Thin Stripes Research Articles

Growth, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of Fe–As films grown on GaAs (111)B substrates by molecular beam epitaxy

We study epitaxial growth, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of Fe–As compound thin films grown on GaAs (111)B substrates at various values of the As4:Fe flux ratio γ, using molecular beam epitaxy. The samples grown at low As4 flux (γ = 0.3, sample A) show mainly a body-centered-cubic (bcc) crystal structure, exhibiting ferromagnetic properties similar to bcc Fe. Meanwhile, the Fe–As samples grown at medium γ (2.7–4.5, sample group B) comprise regions of Ni2In-type FeAs (a hexagonal crystal with lattice constants of a = 0.399 nm and c = 0.536 nm), which are grown at the bottom and interface with the GaAs buffer layer, and a layer of non-stoichiometric FeAs with a DO3 structure (a = 0.522 nm) formed on the top. The DO3-structure FeAs phase contains partially transformed regions, which are characterized by thin stripes in a scanning transmission electron microscopy image. Furthermore, in the sample grown with high γ = 8.5 (sample C), a hexagonal Fe–As crystal with a large in-plane lattice constant (a = 0.691 nm and c = 0.542 nm) and threefold screw axes are observed. None of these crystal structures of Fe–As compounds has ever been reported. While sample C shows no ferromagnetism, the samples in group B exhibit strong ferromagnetism with high Curie temperature TC above 400 K. These new ferromagnetic Fe–As compounds are promising for spintronic device applications.

Two dimensional landscape of ferromagnetic domains and the resulting magnetization curves

Recently, Kittel’s theory of ferromagnetic domains in thin films in one dimension, i. e. with the domains extended infinitely over one in-plane direction and with the anisotropy axis oriented perpendicular to the film was revisited by considering the film thickness and unbalanced domains with up and down magnetization, yielding to the computation of magnetic hysteresis [C. M. Teodorescu, Res. Phys. 46 (2023) 106287]. In this work, the above study is extended to samples featuring two-dimensional domain landscapes, for materials with strong magnetic anisotropy, typically characterized by a superunitary ratio between the anisotropy energy and the stray field energy densities. This allows one to compute the most stable structures for vanishing average magnetization 〈M〉 together with hysteresis curves for thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and two-dimensional rectangular domains and also for thin films with in-plane magnetic anisotropy. For two-dimensional films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, the most stable structure for 〈M〉 = 0 is found to be that with domains infinitely elongated along one in-plane direction, i. e. the one-dimensional case treated in the preceding work. For thin stripes with in-plane magnetization, the domain size l is approximately linear with the stripe lateral size d for low film thickness, while for large film thicknesses it follows a Kittel-like law, but as function of the stripe size l ∼ d1/2. For in-plane magnetized thin films of infinite lateral extent, the most stable structure is the single domain. As for hysteresis curves, the two-dimensional case with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is shown to evolve from a 2D landscape derived from the checkerboard structure, but with unbalanced domains for magnetization near saturation, towards one-dimensional domain structures for lower magnetization. In some cases and depending also on the demagnetization factor, the one-dimensional case is not reached, and the film exhibit 2D structures on the whole range of the magnetization curve. The hysteresis obtained for thin magnetic stripes with in-plane magnetization also can exhibit a rich structure, with minor cycles on the wings of the magnetization curves evolving towards „normal” hysteresis (again, depending on the film thickness, stripe lateral size and demagnetization factor). An infinite thin film with in-plane anisotropy features a steplike magnetization dependence on the applied field.

Concept of inverted refractive-index-contrast grating mirror and exemplary fabrication by 3D laser micro-printing

Abstract Highly reflective mirrors are indispensable components in a variety of state-of-the-art photonic devices. Typically used, bulky, multi-layered distributed Bragg (DBR) reflectors are limited to lattice-matched semiconductors or nonconductive dielectrics. Here, we introduce an inverted refractive index-contrast grating (ICG) as compact, single-layer alternative to DBR. In the ICG, a subwavelength one-dimensional grating made of a low-refractive-index material is implemented on a high-refractive-index cladding. Our numerical simulations show that the ICG provides nearly total optical power reflectance for the light incident from the side of the cladding whenever the refractive index of the grating exceeds 1.75, irrespective of the refractive index of the cladding. Additionally, the ICG enables polarization discrimination and phase tuning of the reflected and transmitted light, the property not achievable with the DBR. We experimentally demonstrate a proof-of-concept ICG fabricated according to the proposed design, using the technique of sub-µm 3D laser lithography in which thin stripes of IP-Dip photoresist are micro-printed on a Si cladding. This one-step method avoids laborious and often destructive etching-based procedures for grating structuration, making it possible to implement the grating on any arbitrary cladding material.

