Concentration Of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Research Articles

Oxidative Stress Response of Honey Bee Colonies (Apis mellifera L.) during Long-Term Exposure at a Frequency of 900 MHz under Field Conditions.

In this study, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in honey bee larvae, pupae and the midguts of adult bees were investigated during a one-year exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) at a frequency of 900 MHz under field conditions. The experiment was carried out on honey bee colonies at three locations with electric field levels of 30 mV m-1, 70 mV m-1 and 1000 mV m-1. Antioxidant enzymes, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as indicators of lipid peroxidation were measured spectrophotometrically. The GST activity within the same developmental stage showed no significant differences regardless of electric field level or sampling time. The highest GST activity was found in the pupae, followed by activity in the larvae and midguts. Both CAT activity and TBARS concentration were the highest in the midguts, regardless of field level and sampling time. The larvae showed a significantly higher TBARS concentration at the location with an electric field level of 1000 mV m-1 compared to the locations with lower levels. Our results show that RF-EMFs at a frequency of 900 MHz can cause oxidative stress in honey bees, with the larval stage being more sensitive than the pupal stage, but there was no linear relationship between electric field level and effect in any of the developmental stages.

Oat Beta-Glucan as a Metabolic Regulator in Early Stage of Colorectal Cancer-A Model Study on Azoxymethane-Treated Rats.

Factors that reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer include biologically active substances. In our previous research, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects of oat beta-glucans in gastrointestinal disease models. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week consumption of a diet supplemented with low-molar-mass oat beta-glucan in two doses on the antioxidant potential, inflammatory parameters, and colonic metabolomic profile in azoxymethane(AOM)-induced early-stage colorectal cancer in the large intestine wall of rats. The results showed a statistically significant effect of AOM leading to the development of neoplastic changes in the colon. Consumption of beta-glucans induced changes in colonic antioxidant potential parameters, including an increase in total antioxidant status, a decrease in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and a reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration. In addition, beta-glucans decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12) and C-reactive protein (CRP) while increasing the concentration of IL-10. Metabolomic studies confirmed the efficacy of oat beta-glucans in the AOM-induced early-stage colon cancer model by increasing the levels of metabolites involved in metabolic pathways, such as amino acids, purine, biotin, and folate. In conclusion, these results suggest a wide range of mechanisms involved in altering colonic metabolism during the early stage of carcinogenesis and a strong influence of low-molar-mass oat beta-glucan, administered as dietary supplement, in modulating these mechanisms.

Characterisation of chitosan coating incorporated with oleuropein and its effects on the quality of refrigerated chicken breasts

SummaryThe stability, microstructure and antioxidant capacity of the composite coating solution of chitosan (CS) and oleuropein (OLE, 0.08–0.32%, w/v) were estimated by zeta potential, rheological properties, scanning electron microscope and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays. Effects of the composite coating on refrigerated chicken breasts were evaluated by microbial, chemical and sensory assays. The results revealed that the coating solutions were stable, intact and exhibited good antioxidant activities. When chicken samples were stored at 4 °C for 12 days, the microbial population treated with CS + OLE decreased to 5.43–7.59 log CFU g−1 compared with the control (8.41 log CFU g−1). The increase in pH values, total volatile base nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances contents, and drip loss rate of chicken samples had also been deferred. Overall, the results indicated that it was feasible to apply CS with OLE to extend the shelf life of chicken breasts.

