due to a reduction in the amount of α-tocopherol ingested via the grass.

The Influence of Butter and Oils on Oxidative Reactions during In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Meat and Fish.

Oxidative reactions during cooking and gastrointestinal digestion of meat and fish lead to the formation of various lipid- and protein oxidation products, some of which are toxic. In the present study, it was investigated how the addition of 3% butter or oils affect lipid- and protein oxidation during cooking and in vitro digestion of meat (chicken thigh, chicken breast, beef) and fish (mackerel, cod). These muscle foods were selected based on their differences in heme-Fe and PUFA contents, and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, and therefore varying potential to form oxidation products during digestion. Without additional fat, mackerel digests displayed the highest n-3 PUFA oxidation (4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, propanal, thiobarbituric reactive acid substances), and chicken digests the highest n-6 PUFA oxidation (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, hexanal), whereas both lipid- and protein oxidation (protein carbonyl compounds) were low in cod and beef digests. Lipid oxidative reactions were generally not altered by the addition of butter to any muscle matrix, whereas the addition of fish oil and safflower oil in different ratios (3:0, 2:1, 1:2, 0:3) as n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA source respectively, stimulated oxidative reactions, especially during digestion of beef. Since beef was considered the muscle matrix with the highest potential to stimulate oxidation in the added fat substrate, in a second experiment, beef was cooked and digested with 3% butter or seven commercial vegetable oils (sunflower-, maize-, peanut-, rapeseed-, olive-, rice bran- or coconut oil), all labeled ‘suitable for heating’. No relevant oxidative reactions were however observed during digestion of beef with any of these commercial vegetable oils.

Potential Interaction of Fresh Garlic with Metformin during Ischemia-Reperfusion Induced Cardiac Injury in Diabetic Rats.

Methods The study was undertaken on both normoglycemic and alloxan (90 mg/kg) induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats weighing 150–250 g. At the completion of the treatment phase (30 days for garlic, 250 mg/kg, oral; 10 days for MET, 70 mg/kg, oral), rats were anesthetized and mounted on the modified Langendorff's apparatus. IRI was produced by myocardial no-flow global ischemia. Developed tension (DT) and heart rate (HR) were recorded both before and after ischemia. The perfusate was collected to estimate the leakage of cardiac biomarkers (Creatine Kinase-MB: CK-MB and Lactate dehydrogenase: LDH). Hearts were removed from the setup and utilized to prepare heart tissue homogenate (HTH) and histological slides. The endogenous antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), in addition to oxidative thiobarbituric acid substances (TBS), were estimated in HTH. Results The hemodynamic parameters, including percentage recovery in HR and DT, were found significantly higher in animals pretreated with garlic and MET in diabetic rats (DR). Both SOD and CAT enzyme activities increased significantly while TBS levels were reduced in the HTH of animals treated with garlic and MET. The cardiac markers CK-MB and LDH levels also increased in HTH with a corresponding decrease in the perfusate. The histopathological changes in the heart and pancreas demonstrated noticeable protection of the tissues due to pretreatment with garlic and MET. Taken together, these findings advocate that reactive oxygen species derived from hyperglycemia execute an important function in myocardial global IRI; the therapy of garlic homogenate was found to be effective in alleviating these toxic effects. Conclusion The combined therapy of MET and garlic provided synergistic cardioprotection, implying that garlic seems to possess promise in lowering toxic parameters by protecting diabetic induced myocardial injury.

Testicular antioxidants and testosterone enhancing effects of the hydro-ethanolic extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria (Apocynacaea) in male Wistar rats