Fabrication of lightweight, carbon textile reinforced concrete components with internally nested lattice structure using 2-layer extrusion by LabMorTex

This paper describes the concept, form finding, fabrication and experimental testing of prototype innovative concrete components made of extruded and transformed carbon textile reinforced concrete (TRC). The components consist of two thin-walled concrete facings that are connected by an internally nested lattice structure made of carbon TRC. Through an innovative process, thin carbon TRC stripes with a width of 10 mm were extruded with 2 textile grids and then shaped into a counter arched structure following a sinusoidal wave. The components with internally nested lattice structure represent a lightweight structural system with a drastic saving of dead load compared to conventional steel reinforced concrete (SRC) components. The design process as well as the manufacturing process, concrete mixing, material and experimental testing are presented. The results indicate that sandwich wall components with up to 76 % less use of materials in comparison to steel reinforced constructions can be realized. In addition, an outlook for the production of further components from extruded TRC components is given, which are suitable for use as ribbed ceilings and which show up to 30 % less emissions in Global Warming Potential (kg CO2e/(service life)) than a comparable component with steel reinforcement based on the Life Cycle Assessment (3cradle-to-gate) with up to 77 % concrete saving.

THE COLORS OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN SILESIA FROM THE 16TH TO THE MID-17TH CENTURY ON THE BASIS OF SELECTED EXAMPLES

The article is the first attempt to summarize the issue of color in the Renaissance architecture of Silesia. The introduction outlines the purpose of the article; the architectural context of princely residences, noble and patrician houses, and public utility buildings; and also, the timescale of the Renaissance in Silesia. The basis for examining color schemes was the conducted architectural research, in which, in many cases, the authors participated personally. They included the analysis of technology, building materials, and architectural details, as well as stratigraphic studies of plasterwork and paint layers. As a result of the carried-out analysis, two basic colorschemes were specified. One involves contrasting smoothly painted plaster with brightly painted architectural details, and the other consists in covering the entire surface of walls with a network of thin stripes that imitate squares. Both color schemes were present in two different versions - with the use of either two or three colors, with the most common being: white, red, ocher, black and gray.

High-resolution quantitative and functional MRI indicate lower myelination of thin and thick stripes in human secondary visual cortex.

The characterization of cortical myelination is essential for the study of structure-function relationships in the human brain. However, knowledge about cortical myelination is largely based on post-mortem histology, which generally renders direct comparison to function impossible. The repeating pattern of pale-thin-pale-thick stripes of cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity in the primate secondary visual cortex (V2) is a prominent columnar system, in which histology also indicates different myelination of thin/thick versus pale stripes. We used quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at ultra-high field strength (7 T) to localize and study myelination of stripes in four human participants at sub-millimeter resolution in vivo. Thin and thick stripes were functionally localized by exploiting their sensitivity to color and binocular disparity, respectively. Resulting functional activation maps showed robust stripe patterns in V2 which enabled further comparison of quantitative relaxation parameters between stripe types. Thereby, we found lower longitudinal relaxation rates (R1) of thin and thick stripes compared to surrounding gray matter in the order of 1-2%, indicating higher myelination of pale stripes. No consistent differences were found for effective transverse relaxation rates (R2*). The study demonstrates the feasibility to investigate structure-function relationships in living humans within one cortical area at the level of columnar systems using qMRI.