Evaluation of different probiotics on growth, body composition, antioxidant capacity, and histoarchitecture of Mugil capito

We investigated the dietary effects of the single application of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and their combination on growth, proximate composition of whole fish body, antioxidant defense, and histoarchitecture of hapa-reared Mugil capito. Healthy fish (Fish weighed = 10.30 ± 0.10 g at first) were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups, each with three replicates. These groups were designed as follows: (1) a group fed a basal diet without probiotics (control), (2) a group fed a diet containing S. cerevisiae (4 g/kg diet), (3) a group fed a diet containing L. bulgaricus (2 g/kg diet), and (4) the last group fed a diet containing a combination of both, all for a duration of 60 days. Probiotic-treated groups showed significantly better growth and nutrition utilization than the control group. Significant differences were observed in the crude fat and crude protein contents among the groups, with the combination group exhibiting the highest levels. However, there were no significant variations in ash content across all groups. The highest hepatic antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzyme activities) was observed in the combination group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations were decreased significantly in all probiotic groups, suggesting improved oxidative stress resilience in these groups. The histomorphological analysis of the hepatopancreatic tissues revealed well-arranged parenchyma, increased glycogen storage, and melanomacrophage centers in probiotic-treated groups, particularly the combined probiotics group. Furthermore, the probiotic supplementation improved the histoarchitecture of the intestinal villi compared to the control group. To put it briefly, combined dietary administration of these probiotics improved growth, body composition, antioxidant defenses, and hepatic and intestinal health in hapa-reared M. capito, highlighting their promising role in promoting welfare and productivity.

The effects of using sheep tail fat and cooking time on carboxymethyl‐lysine formation and some quality characteristics of heat‐treated sucuk

AbstractThe study's aim was to determine the effect of using sheep tail fat (STF) on carboxymethyl‐lysine (CML) content and other properties of heat‐treated sucuk (HTS), a type of semi‐dry fermented sausage. Three mixtures were prepared: 100% beef fat (BF), 50% BF + 50% STF, and 100% STF. After production (fermentation, heat treatment, and drying), the samples were cooked at 180°C for 0, 1, 3, and 5 min to determine the effect of cooking time on CML, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), total sulfhydryl, and carbonyl contents. The lowest pH value (5.50) was observed in the presence of STF. The most oleic acid (46.02%) was observed in the 100% STF group. The score of taste and general acceptability decreased with increasing STF. Using STF had no significant effect on TBARS, total sulfhydryl, carbonyl, or CML content. These parameters were affected by cooking time. The mean CML content increased from 55.77 to 72.90 μg/g after 5 min of cooking. CML correlated more strongly with TBARS than sulfhydryl or carbonyl.

The modulation effect of green tea and pumpkin oils on hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and hematological abnormalities in an experimental multiple sclerosis rat model

BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory condition that can impair the body’s physiological functions. Although many diseases have been successfully treated with herbal treatments for a long time, the majority of the herbs utilized have unclear mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the modulation effects of green tea oil (GTO) and pumpkin oil (PO) on hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and hematological abnormalities in an experimental multiple sclerosis rat model.MethodsForty albino male Wistar rats (weighing 120–140 g) were divided into four groups of six each: group 1, the control group; group 2, the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-injected group; and groups 3 and 4, the MOG-injected groups treated with GTO and PO at 5 mg/kg b.w., respectively. At the end of the experiments, animals were anesthetized with diethyl ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. A Beckman Coulter was then used to determine the differential complete blood counts. The obtained serum was rapidly collected and stored at 20 °C to assess the lipid profile and oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers.ResultsOur findings showed that GTO and PO treatment produced a significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels. Furthermore, GTO and PO treatment alleviated the elevated cardiovascular risk indices 1 and 2. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration significantly decreased and glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels significantly increased in rats injected with MOG and treated with GTO and PO. Furthermore, after GTO and PO treatment, the reduced red blood cells (RBCs) count, hemoglobin content (Hb%), lymphocyte percentage, and hematocrit (HCT) of MOG-injected rats increased, while the elevated white blood cells (WBCs), platelet, and neutrophil percentage substantially declined.ConclusionCollectively, our research revealed that GTO and PO may be capable of modulating hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and hematological abnormalities in the MS rat model.

Cholesterol-Lowering and Antioxidant Effects of Pork-Liver Protein Hydrolysate in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats.

