Thinking Aloud Research Articles

Penerapan Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving (Tapps) Setting Working Backward Pada Materi Belah Ketupat Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa

One common goal of learning mathematics junior high school students were included in the National Education Standards is that students have the competence to solve problems that include the ability to understand the problem , devised a mathematical model , solve the model , and interpret the obtained solution . This research is motivated by the low student math learning outcomes . This is because of the lack of creative educators in teaching mathematics so that math becomes fun. Based on those explanations, problem formulation in this research is 1)Is the application of Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving (TAPPS) setting working backward method into Rhombus topic able to improve learning activity of Class VII B students of MTs Miftahul Huda?; and 2) Is the application of Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving (TAPPS) setting working backward method into Rhombus topic able to improve learning result of Class VII B students of MTs Miftahul Huda. Meanwhile, the purpose of this research is 1) to find activity improvements of the students in the application of Thinking Aloud Pair Problem solving (TAPPS) setting working backward learning method into Rhombus topic in Class VII B MTs Miftahul Huda; 2) to find study result improvements after using Thinking Aloud Pair Problem solving (TAPPS) setting working backward method into Rhombus topic in Class VII B MTs Miftahul Huda. The research method is descriptive quantitative research method and classroom action research by data analysis technique. Based on this study result, students activity porcentage in first meeting was 87,5 % with ‘very active category’, while in second meeting the porcentage was 92,4 % with ‘very active category’. This result shows the improvement by 4,9%. Meanwhile, result analysis of students learning progress data based on data in Mathematics teacher, shows that comprehension porcentage of previous material reviews was 70,8 %, while comprehension porcentage of the last test is 87,5 %. It shows that there is improvement by 16,7 % in students comprehension at Mathematics and classically comprehensed. Based on research results and analysis, it can be concluded that 1) Aplication of TAPPS setting working backward is able to improve students activities in Class VII B MTs Miftahul Huda; and 2) Application of TAPPS setting working backward is able to improve study results of students in Class VII B MTs Miftahul Huda.

Exploring the use of music during ultramarathons using a think-aloud procedure

Introduction: ultrarunning is a rapidly growing sport and is receiving increased attention in scientific literature. Ultrarunning is the act of running ultramarathons, defined as any distance over a marathon (42.2 km). Some ultramarathons are run over a set time e.g., 12 hours. Ultrarunners face many different challenges throughout their races, including injuries and pain, thoughts of quitting, and boredom (Holt et al., 2014, Sport Psych, 28, 22-35). The application of music during sports and exercise has been shown to be a powerful psychological and ergogenic aid, however, there is a dearth of studies exploring how music is applied in ultrarunning. Previous research around ultramarathons has typically used interviews or a range of scales to collect data (Watkins et al., 2022, Psych Sport Ex, 63, 102271). Think-Aloud (TA) procedures have been used in studies involving shorter distance running (Johnson et al., 2023, Int J Sport Ex Psych) but have not yet been applied to ultrarunning. Accordingly, the present study uses a TA approach to capture ultramarathoners’ thoughts and feelings during an event where they listen to music. Method: ten participants completed a two-stage training procedure of TA to conform with established procedures (McGreary et al., 2024, Sport Ex Perf Psych). The TA procedure permits recording of real-time thoughts. The first stage consists of two problems: a multiplication problem, and an anagram-based problem. The second stage involves thinking aloud for a short period while on a training run. Following the training, participants recorded their thoughts at six time points around their event: before the race, after 1 mile, at 30, 60, and 90% into the race, and within five minutes of race completion. Data Analysis: thematic analysis will be undertaken on the transcribed data and will follow standard procedures. Applications: TA has not been applied in ultrarunning previously and its use in the present study can offer evidence to its future feasibility for similar research. Findings of this study will inform the practical application of music around ultramarathon events, with insights offered for athletes and coaches. Moreover, recommendations will be made as to when music could be applied during an event to maximise its effects. These findings will be couched within contemporary conceptual frameworks for applying music in sport and exercise contexts and offer fresh insight into how these models could be expanded to consider ultra-endurance events more fully.