First 3D modelling of tungsten erosion and migration in WEST discharges adopting a toroidally non-symmetric wall geometry

Numerical analysis is a useful tool to investigate tungsten (W) sources and transport across plasma in W Environment Steady state Tokamak (WEST) plasma discharges, as it highlights physical mechanisms not always directly observable in experiments. Modelling activities were performed to study W erosion from WEST plasma-facing components (PFCs), as well as W migration through the plasma. For the first time, it was adopted a toroidally asymmetric wall geometry consisting of toroidally localized objects representing WEST antennas. To simulate WEST boundary plasma, 3D non-axisymmetric SOLEDGE transport simulations were performed with simplifying assumptions (pure deuterium plasma, a fluid model for neutrals). Results were then used as background for ERO2.0 runs to model W migration. On the sides of the toroidally localized objects, two thin stripes modelled WEST W antenna protections. Simulations suggest that particles eroded from the antennas protections may dominate the core W contamination in the analysed wall configuration. The findings suggest that these 3D non-axisymmetric models may be needed on a broader range of plasma conditions and wall configurations to accurately model the W migration in WEST.

Population receptive field size varies between thin vs. thick stripes in cortical areas V2/V3

Population receptive field size varies between thin vs. thick stripes in cortical areas V2/V3

Differentiating the impact of amblyopia on spatial frequency encoding within human V2/V3 thin and thick stripes

Differentiating the impact of amblyopia on spatial frequency encoding within human V2/V3 thin and thick stripes

Blood-seeking horseflies prefer vessel-imitating temperature gradients on host-mimicking targets: Experimental corroboration of a new explanation of the visual unattractiveness of zebras to tabanids

Several hypotheses tried to explain the advantages of zebra stripes. According to the most recent explanation, since the borderlines of sunlit white and black stripes can hamper thermal vessel detection by blood-seeking female horseflies, striped host animals are unattractive to these parasites which prefer hosts with a homogeneous coat, on which the temperature gradients above blood vessels can be detected more easily. This hypothesis has been tested in a field experiment with horseflies walking on a grey barrel with thin black stripes which were slightly warmer than their grey surroundings in sunshine, while in shade both areas had practically the same temperature. To eliminate the multiple (optical and thermal) cues of this test target, we repeated this experiment with improved test surfaces: we attracted horseflies by water- or host-imitating homogeneous black test surfaces, beneath which a heatable wire ran. When heated, this invisible and mechanically impalpable wire imitated thermally the slightly warmer subsurface blood vessels, otherwise it was thermally imperceptible. We measured the times spent by landed and walking horseflies on the test surface parts with and without underlying heated or unheated wire. We found that walking female and male horseflies had no preference for any (wired or wireless) area of the water-imitating horizontal plane test surface on the ground, independent of the temperature (heated or unheated) of the underlying wire. These horseflies looked for water, rather than a host. On the other hand, in the case of host-imitating test surfaces, female horseflies preferred the thin surface regions above the wire only if it was heated and thus warmer than its surroundings. This behaviour can be explained exclusively with the higher temperature of the wire given the lack of other sensorial cues. Our results prove the thermal vessel recognition of female horseflies and support the idea that sunlit zebra stripes impede the thermal detection of a host‘s vessels by blood-seeking horseflies, the consequence of which is the visual (non-thermal) unattractiveness of zebras to horseflies.

A new species of Sturisoma Swainson, 1838 (Loricariidae: Loricariinae), from the Madeira River basin, with a discussion of historical biogeography of western Amazonas and Paraguay River basins.

A new loricariin species of Sturisoma is described from the Cautário, Guaporé, Mamoré, Machado and Soteiro rivers, Madeira River basin, in Bolivia and Brazil. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a middorsal longitudinal, thin dark brown stripe on the caudal peduncle, extending from two or three plates posterior to the dorsal-fin base, reaching the origin of the caudal fin, or one or two plates anterior to the origin of the caudal fin; small squarish anteriormost abdominal plates; and a middorsal longitudinal dark-brown stripe from first predorsal plate to near the dorsal-fin origin. Furthermore, the new species is diagnosed from congeners by plate morphology, counts on the median series, coalescent plates and ventrolateral thoracic plates, in addition to measurements related to body and head structures. An analysis of genetic distances using cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene marker of the mitochondrial genome between the new species and several congeners is presented, in addition to a likelihood analysis to illustrate the position of the new taxon within Sturisoma. An identification key for species of the genus currently recorded at the upper Amazonas River basin is provided.