In this study, we investigated the effects of a porcine liver protein hydrolysate (PLH) diet on lipid metabolism in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a model of type II diabetes. OLETF rats (20-wk-old males) were pair-fed with either a PLH diet containing 20% PLH or a casein diet for 14 wk. Dietary PLH significantly lowered serum cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations, mainly by decreasing low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein fractions. Fecal cholesterol was significantly increased in the PLH diet group; however, the total bile acid concentration in the feces was not significantly different between the groups. In addition, the PLH diet significantly decreased serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentrations. These results suggest that dietary PLH exerts hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects, indicating that it is a novel functional food ingredient.

The Protection of Quinoa Protein on the Quality of Pork Patties during Freeze-Thaw Cycles: Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Quality and Protein Oxidative.

The present study investigated the impact of quinoa protein (QP) on the physicochemical properties, sensory quality, and oxidative stability of myofibrillar protein (MP) in pork patties during five freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. It was observed that repeated F-T cycles resulted in a deterioration of pork patty quality; however, the incorporation of QP effectively mitigated these changes. Throughout the F-T cycles, the sensory quality of the QP-treated group consistently surpassed that of the control group. After five F-T cycles, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content in the control group was measured at 0.423 mg/kg, whereas it significantly decreased to 0.347 mg/kg in the QP-treated group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, QP inclusion led to a decrease in pH and an increase in water-holding capacity (WHC) within pork patties. Following five F-T cycles, Ca2+-ATPase activity exhibited a significant increase of 11.10% in the QP-treated group compared to controls (p < 0.05). Additionally, supplementation with QP resulted in elevated total sulfhydryl content and reduced carbonyl content, Schiff base content, and dityrosine content within myofibrillar proteins (MPs), indicating its inhibitory effect on MP oxidation. In particular, after five F-T cycles, total sulfhydryl content reached 58.66 nmol/mL for the QP-treated group significantly higher than that observed for controls at 43.65 nmol/mL (p < 0.05). While carbonyl content increased from 2.37 nmol/mL to 4.63 nmol/mL between the first and fifth F-T cycle for controls; it only rose from 2.15 nmol/mL to 3.47 nmol/mL in the QP-treated group. The endogenous fluorescence levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the QP-treated group compared to controls. In conclusion, the addition of QP enhanced the quality of pork patties and effectively inhibited the oxidative denaturation of MP during F-T cycles.

Sex differences in the susceptibility to valproic acid-associated liver injury in epileptic patients

Background Valproic acid has been widely used as an antiepileptic drug for several decades. Long-term valproic acid treatment is usually accompanied by liver injury. Although both men and women are susceptible to valproic acid-associated liver injury, hepatotoxicity differs between the sexes. However, the mechanisms underlying sex differences in valproic acid-associated liver injury remain unclear. Methods To explore potential risk factors for the susceptibility to valproic acid-associated liver injury, 231 pediatric patients with epilepsy (119 males, 112 females) were enrolled for laboratory and genetic analysis. Results Heterozygous genotype of catalase C-262T (P = 0.045) and the concentrations of glutathione (P = 0.002) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (P = 0.011) were associated with the sex-specific susceptibility to valproic acid-associated liver injury. Meanwhile, logistic regression analysis revealed that carriers of heterozygous genotype of catalase C-262T (P = 0.010, odds ratio: 4.163; 95 percent confidence interval 1.400 − 7.378), glutathione concentration (P = 0.001, odds ratio: 2.421; 95 percent confidence interval 2.262 − 2.591) and male patients (P = 0.005, odds ratio: 1.344; 95% confidence interval 0.782 − 2.309) had a higher risk for valproic acid-associated liver injury. Discussion The mechanism underlying valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. Additionally, factors that may contribute to the observed differences in the incidence of hepatotoxicity between males and females have yet to be defined. This study identifies several genetic factors that may predispose patients to valproic acid-associated hepatotoxicity. Limitations This relatively small sample size of children with one ethnicity some of whom were taking other antiepileptics that are potentially hepatotoxic. Conclusion Catalase C-262T genotype, glutathione concentration and gender (male) are potential risk factors for the susceptibility to valproic acid-associated liver injury.