Concurrent or Retrospective Thinking Aloud in Usability Tests? A Meta-Analytic Review

In usability tests, the users are commonly asked to think aloud to let the evaluator listen in on their thoughts. Two variants of this procedure involve that the users either think aloud while using the tested product (concurrent thinking aloud, CTA) or after using it (retrospective thinking aloud, RTA). This study reviews the studies that compare CTA and RTA to investigate what is gained and lost by using one or the other variant in a usability test. A total of 29 studies, reporting from 42 comparisons of CTA and RTA, matched the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analyses. The main differences are that for CTA task time is longer, but total time shorter, whereas for RTA the users verbalize more explanations, problem formulations, and design recommendations. In addition, CTA users probably experience the evaluator’s presence as less disturbing than RTA users do.

"Can you help me think this through?" How pediatric hospitalists learn from informal peer consultation.

Informal peer consultation (IPC), also called curbside consultation, is a common practice in medicine. Research has shown that physicians use IPC but how this learning occurs during the process has not been studied. This basic qualitative study describes how pediatric hospitalists learn during IPC, framed by Kolb's (2015) Experiential Learning Theory of Growth and Development. Eleven pediatric hospitalists were interviewed. Deidentified transcripts were coded for key themes using inductive methods. The main prompt for informal peer consultation was the perception of uncertainty. Three themes describe the learning process: "Eliciting Perspectives," "Thinking Aloud Together," and "Experiencing Validation. A fourth theme, "Acknowledging Value," described the importance of IPC for modeling how to manage uncertainty with patients' caregivers and medical trainees. By describing the learning process, the results have implications for physicians who engage in IPC and may inform faculty-level professional development initiatives to improve the IPC process.

The Malnutrition Awareness Scale for community-dwelling older adults: Development and psychometric properties

Background & AimsQualitative studies suggest that malnutrition awareness is poor in older adults. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire to quantitatively assess malnutrition awareness in community-dwelling older adults aged 60+ years. MethodsThe Malnutrition Awareness Scale (MAS) was developed based on the awareness phase of the Integrated-Change model, and included four domains: knowledge, perceived cues, risk perceptions, and cognizance. Twenty-six scale items were developed using results from mainly qualitative research and the expertise of the authors. Items were piloted in 10 Dutch older adults using the Thinking Aloud method to optimize wording. In a feasibility study, annoyance, difficulty and time to complete the MAS and its comprehensibility were tested. After final revisions, the MAS was applied to a large sample to test its psychometric properties (i.e., inter-item correlations, Cronbach’s alpha, score distribution) and relevance of the items was rated on a 5-point scale by 12 experts to determine content validity. ResultsThe feasibility study (n=42, 55% women, 19% 80+ y) showed that the MAS took 12±6 min to complete. Most participants found it not (at all) annoying (81%) and not (at all) difficult (79%) to complete the MAS, and found it (very) comprehensible (83%). Psychometric analyses (n=216, 63% women, 28% 80+ y) showed no redundant items, but two items correlated negatively with other items, and one correlated very low. After removal, the final MAS consists of 23 items with a min-max scoring range from 0 to 22 (with higher scores indicating higher awareness) and an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.67. The mean MAS score in our sample (n=216) was 14.8±3.2. The lowest obtained score was 6 (n=3) and the highest 22 (n=1), indicating no floor or ceiling effects. Based on the relevance rating, the overall median across all 22 items was 4.0 with IQR 4.0-5.0. ConclusionThe Malnutrition Awareness Scale is a novel, feasible and reliable tool with good content validity to quantitively assess malnutrition awareness in community-dwelling older adults. The scale is now ready to identify groups with poor malnutrition awareness, as a basis to start interventions to increase malnutrition knowledge and awareness.