Sunlit zebra stripes may confuse the thermal perception of blood vessels causing the visual unattractiveness of zebras to horseflies

Multiple hypotheses have been proposed for possible functions of zebra stripes. The most thoroughly experimentally supported advantage of zebra stripes is their visual unattractiveness to horseflies (tabanids) and tsetse flies. We propose here a plausible hypothesis why biting horseflies avoid host animals with striped pelages: in sunshine the temperature gradients of the skin above the slightly warmer blood vessels are difficult to distinguish from the temperature gradients induced by the hairs at the borderlines of warmer black and cooler white stripes. To test this hypothesis, we performed a field experiment with tabanids walking on a host-imitating grey test target with vessel-mimicking thin black stripes which were slightly warmer than their grey surroundings in sunshine, while under shady conditions both areas had practically the same temperature as demonstrated by thermography. We found that horseflies spend more time walking on thin black stripes than surrounding grey areas as expected by chance, but only when the substrate is sunlit. This is because the black stripes are warmer than the surrounding grey areas in the sun, but not in the shade. This is consistent with the flies’ well-documented attraction to warmer temperatures and provides indirect support for the proposed hypothesis. The frequent false vessel locations at the numerous black–white borderlines, the subsequent painful bitings with unsuccessful blood-sucking attempts and the host’s fly-repellent reactions enhance considerably the chance that horseflies cannot evade host responses and are swatted by them. To eliminate this risk, a good evolutionary strategy was the avoidance of striped (and spotted) host animals.

Neonate With Jaundice

A 3-day-old male infant presented to the emergency department for jaundice. He was born at 39 weeks of gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery, with a weight of 3,056 g and Apgar scores of 8 and 9. The mother was 35 years old, and this was her second child after an uneventful pregnancy. He was breastfed 10 times per day, with 4 daily diaper changes. On examination, his vitals were normal, and he interacted well. He had icteric skin over the face, trunk, and legs, with subtle hyperpigmentation of the axilla and scrotum (Figure 1). Initial data demonstrated sodium levels of 133 mEq/L and potassium levels of 5.9 mEq/L. The pediatric emergency physician performed abdominal point-of-care ultrasonography (Figure 2).Figure 2Emergency abdominal ultrasonography shows an enlarged left adrenal gland above the left kidney apex (left panel arrowhead), with a highly coiled-cerebriform appearance resembling cerebral gyri in the suprarenal fossa (left panel arrow). The right adrenal gland was wrinkled and wavy, located above the right kidney apex (right panel arrowhead). Normal thin central echogenic stripe was absent, replaced by diffuse stippled echogenicity surrounded by a hypoechoic rim (right panel arrow).1Al-Alwan I. Navarro O. Daneman D. et al.Clinical utility of adrenal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.J Pediatr. 1999; 135: 71-75Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (47) Google ScholarView Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The patient progressed to a sodium level of 131 mEq/L and a potassium level of 6.3 mEq/L the following day. On day 6, screening showed 17-hydroxyprogesterone 65 ng/dL. Additionally, physicians administered fludrocortisone and cortisone acetate with normalization of electrolyte derangement. Final data confirmed 21-hydroxylase deficiency, salt-wasting type congenital adrenal hyperplasia: with 17-OH progesterone levels of 21.9 ng/mL (reference range, 0.49-4.1 ng/mL), and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels of 585.8 pg/mL (reference range, 10-70 pg/mL). Infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia present perinatally with ambiguous genitalia in females and life-threatening adrenal crisis in males. Although neonatal screening for 21-hydroxylase deficiency minimizes delays in diagnoses, one-third of infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia were symptomatic when diagnosed,2Pang S.Y. Wallace M.A. Hofman L. et al.Worldwide experience in newborn screening for classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.Pediatrics. 1988; 81: 866-874PubMed Google Scholar with the most severe manifestation being cardiac arrest secondary to hyperkalemia.3Agarwal S. Deshpande G. Agarwal D. et al.Sudden cardiac arrest in a neonate with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.Pediatr Cardiol. 2005; 26: 686-689Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar In experienced hands, adrenal ultrasonography has a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 100% for diagnosing congenital adrenal hyperplasia1Al-Alwan I. Navarro O. Daneman D. et al.Clinical utility of adrenal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.J Pediatr. 1999; 135: 71-75Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar and is a useful adjunct for the rapid diagnosis of adrenal crisis in male infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving oral wafers of linagliptin