Effect of Lupin Supplementation on the Growth, Carcass, and Meat Characteristics of Late-Fattening Hanwoo Steers.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of lupin flake supplementation on the growth, plasma parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat composition of late-fattening Hanwoo steers. The steers (n = 40) were randomly divided into the four groups with 10 steers each: LP0 (lupin flake 0%), LP3 (lupin flake 3%), LP6 (lupin flake 6%), and LP9 (lupin flake 9%). The total digestible nutriant intake increased as the concentration of lupin increased (linear and quadratic effects; p < 0.05). The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance content in the strip loins decreased as lupin flake supplementation levels increased (linear and quadratic effects; p < 0.05), while carnosine levels increased linearly (p < 0.05). As the lupin flake supplementation level increased, anserine and creatinine contents increased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.05). Similarly, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) content increased with increasing lupin flake supplementation levels in linear and quadratic effects (p < 0.001). Palmitoleic acid content increased significantly with increasing lupin flake supplementation level (linear and quadratic effects; p < 0.05). The content of oleic acid in the strip loin was not significant, but the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) (p < 0.05) and n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.05) increased. The results of this study indicated that although lupin flake supplementation did not markedly affect the growth, carcass characteristics, or meat composition of late-fattening Hanwoo steers, it exerted a positive effect on the flavor, taste profiles (anserine, creatinine, ATP, and AMP), hypotonicity (TBARS), and healthy meat production (UFA and n-6/n-3 ratio) related to beef.

Effects of high dose of long-term ethanol exposure on oxidative damage of spleen in experimental rat model

Background: Alcoholic beverages have been used in human societies at least since the beginning of recorded history. Research has demonstrated sufficiently to our understanding of the relation of drinking to specific disorders, and has shown that the relation between alcohol consumption and health outcomes is complex and multidimensional. Methods: In this study we had demonstrated the role of oxidative stress in long-term ethanol induced spleen damage in 16-18 week-old male albino rats of Wistar strain weighing 200- 220 g. Results: Ethanol exposure (1.6 g ethanol/ kg body wt/ day for 12 weeks) caused significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase; while significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content and glutathione s-transferase activity in spleen homogenate. Conclusion: Our study revealed that higher doses of ethanol (1.6 g/ kg body weight/ day) for a long period caused significant oxidative stress in the spleen. Intermediates of oxygen reduction may be associated with the development of ethanol induced organ damage.

Comparative Assessment of Oxidative and Antioxidant Parameters in Mule and Horse Neonates during Their First Month of Extrauterine Adaptation.

After parturition, a rapid transition occurs from the intrauterine to the extrauterine milieu, exposing neonates to physiological circumstances characterized by oxidative conditions that instigate the generation of reactive oxygen species. These free radicals play pivotal roles in physiological processes; however, an imbalance between their production and the removal of antioxidants can result in severe cellular damage. The main objective of this study was to compare the oxidative and antioxidant profiles in mule and horse neonates immediately post-parturition, as well as at subsequent time points (1, 6, 12, and 24 h, 7 and 30 days) during their extrauterine existence. The parameters assessed included the systemic concentrations of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and carbonyl groups; the activities of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx); and the levels of the total, indirect, and direct bilirubin. Our results showed no interaction effect between the neonatal groups and the assessed time points for the variables under investigation. Notably, the concentrations of TBARS, as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and bilirubin were consistently lower in the mules, whereas the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity exhibited higher levels in this group. The bilirubin levels were notably reduced in the mule neonates. The TBARS demonstrated a progressive decrease over the observation period in both groups, while the GPx activity remained relatively stable from birth to 7 days, with a substantial increase evident at the 30-day mark. Protein oxidation was not affected by the group and time, while for the SOD values, all times were statistically similar, except for the lower activity at T1h. Consequently, our findings lead us to the conclusion that neonatal mules and horses manifest distinct patterns of oxidative activity and antioxidant capacity during the initial month of their extrauterine existence, potentially indicative of different adaptation mechanisms to the extrauterine environment.