Abstract Background: Natural products such as extracts of plants have been seen as a possible alternative to conventional therapies in the treatment and management of male infertility. This study aimed at investigating the testicular antioxidant and testosterone enhancing ability of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria in male rats. Methods: Twenty-four male rats were divided into four groups of 6 rats each, treated daily with either vehicle (distilled water; 5 mL/kg) or hydro-ethanolic extract of R. vomitoria (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 100mg/kg) for 60 days, and body weights recorded once every three days. At the end of the treatment, each animal was sacrificed, and reproductive organs were dissected out and weighed. Serum from capillary blood was used for testosterone quantification, while testicular homogenates were used for the estimation of antioxidant biomarkers. Results: Treatment with R. vomitoria extract did not alter the animal’s body weight. Instead, the extract at the dose of 40 mg/kg significantly increased (P&lt; 0.05) the weights of all reproductive organs investigated. The plant extract also increased serum testosterone concentrations significantly (P&lt; 0.05), with the highest effect observed in the animals treated with a dose of 40 mg/kg. Testicular antioxidant markers, thiobarbituric acid substances, glutathione, and catalase were equally improved (P&lt; 0.05) by treatment with the plant extract at the dose of 40 mg/kg. Conclusion: Hydro-ethanolic extract of R. vomitoria portrayed beneficial pharmacological properties on reproductive organs, testicular antioxidants, and testosterone concentrations in male rats. These pharmacological activities support the traditional use of the plant in the management of male fertility disorders.

Preservative Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Macroalga Bifurcaria bifurcata on the Quality of Chilled Hake (Merluccius merluccius).

This work addressed the preservative behaviour of different icing media containing extracts from the alga Bifurcaria bifurcata. A comparative study of the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of this macroalga was carried out. Whole hake (Merluccius merluccius) pieces were stored in ice containing either kind of extract and analysed for quality changes throughout a 13-day storage period. A progressive loss of microbial and biochemical quality was detected in all batches as chilling time increased. A significant inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on microbial activity could be observed as a result of including the aqueous (lowering of psychrotrophic and lipolytic counts and pH value) and ethanolic (lowering of psychrotrophic and lipolytic counts) extracts. Additionally, both kinds of extract led to a substantial inhibition (p < 0.05) in the lipid hydrolysis rate (formation of free fatty acids), greater in the case of the batch containing ethanolic extract. Concerning lipid oxidation, a similar inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on the formation of secondary compounds (thiobarbituric acid substances) was noticed in fish specimens corresponding to both alga extracts; however, more (p < 0.05) peroxide formation was detected in fish corresponding to the ethanolic extract batch. A preservative effect can be concluded for both kinds of extract; this effect agrees with previous studies reporting the presence of hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds in B. bifurcata.

Isopulegol Mitigates Hyperglycemia Mediated Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in HFD/STZ Induced Diabetic Rats

Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses contribute to the pathogenesis of β-cell dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. This study investigates the effect of isopulegol on the above stresses in HFD/STZ induced diabetic rats. Animals in group I and II were placed in normal pellet diet and group II was treated with isopulegol at 200mg/kg b.w. Animals in groups III-V were placed in HFD for 4weeks and made diabetic with single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (35mg/kg b.w) in 0.1M citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Group III served as diabetic control while animals in group IV and V were treated with isopulegol (100mg/kg b.w) and metformin (25mg/kg b.w) respectively for 28d. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione sulphur transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and the levels of vitamin-E, vitamin-C, reduced glutathione (GSH) were significantly (p <0.05) decreased in plasma and tissues of diabetic rats. Thiobarbituric acid reactive acid substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxides (LHP), indices of lipid peroxidation were also significantly (p <0.05) increased in diabetic rats. In pancreatic tissue ER stress markers PERK, elf2α, ATF4 and in hepatic tissue oxidative stress marker UCP-2 expression was significantly (p <1.0) increased in diabetic rats. Administration of isopulegol significantly improved antioxidant status and decreased oxidative and ER stress markers in diabetic treated rats. Histopathological studies on liver and kidney supported the above findings. The results are comparable with the standard drug metformin. Isopulegol a naturally occurring monoterpene alcohol attenuated oxidative and ER stress in HFD/STZ induced diabetic rats.

Mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy stimulation and non-apoptotic cell death caused by nitric oxide-inducing Pt-coated Au nanoparticle in human lung carcinoma cells

BackgroundReactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cancer therapeutic has been at higher appreciation than those mediated by reactive nitrogen species. Cytotoxic mechanism of a novel nitric oxide (NO) inducing-Pt coated Au nanoparticle (NP) has been comparatively studied with the well-established ROS inducing Pt-based anticancer drug cisplatin in human lung A549 carcinoma cells. MethodsCytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS) and C11-Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY). ROS (O2·− and H2O2) was measured with dihydroethidium (DHE) and H2O2-specific sensor. Nitric oxide (NO) and mitochondrial dysfunction were evaluated respectively by NO-specific probe DAR-1 and JC-1. Autophagy was determined by lysotracker (LTR) and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) applied tandemly whereas apoptosis/necrosis by Hoechst/PI and caspase 3 activity. ResultsIC50 (concentration that inhibited cell viability by 50%) of Pt coated Au NP came to be 0.413 μM whereas IC50 of cisplatin came out to 86.5 μM in A549 cells treated for 24 h meaning NPs toxicity was over 200 times higher than cisplatin. However, no significant stimulation of intracellular ROS was observed at the IC50 of Pt coated Au NPs in A549 cells. However, markers like LDH release, TBARS, BODIPY and ROS were significantly higher due to cisplatin in comparison to Pt coated Au NP. ConclusionsPt coated Au NP caused NO-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy. Mode of cell death due to NP was much different from ROS-inducing cisplatin. General significancePt coated Au NP offer promising opportunity in cancer therapeutic and warrants advanced study in vivo models of cancer.

Suitability of chitosan nanoparticles as cryoprotectant on shelf life of restructured fish surimi during chilled storage

The present study investigated chitosan nanoparticle (CS-TPP NPs) preparation by ionic gelation process with chitosan (CS) and tripolyphosphate (TPP). The structural characterization of nanoparticles was studied using Dynamic Light Scattering, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction spectroscopies. FTIR spectra confirmed that the tripolyphosphoric groups of TPP linked with ammonium groups of CS in the prepared nanoparticles. CS-TPP NPs exhibited higher antioxidant activity and an interesting antimicrobial potential. In fact, there was no report available in literature on using CS nanoparticles for the surimi preservation. Further, data revealed that nanoparticle incorporation in fish surimi effectively inhibited thiobarbituric acid substances and conjugated dienes formation, and thereby, retarding lipid oxidation. Results showed that CS-TPP NPs were able to hinder fish surimi myoglobin oxidation with a significant improvement in the transformation of Heme iron. In addition, CS nanoparticles exhibited a distinguishable antimicrobial activity in the stored surimi during cold storage of 9 days. Thus, nanoparticles could be used as a natural ingredient to prevent lipid oxidation in surimi based food systems for the development of novel healthy fish products and addresses consumer demands for functional fish products.

Impact of cigarette smoking on kidney inflammation and fibrosis in diabetic rats

Background: Cigarette smoking is a very common habit worldwide contributing to risk of kidney dysfunction and diabetes (DM). However, the mechanisms are unclear.Aim: The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of cigarette smoking on kidney oxidative stress, inflammation, and remodeling in streptozotocin (STZ) rat model of diabetes.Methods: Rats were randomized into control (intraperitoneal (i.p.) citrate buffer injection and exposure to fresh air), cigarette smoking (1 h daily for 6 d/week, citrate buffer), DM (single dose STZ 35 mg/kg i.p. and exposure to fresh air), and DM + smoking groups for a period of 4 weeks. Kidney biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and remodeling were measured.Results: A significant increase in kidney to body weight ratio was observed in diabetic groups. Diabetes but not smoking increased blood urea nitrogen levels without changes in creatinine levels. Kidney levels of thiobarbituric acid substances, nitrite, endothelin-1, and C-reactive protein were increased significantly in the DM + smoking groups. Smoking induced GSH expression and activity of superoxide dismutase. A significant increase in kidney fibrosis was observed in the DM + smoking group coupled with a similar increase in transforming growth factor beta. Protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, (MMP-2), mitogen-activated protein kinases, and c-Jun N terminal kinase were elevated in Smoking and DM + smoking groups.Conclusion: Cigarette smoke might promote risk of kidney dysfunction in DM by augmentation of renal inflammation, oxidant radicals and fibrosis. The kidney promotes compensatory increase in MMP-2 in response to smoking probably to prevent pro-fibrotic factors induced-fibrosis.