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar IPS Siswa Kelas V SDN 164 Pacora Kabupaten Soppeng Melalui Metode Thingking Aloud Pair Problem Solving (TAPPS)

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes through the Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving method in class V SDN 164 Pcora Kabupaten Soppeng. . This research is classroom action research which is carried out in two cycles and through several stages, namely, planning, implementing actions, observing and reflecting. Data was collected using observation sheets, tests and documentation. The data collected were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The results showed that student learning outcomes in following the teaching and learning process through the application of the Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving learning method could improve social studies learning outcomes for grade VII students of SDN 164 Pacora Kabupaten Soppeng, which can be seen from the completeness of student learning outcomes from 64% completed with a score of 64%. an average of 66.8 in the first cycle increased to 88% completed with an average value of 82 in the second cycle

Mobile application for the commercialization of arepa de huevo from producers of the municipality of Luruaco

The project consists of developing a mobile application for Arepa de Huevo producers in the municipality of Luruaco, using the agile XP development methodology. An analysis of requirements and a literature review are conducted to meet the need for access to new marketing channels. The application development was divided into four phases: exploration, design, development, testing and deployment. We used "Thinking Aloud" methodology was used in usability testing, where users spoke about their thoughts while interacting with the application. The test results showed good ratings in aesthetics, ease of use, content and information, and usefulness of the application. User feedback was collected for future improvements. The development of the application has been a significant experience for the authors, facing the challenge of learning a new programming language and using tools like Nodejs and React Native. Additionally, the satisfaction of contributing to the community and applying acquired knowledge to solve local problems is highlighted. The result of this exercise is a mobile application that meets the requirements and needs of egg arepa producers in Luruaco, applying the XP methodology and obtaining satisfactory results.

The Healthy Hearts Project: Development and evaluation of a website for cardiovascular risk assessment and visualisation and self-management through healthy lifestyle goal-setting.

Materially deprived communities in the UK have excess morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) but are less likely to engage with formal care pathways. Community engagement and e-health may be more effective ways to promote risk-reducing lifestyle change. The "Healthy Hearts Project" website was designed for use by community health workers (CHWs) for cardiovascular risk assessment and lifestyle goal setting, or for independent use by community members. This paper describes the website's development and evaluation. The website was developed using interactive wire frame prototypes in a user-led approach. Qualitative evaluation of the completed website's usability and acceptability was conducted using the "Thinking Aloud" method in a purposive sample of 10 participants (one voluntary sector employee, three CHWs, two community members and four healthcare professionals). Thinking Aloud interview transcripts were thematically analysed using an inductive approach. A separate quantitative evaluation of usability and the effect of using the website on CVD knowledge and beliefs was conducted. A random sample of 134 participants, recruited using the online platform Prolific, completed the "Attitudes and Beliefs About Cardiovascular Disease" (ABCD) questionnaire before and after using the website, along with the System Usability Scale (SUS). Qualitative evaluation-Four key themes were identified: 1) Website functionality and design-participants generally found the website easy to use and understood the risk communication graphics and the feedback and goal-setting features,; 2) Inclusivity and representation-most participants considered the website inclusive of a range of users/cultures; 3) Language and comprehension-participants found the language used easy to understand but suggested reducing the amount of text; 4) Motivation and barriers to change-participants liked the personalized feedback and empowerment offered by goal-setting but commented on the need for self-motivation. Quantitative evaluation-The mean score across all domains of the ABCD questionnaire (from 2.99 to 3.11, p<0.001) and in the sub-domains relating to attitudes and beliefs around healthy eating and exercise increased after using the website. The mean(sd) score on the SUS was 77.5 (13.5). The website's usability was generally rated well by both quantitative and qualitative measures, and measures of CVD knowledge improved after use. A number of general recommendations for the design of eHealth behaviour change tools are made based on participants' suggestions to improve the website.