Effects of konjac glucomannan as a freeze-denaturation inhibitor or binder on the physiochemical properties of heat-induced gel of freeze-dried duck blood.

During freeze-drying, the degradation or eutectic melting of duck blood proteins can reduce the quality of duck blood gels. However, the interaction between proteins and polysaccharides during drying can improve protein-based gel quality. Therefore, here, we investigated the physicochemical properties of heat-induced gels of freeze-dried duck blood (FDB) and FDB with different proportions of the polysaccharide konjac glucomannan (KG), which serves as a freeze-denaturation inhibitor agent (FDA) or binder (BG). The pH and water-holding capacity (WHC) of FDB + KG gels were higher than those of FDB gel without KG (control). Especially, the WHC increased from 11.00% for control to 55.65% for FDB gel with 1% KG as a BG. Consequently, cooking loss and texture parameters of FDB + KG gels decreased. The hardness of control was 2.14kg, which significantly reduced to 0.12-0.87kg with KG addition. The highest carbonyl content was observed in control gel, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance content was reduced by the addition of 1% KG as an FDA (T1) or 0.8% KG as an FDA with 0.2% KG as a BG (T2) (p<0.05). These changes might be induced by the alteration of tertiary structure and thermodynamic stability of gels. In conclusion, 1% KG can be used as an FDA to improve the quality and physicochemical properties of heat-induced gels of FDB. Optimized FDB gels with KG can be used as an innovative food ingredient to fortify nutrition and develop special dietary purposes.

Diabetes-correcting and antioxidant effects of grape pomace extract rich in natural complex of polyphenols

Background. The positive health effects of polyphenols have led to an increased scientific interest in these natural compounds over the past decade. Many studies confirm the effectiveness of polyphenols as additional therapy in diabetes, especially due to the sugar-lowering effect of polyphenols. The aim of the research was to investigate the morphological and functional state of peripheral blood erythrocytes and the indices of oxidative stress in the liver of rats with experimental diabetes and after the administration of grape pomace extract rich in natural complex of polyphenols. Materials and Methods. We obtained grape pomace extract, which contains a variety of polyphenolic compounds. Rats of the following groups were used in the experiments: control animals, animals treated with grape pomace extract rich in natural complex of polyphenols for 14 days, animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus treated with grape pomace extract rich in natural complex of polyphenols for 14 days. The number of erythrocytes and reticulocytes, the concentration of hemoglobin and glycated hemoglobin were determined in the peripheral blood of rats. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance and carbonyl groups of proteins were determined in the liver tissues of rats. Results. The study has shown an increase in the number of erythrocytes and the level of hemoglobin, a decrease in the level of glycated hemoglobin and the number of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood of rats after administration of grape pomace extract rich in natural complex of polyphenols to rats with experimental diabetes. A decrease in the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance and the content of carbonyl groups of proteins of neutral and basic character and an increase in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in liver tissues were found under the same conditions. Conclusions. The results indicate that the extract of the natural complex of polyphenols is capable of correcting the morphological and functional state of erythrocytes, as well as improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of marker molecules of oxidative stress in hepatocytes of rats under experimental diabetes mellitus.