Wafers are modern oral dosage forms which are commonly used by patients worldwide. Also, in acute pain, these dosage types can be used to get immediate relief. These oral sublingual wafers are nothing more than a thin oral stripe which dissolves immediately due to the presence of saliva in the mouth when placed in the sublingual cavity by releasing medication within a short span of time. The faster dissolution can be achieved by using different superdisintegrants in different concentrations and a comparative study of different superdisintegrants has been carried out. Present investigation aims to formulate fast dissolving wafer of linagliptin using different film forming agents. From the latest research it can be inferred that fast-dissolving oral films of drug release are preferable. The films prepared by HPMC K4 and K15 and CCS and CP had shown strong mechanical power, release of narcotics, period for disintegration and analysis of dissolution. F7 formulation is considered the better with less disintegrating time and release in 10 min according to the results obtained. Percent drug release and disintegration time was taken as responses for study which were found within the accepted ranges.

Measuring a population of spin waves from the electrical noise of an inductively coupled antenna

We study how a population of spin waves can be characterized from the analysis of the electrical microwave noise delivered by an inductive antenna placed in its vicinity. The measurements are conducted on a synthetic antiferromagnetic thin stripe covered by a micron-sized antenna that feeds a spectrum analyzer after amplification. The antenna noise contains two contributions. The population of incoherent spin waves generates a fluctuating field that is sensed by the antenna: this is the ``magnon noise.'' The antenna noise also contains the contribution of the electronic fluctuations: the Johnson-Nyquist noise. The latter depends on all impedances within the measurement circuit, which includes the antenna self-inductance. As a result, the electronic noise contains information about the magnetic susceptibility of the stripe, though it does not inform on the absolute amplitude of the magnetic fluctuations. For micrometer-sized systems at thermal equilibrium, the electronic noise dominates and the pure magnon noise cannot be determined. If in contrast the spin wave bath is not at thermal equilibrium with the measurement circuit, and if the spin wave population can be changed then one could measure a mode-resolved effective magnon temperature provided specific precautions are implemented.

Phylogenetic Evidence for the Cyphocharax saladensis Clade with Description of a New Species of Cyphocharax Endemic to the Upper Rio Paraguai Basin (Teleostei: Curimatidae)

New genetic and morphological data support the recognition of a distinct monophyletic group, the Cyphocharax saladensis clade, which includes C. vanderi, C. saladensis, C. boiadeiro, and a new species. This four-species group can be recognized by modifications in the laterosensory system with instances of incomplete or interrupted poring, by the ontogenetic development of the lateral line with larger specimens having a more developed laterosensory system, and by the presence of a patch of dark pigmentation over the caudal peduncle. The new species is described from the upper Rio Correntes, an upland tributary of the upper Rio Paraguai in central Brazil and is diagnosed by the presence of a thin longitudinal black stripe, by the variable shapes of the dark blotches on the caudal peduncle, and by morphometric and meristic data. New mitochondrial data from paratypes provide clear evidence of genetic distinction between the new species and congeners, and additionally place it as the sister species to C. boiadeiro from the upper Rio Araguaia. Based on the updated molecular phylogeny and biogeographic information, we propose an evolutionary hypothesis with four events of river captures with subsequent allopatric speciation of the new species and C. boiadeiro in the Correntes and Araguaia systems. The new species is suggested to be categorized as Near Threatened, living in a strongly impacted region of the Brazilian Cerrado.

Glyptothorax yuensis, a new species of sisorid catfish (Teleostei: Sisoridae) from Myanmar.