Development of 2D Animation Learning Video Media for the TAPPS Learning Model to reduce Mathematics Phobia

2D animated video media emerges as a viable remedy aimed at enhancing student learning outcomes and the effective implementation of the Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving (TAPPS) pedagogical approach. The approach adopted involves the utilization of the ADDIE methodology to guide the development of meticulously designed media, a design that has undergone comprehensive validation by multiple assessors, encompassing both content and media scrutiny. This assessment has been conducted across various evaluation criteria. The data collection methodology employed encompassed tests and questionnaires to gauge student reactions. As evidenced by the material validation phase, the average percentage achieved was 77.13%, falling within the "Valid" classification. In tandem, the media validation process yielded an average score of 82.5%, positioning it firmly within the "Highly Valid" classification. Supplementary to the validation assessments, additional scrutiny was directed toward student learning outcomes. The results yielded an average score of 84.35, surpassing the established minimum passing grade of 75. This unequivocally substantiates the comprehensive achievement of learning objectives. Furthermore, student responses towards the learning material were appraised, culminating in an impressive 90.46% satisfaction rate, thus attaining the "Very Good" rating. In light of the meticulous analyses conducted, it is indisputable that the development of 2D animated video media tailored for the TAPPS instructional model stands as a viable and potent strategy to alleviate students' apprehensions towards mathematics

Well-trained, trained and recreationally trained runners’ cognition during a 5km tempo run: a think aloud study

ABSTRACT A think aloud (TA) protocol was used to explore whether thought processes and attentional focus differed between well-trained, trained, and recreationally-trained runners across a 5km tempo run. Eighteen runners completed a self-paced 5km tempo treadmill run. Participants were asked to TA and provided their ratings of perceived exertion alongside breathlessness, cognitive demands and lower-body effort, every 1 km. Verbalisations were coded using content analysis into categories and sub-categories and were compared across groups and over every kilometre of the run. Speed and Rate of Perceived Exertion scores increased over the 5km but there were no significant differences across groups. The nature of verbalisations for categories and sub-categories varied across groups with the majority of the well-trained runner’s thoughts relating to active self-regulation, while internal sensory monitoring was used most frequently by the trained runners and distraction was most widely verbalised by the recreationally-trained group. There was a statistically significant difference between the use of active self-regulation across groups, with differences also seen for the sub-categories of running form and motivational self-talk. The number of verbalisations across categories changed over time, but there was no statistically significant interaction with group. Results highlight active self-regulatory differences between well-trained, trained and recreationally-trained runners in the study, suggesting that it is likely not just exposure to running that enables runners to develop effective psychological skills. Findings could be used by coaches to offer targeted support and opportunities for lower-level runners to develop effective cognitive skills to impact on performance and running adherence.

Methods for think-aloud interviews in health-related resource-use research: the PECUNIA RUM instrument

Background The think-aloud (TA) approach is a qualitative research method that allows for gaining insight in thoughts and cognitive processes. It can be used to incorporate a respondent’s perspective when developing resource-use measurement (RUM) instruments. Currently, the application of TA methods in RUM research is limited, and so is the guidance on how to use them. Transparent publication of TA methods for RUM in health economics studies, which is the aim of this paper, can contribute to reducing the aforementioned gap. Methods Methods for conducting TA interviews were iteratively developed by a multi-national working group of health economists and additional qualitative research expertise was sought. TA interviews were conducted in four countries to support this process. A ten-step process was outlined in three parts: Part A ‘before the interview’ (including translation, recruitment, training), Part B ‘during the interview’ (including setting, opening, completing the instrument, open-ended questions, closing), and part C ‘after the interview’ (including transcription and data analysis, trustworthiness). Conclusions This manuscript describes the step-by-step approach for conducting multi-national TA interviews with potential respondents of the PECUNIA RUM instrument. It increases the methodological transparency in RUM development and reduces the knowledge gap of using qualitative research methods in health economics.