Effects of plant-derived smoke, karrikin, and salinity stress on Prunus armeniaca cv. Şalak seeds and seedlings: A morphological, biochemical, and molecular approach

There is great interest in developing strategies to reduce the detrimental effects of salinity stress to improve plant growth and yield. The effects of plant-derived smoke on seed germination and plant growth, depending on concentration and time, are widely known. Although it has been suggested that plant-derived smoke and Karrikin (KAR1) tolerate the harmful effects of abiotic stress in plants, there is a lack of comprehensive information on biochemical and molecular changes related to KAR1 and smoke water (SW) in plants. Here we extensively compared the effects of SW and KAR1 on seed germination and morphology. Here we comprehensively compared the effects of SW and KAR1 on seed germination and morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes observable in the examined seeds. Moreover, we also showed that it regulated the expression of some genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in apricot seedlings (Prunus armeniaca L.) exposed to salinity stress (100 mM NaCl). Morphologically, we observed more adverse effects with decreased concentration in the SW treatment and increased concentration in the KAR1 treatment. The data revealed that SW (1:1000 v/v) and KAR1 (1µM) increased the expression levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) genes in the samples taken from the apricot seedlings treated with salt at hours 3, 6 and 9. This increase varies in SW and KAR1 depending on time. When the biochemical results were examined, it was seen that the application of SW and KAR1 to the seedlings under salinity stress led to a significant decrease in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content. We can assert that SW is more effective than KAR1 on TBARS content. Morphological, molecular, and biochemical results revealed enhanced germination, growth, gene expression, and TBARS content in apricot seeds and seedlings exposed to SW and KAR1. This data may be applicable to more comprehensive trials.

Oligomers of restructured-carrageenan impart resilience towards nickel-triggered pernicious outcomes in Mentha arvensis L.

Radiation degradation occurs through ionizing radiations, an eco-friendly, effective, simple and single-step degradation process in which the degraded products are structurally modified (chemical modification). Nickel (Ni) manifests beneficial effects at minimal concentrations and becomes toxic at higher concentrations, thereby affecting the yield, growth and development of plants. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the role of structurally-modified carrageenan in imparting resilience towards nickel-triggered phytotoxicity in Mentha arvensis L. and to prove the structure-function relationship of irradiated carrageenan (ICA). The various treatments applied through foliage to the Mentha arvensis L. plant were Control, ICA (80 mg L−1), ICA (100 mg L−1), ICA (120 mg L−1), Ni (80 mg kg−1), Ni (80 mg kg−1) + ICA (80 mg L−1), Ni (80 mg kg−1) + ICA (100 mg L−1) and Ni (80 mg kg−1) + ICA (120 mg L−1). The characterization techniques employed for analysis of carrageenan samples include scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The present study was based on growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymatic activities, oxidative stress biomarkers, SEM, confocal analysis of leaves and roots, and quality and yield parameters. A significant reduction of 16.45%, 22.01%, 15.38%, and 10.15% was noticed in the values of maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activity, essential oil (EO) content, and menthol content under Ni stress (80 mg kg−1). However, the foliar supplementation of 100 mg L−1 ICA enriched the values of the said parameters by 15.15%, 22.82%, 23.63%, and 4.25%, respectively. The oxidative stress biomarkers were escalated by 47.92%, 50.95%, and 35.35% for electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content in Ni-stressed plants. Although, a significant down-regulation of 46.62%, 66.97%, and 32.50% was recorded in plants grown in Ni-contaminated soil and supplemented with ICA best dose.

The state of the population of narrow-clawed crayfish in Lake Sevan (Armenia) under multiple stress conditions.

The narrow-clawed crayfish is a crayfish species that was accidentally introduced into the ecosystem of Lake Sevan in the 1980s. Soon it became one of the most preferred fisheries in the lake and an important link in the food chain by successfully replacing the endemic fish subspecies Sevan khramicarp (Capoeta sevangi, De Filippi, 1865) in the chain of detritivores. However, recently, the stock declines dramatically, associated with two main threats: the impact of burn-spot disease and an increase in fishing pressure on its population. To estimate the state of population under multiple stress conditions, we investigated the dynamics of stock, the size/age and sex structure, the fecundity, and the health status of the population. A comparative analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase activities and reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance contents) showed significant differences between healthy and infected individuals. Another indirect effect of the disease, which probably leads to a decrease in the stock, was an increase in the proportion of immature females. Also, we observed some decrease in the infection rate along with the decline in the density of crayfish. However, stock reduction and some changes in the population may also be caused by a strong bloom of cyanobacteria.