Glyptothorax yuensis, new species, is described from the Yu River, Sagaing division, Myanmar. It is characteristic in having a shallow adipose fin acutely incised at the posterior extremity of its base with an elongated pointed tip, adipose-fin base length 7.610.0 % SL; short nasal barbel, not extending to anterior margin of orbit; thoracic adhesive apparatus present with a conical-shaped median depression opening caudally, its length 11.713.0% SL and width 8.210.1% SL, anteromedial striae present; deep caudal peduncle, its depth 9.411.0 % SL; and two thin yellowish stripes on the body. A key to the species of the genus of Chindwin drainage is provided.

A transmission electron microscopy study of low-strain epitaxial BaTiO3 grown onto NdScO3

Ferroelectric materials exhibit a strong coupling between strain and electrical polarization. In epitaxial thin films, the strain induced by the substrate can be used to tune the domain structure. Substrates of rare-earth scandates are sometimes selected for the growth of ferroelectric oxides because of their close lattice match, which allows the growth of low-strain dislocation-free layers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a frequently used technique for investigating ferroelectric domains at the nanometer-scale. However, it requires to thin the specimen down to electron transparency, which can modify the strain and the electrostatic boundary conditions. Here, we have investigated a 320 nm thick epitaxial layer of BaTiO3 grown onto an orthorhombic substrate of NdScO3 with interfacial lattice strains of −0.45% and −0.05% along the two in-plane directions. We show that the domain structure of the layer can be significantly altered by TEM sample preparation depending on the orientation and the geometry of the lamella. In the as-grown state, the sample shows an anisotropic a/c ferroelastic domain pattern in the direction of largest strain. If a TEM lamella is cut perpendicular to this direction so that strain is released, a new domain pattern is obtained, which consists of bundles of thin horizontal stripes parallel to the interfaces. These stripe domains correspond to a sheared crystalline structure (orthorhombic or monoclinic) with inclined polarization vectors and with at least four variants of polarization. The stripe domains are distributed in triangular-shaped 180° domains where the average polarization is parallel to the growth direction. The influence of external electric fields on this domain structure was investigated using in situ biasing and dark-field imaging in TEM.

Evaluation of yields on new varieties of hybrid watermelon

Watermelon is a very important commodity in food security, especially horticultural products. Watermelon hybrid varieties are proven to be able to increase production and income for watermelon farmers. Watermelon breeding continues to produce superior varieties. Pure strains of watermelon as parents in the propagation or production of hybrid watermelon seeds, are necessary for crosses between parents to produce F1 hybrids. Evaluation and selectionare important stages in a plant breeding program. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on theproduction of hybrid watermelons from the research team of the Politeknik Negeri Lampung watermelon breeder.This study used a Randomized Block Design with nine treatments (varieties) repeated three times. The results of the observations were analyzed using the LSD test at the 5% level. The results showed that the varieties WM200701 and WM200702 had dark skin color and red flesh. Sweetness level data were significantly different by 9.3 °brix andl0.15 °brix when compared to control (8.9 °brix). Varieties WM 200703 and WM 200706 have bright green skin color with thin stripes with red and yellow flesh color. WM 200704 and WM 200705 have red flesh and dark green skin with thick striations. WM 200703 has the highest fruit weight of 4.63 kg per fruit. The six hybrid varieties tested have the potential to be submitted for registration of the F1 hybrid watermelon variety.

Function-specific projections from V2 to V4 in macaques

Previous studies have revealed modular projections from area V2 to area V4 in macaques. Specifically, V2 neurons in cytochrome oxidase (CO)-rich thin and CO-sparse pale stripes project to distinct regions in V4. However, how these modular projections relate to the functional subcompartments of V4 remains unclear. In this study, we injected retrograde fluorescent tracers into V4 regions with different functional properties (color, orientation, and direction) that were identified with intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI). We examined the labeled neurons in area V2 and their locations with respect to the CO patterns. Covariation was observed between the functional properties of the V4 injection sites and the numbers of labeled neurons in particular CO stripes. This covariation indicates that the color domains in V4 mainly received inputs from thin stripes in V2, whereas V4 orientation domains received inputs from pale stripes. Although motion-sensitive domains are present in both V2 and V4, our results did not reveal a functional specific feedforward projection between them. These results confirmed previous findings of modular projections from V2 to V4 and provided functional specificity for these anatomical projections. Together, these findings indicate that color and form remain separate in ventral mid-level visual processing.