Usability and understandability of a web-based medical communication aid for patients with ankylosing spondylitis in South Korea: A mixed-methods study

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis which causes potentially debilitating pain and loss of mobility. Biologics represent a highly effective treatment option in AS. Nonetheless, the choice of biologics often involves complex decision-making. A web-based medical communication aid (MCA) was designed to support information exchange and shared decision-making process between physicians and biologics naïve AS patients. This study aimed to assess the usability of the MCA prototype and the understandability of the MCA contents among rheumatologists and AS patients in South Korea. This was a cross-sectional study using a mixed-methods approach. Treating rheumatologists from major hospitals and their AS patients were recruited in this study. Participants navigated through the MCA and provided feedbacks, guided by interviewers using the think-aloud (TA) method. Participants were then asked to complete a set of surveys. The qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed to determine the usability of the MCA prototype and the understandability of the MCA contents. The MCA prototype received above average rating for usability and high rating for the understandability of its contents. Additionally, participants rated that the quality of information presented in the MCA as high. Analysis of the qualitative data highlighted three key aspects of the MCA; the usefulness of the MCA, the need to present concise and relevant content; and the importance of an intuitively designed tool. Overall, participants found the MCA to be potentially valuable in supporting the current unmet needs in clinical care and had expressed a willingness to use the MCA. The MCA had great potential in supporting shared decision-making by improving patients' knowledge on disease and treatment options, as well as clarifying patients' personal preferences and values in the management of AS.

E-Commerce in German Agriculture: A Case Study Investigating Farmer Satisfaction Applying the Thinking Aloud Method

E-commerce in agriculture is gaining increasing attention, but market penetration is currently low, and companies are barely exploiting its full potential. Identifying and satisfying farmers’ expectations of e-commerce websites for farm inputs is crucial to reduce this opportunity loss. This paper presents a qualitative case study using the “thinking aloud” method, investigating the factors of an agricultural e-commerce site that need to be improved to increase customer satisfaction. The results reveal that farmers’ dissatisfaction with and reluctance to engage in agricultural e-commerce are linked to deficiencies in the store design. These deficiencies are especially apparent in the incongruent design of off- and online stores. Congruity is needed not only in terms of price but, more importantly, in terms of design (e.g., navigation, product order) and services. However, this is often lacking. High channel congruence improves trust in the online provider and keeps perceived transaction costs low. The study emphasizes the importance of customer centricity and a channel integration strategy in agricultural trade and provides indications of which elements lead to higher customer satisfaction.

The impact of patient skin colour on diagnostic ability and confidence of medical students

Previous literature has explored unconscious racial biases in clinical education and medicine, finding that people with darker skin tones can be underrepresented in learning resources and managed differently in a clinical setting. This study aimed to examine whether patient skin colour can affect the diagnostic ability and confidence of medical students, and their cognitive reasoning processes. We presented students with 12 different clinical presentations on both white skin (WS) and non-white skin (NWS). A think aloud (TA) study was conducted to explore students’ cognitive reasoning processes (n = 8). An online quiz was also conducted where students submitted a diagnosis and confidence level for each clinical presentation (n = 185). In the TA interviews, students used similar levels of information gathering and analytical reasoning for each skin type but appeared to display increased uncertainty and reduced non-analytical reasoning methods for the NWS images compared to the WS images. In the online quiz, students were significantly more likely to accurately diagnose five of the 12 clinical presentations (shingles, cellulitis, Lyme disease, eczema and meningococcal disease) on WS compared to NWS (p < 0.01). With regards to students’ confidence, they were significantly more confident diagnosing eight of the 12 clinical presentations (shingles, cellulitis, Lyme disease, eczema, meningococcal disease, urticaria, chickenpox and Kawasaki disease) on WS when compared to NWS (p < 0.01). These findings highlight the need to improve teaching resources to include a greater diversity of skin colours exhibiting clinical signs, to improve students’ knowledge and confidence, and ultimately, to avoid patients being misdiagnosed due to the colour of their skin.