Salicylic Acid- and Potassium-Enhanced Resilience of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) against Salinity and Cadmium Stress through Mitigating Ionic and Oxidative Stress.

Salinity and cadmium (Cd) contamination of soil are serious environmental issues threatening food security. This study investigated the role of salicylic acid (SA) and potassium (K) in enhancing the resilience of quinoa against the combined stress of salinity and Cd. Quinoa plants were grown under NaCl (0, 200 mM) and Cd (0, 100 µM) stress, with the addition of 0.1 mM SA and 10 mM K, separately or in combination. The joint stress of Cd and NaCl caused >50% decrease in plant growth, chlorophyll contents, and stomatal conductance compared to the control plants. The higher accumulation of Na and Cd reduced the uptake of K in quinoa tissues. The joint stress of salinity and Cd caused an 11-fold increase in hydrogen peroxide and 13-fold increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances contents, and caused a 61% decrease in membrane stability. An external supply of 0.1 mM SA and 10 mM K helped plants to better adapt to salinity and Cd stress with less of a reduction in plant biomass (shoot 19% and root 24%) and less accumulation of Na and Cd in plant tissues. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were enhanced by 11-fold, 10-fold, 7.7-fold, and 7-fold, respectively, when SA and K were applied together to the plants subjected to the joint stress of Cd and salinity. Based on the values of the bioconcentration factor (>1), the translocation factor (<1), and the higher tolerance index, it was clear that Cd-contaminated, salty soils could be stabilized with quinoa under the combined supply of SA and K.

Duration of the Flaxseed Supplementation Affects Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms and the Oxidative Stress of Fattening Pigs.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the duration of a flaxseed diet on fattening pigs' antioxidant defence mechanism in blood and tissues. Eighteen 20-week-old Landrace breed fattening pigs (BW 76.61 ± 2.30 kg) were divided into three groups of six animals. The control group was fed a basal diet. The FS3 group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 10% flaxseed for 3 weeks. The FS6 group received the same basal diet with flaxseed for 6 weeks. The total antioxidant capacity of the blood, measured as the total antioxidant status (TAS), total plasma antioxidant capacity (FRAP), reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs) and total antioxidant capacity (PAT), was not affected by the flaxseed diet. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were significantly decreased in the FS3 pigs in the heart (p < 0.05). However, in the FS3 group, the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity significantly increased compared to the control, but in the FS6 group, the activity was inhibited (p < 0.05). In the muscle, the CAT and GST activity was significantly decreased in the FS3 group (p < 0.05). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content was significantly reduced in the brain, muscle and heart in the FS3 group(p < 0.05). In FS6, the TBARS content significantly increased in the heart and brain (p < 0.05). Our results showed that the health effect of a flaxseed diet is significantly conditioned by the length of the flaxseed addition.

Effects of Maillard reaction products on myoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation during refrigerated storage of carp

Lipid oxidation is the major cause of quality deterioration in freshwater fish, especially mediated by myoglobin (Mb). This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant mechanism of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in Mb-mediated lipid oxidation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). MRPs exhibited promising antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities based on the reduced content of peroxide and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and inhibited microbial growth. MRPs inhibited the oxidation of Mb by lowering the transfer from oxymyoglobin to metmyoglobin and improving the stability of heme iron. The correlation analysis showed that MRPs regulated the formation of free radicals by maintaining the reduced structure of Mb and the integrity of heme iron, and also directly inhibited the formation of oxidation products in a chain radical reaction. The texture and electronic nose analysis indicated that MRPs could delay the structural disruption and flavor deterioration of surimi. Therefore, MRPs could effectively inhibit Mb-induced lipid oxidation and further control the resulting changes in the flavor and texture of surimi.