Usability evaluation of mHealth apps for elderly individuals: a scoping review

BackgroundUsability is a key factor affecting the acceptance of mobile health applications (mHealth apps) for elderly individuals, but traditional usability evaluation methods may not be suitable for use in this population because of aging barriers. The objectives of this study were to identify, explore, and summarize the current state of the literature on the usability evaluation of mHealth apps for older adults and to incorporate these methods into the appropriate evaluation stage.MethodsElectronic searches were conducted in 10 databases. Inclusion criteria were articles focused on the usability evaluation of mHealth apps designed for older adults. The included studies were classified according to the mHealth app usability evaluation framework, and the suitability of evaluation methods for use among the elderly was analyzed.ResultsNinety-six articles met the inclusion criteria. Research activity increased steeply after 2013 (n = 92). Satisfaction (n = 74) and learnability (n = 60) were the most frequently evaluated critical measures, while memorability (n = 13) was the least evaluated. The ratios of satisfaction, learnability, operability, and understandability measures were significantly related to the different stages of evaluation (P < 0.05). The methods used for usability evaluation were questionnaire (n = 68), interview (n = 36), concurrent thinking aloud (n = 25), performance metrics (n = 25), behavioral observation log (n = 14), screen recording (n = 3), eye tracking (n = 1), retrospective thinking aloud (n = 1), and feedback log (n = 1). Thirty-two studies developed their own evaluation tool to assess unique design features for elderly individuals.ConclusionIn the past five years, the number of studies in the field of usability evaluation of mHealth apps for the elderly has increased rapidly. The mHealth apps are often used as an auxiliary means of self-management to help the elderly manage their wellness and disease. According to the three stages of the mHealth app usability evaluation framework, the critical measures and evaluation methods are inconsistent. Future research should focus on selecting specific critical measures relevant to aging characteristics and adapting usability evaluation methods to elderly individuals by improving traditional tools, introducing automated evaluation tools and optimizing evaluation processes.

The Effect of Think Aloud on Performance and Brain Oxygenation During Cycling – An Exploratory Study

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Think Aloud (TA) on performance in trained and untrained participants, using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy, during incrementally paced cycling. A mixed design was implemented with cycling expertise (10 untrained vs. 9 trained) as the between groups variable and trial stage (5 stages of increasing effort), and condition (silent vs. TA) as within groups independent variables (IVs). Dependent measures were changes in cortical oxygenation (O2Hb) in 12 areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and physiological indicators of percentage heart rate maximum (%HRmax), average power output (APO), peak power output (PPO), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate ([La]b) over time. Trained cyclists had higher APO and significantly higher PPO from stages 2–5, in addition to a greater increase in PPO over the duration of the test (range 168W–480 W vs. 133W–313 W). There were significant main effects of stage on %HRmax, Bla and RPE (p < .001), with effect sizes (ήp2) ranging from .31 to .97. On average, HRmax%, [La]b and RPE were significantly lower after stage 2 onwards within the TA trial than the silent trial, even though similar power outputs were obtained. Thus, the TA trial elicited a better pacing strategy. There was no main effect of group on changes in O2Hb, though O2Hb did change as a function of stage in four areas of the PFC, and as a function of condition in one area. In this first study to assess the effects of TA on performance during self-paced cycling, TA did not disrupt performance outcomes at low through to high levels of physical exertion for either untrained or trained participants.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE USABILITY EVALUATION METHODOLOGY OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS

A good information system will support the implementation of the tasks and functions of the organization. This systematic review aims to identify and characterize the methods and attributes in usability evaluation and identify measurement techniques in usability evaluation. This systematic review uses the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. The search was carried out using two databases, namely PubMed and Science Direct, by limiting information systems related to health published from 2015 to 2021. Articles that met the criteria were evaluated for methods, attributes, measurement techniques, and usability criteria used. Article quality was assessed using a modified Downs and Black checklist. The search identified 132 articles. The results of abstract screening and duplication-checking obtained 128 articles. The screening was carried out through a complete review of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, obtained 9 articles that met the criteria. There are five methods used for usability evaluation, namely Think aloud (TA), Heuristic evaluation (HE), System Usability Scale (SUS), User viewpoint, and Cognitive Walkthrough Method. Six problem definitions used in usability evaluation are ISO, Nielsen, user-based, TAUCHI, 19 item usability questions, and successful completion of scenarios. The measurement technique is done by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction are criteria that are always assessed from almost all articles reviewed. The heuristic evaluation method with quantitative measurement techniques using an evaluator in evaluating usability based on scenarios then proceeding with qualitative measurement techniques to deepen problems and provide solutions is the most ideal usability evaluation measurement technique.

Pengaruh Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving (TAPPS) terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika

This study aims to determine the effect of the Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving (TAPPS) learning model on the mathematical problem solving abilities of eighth grade students of SMP. This research is a quasi-experimental research with Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The population in this study were all eighth grade students of SMP. In determining the sample, the saturated sample technique was used, where the samples in this study were class VIII-A as the control class and class VIII-B as the experimental class. The instrument used in this research is a test of mathematical problem solving ability on number pattern material. Quantitative data analysis was performed using a gain t-test. The results of data analysis obtained thitung = 2.14 and ttable = 2.064 so that thitung &gt; ttable then H0 is rejected which indicates that there are differences in students' mathematical problem solving abilities between classes that receive TAPPS learning and direct learning. This shows that learning with the TAPPS model has an effect on the mathematical problem solving abilities of eighth grade students of SMP. The influence of the application of the Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving (TAPPS) learning model on the mathematical problem solving ability of class VIII students at SMP on the number pattern material using the effect size formula (d) is 1.907, which means that the effect given has a high category.

Older Adults’ Concurrent and Retrospective Think-Aloud Verbalizations for Identifying User Experience Problems of VR Games

AbstractWhile virtual reality (VR) games are beneficial for older adults to improve their physical functions and cognitive abilities, VR research often does not include older adults. Our review of the proceedings of major HCI conferences (i.e. ASSETS, CHI, CHI PLAY, CSCW and DIS) between 2016 and 2020 shows that only three out of 352 VR-related papers involved older adults. Consequently, older adults tend to encounter user experience (UX) problems with VR. One common way to identify UX problems is to conduct usability testing with think-aloud (TA) protocols. As VR games tend to be perceptually and physically demanding, older adults might need to allocate more resources to VR content and interaction and thus have fewer resources for thinking aloud. This raises the question of whether TA protocols are still a viable approach to detecting UX problems of VR games for older adult participants. To answer this question, we conducted usability testing with older adults who played two common types of VR games (i.e. the exergame and experience game) using concurrent and retrospective TA protocols (i.e. CTA and RTA), which are widely used in the industry. We analyzed participants’ TA verbalizations and uncovered how different categories of verbalizations indicate UX problems. We further show how older adults perceived the effects of thinking aloud on their game experiences in two TA protocols and offer design implications.

“Think Aloud” as a Facilitator of Self-Regulation in Golfers

Think Aloud (TA) has been used as a tool to promote self-regulation and reflection in coaches, yet it has not been employed in the same context to support athletes. The aim of the present study was to understand golfers’ perceptions of using TA at two time points: immediately postperformance and after a 6- to 8-week reflection period. Six golfers (five male, one female; age: M = 30.8 years, SD = 14.8; handicap: M = 6.92, SD = 3.9) used TA during the performance on six holes of golf and listened back to their TA audio. Using semistructured interviews and subsequent thematic analyses, we generated four themes: increased awareness, awareness of how behavior influences performance, disruption of thought processes and performance, and application to coaching. Preliminary evidence provides support for TA as a potential tool to promote self-regulation in golfers, which could be used to inform coaching interventions.