Thin Layer Chromatography Test Research Articles

Analysis of Rhodamin B Levels in Lipbalms Sold Online Using Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry

A frequent cosmetic preparation for moisturizing and shielding dry lips is lip balm. The textile industry uses a synthetic dye called rhodamine B. Because rhodamine B is a synthetic dye having carcinogenic qualities that can encourage the formation of cancer cells if used repeatedly, the Indonesian Food and Drug Administration (BPOM) forbids its usage as a cosmetic colorant. The purpose of the study is to ascertain, both qualitatively and quantitatively, if five distinct lip balm brands sold online contain the dangerous synthetic pigment Rhodamine B. The study was conducted quantitatively using UV Vis spectophotometry and qualitatively using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) test and color response test with the reagents used, 10% NaOH. One of the five samples (sample B) tested positive for Rhodamine B according to the color response and TLC tests. With an Rf value of 0.91, which is near the typical Rhodamine B Rf value of 0.96, this was demonstrated by a color shift to red-orange upon the addition of 10% NaOH. Visual inspection of Sample B revealed a pink area as well. Rhodamine B was not detected in samples A, C, D, or E.Sample B had an average Rhodamine B content of 3,2281 mg/g.

Phytochemical Screening of Genus Primula Species Growing in Georgia and Study of their Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Potentials

Background: In traditional medicine, species of the genus Primula L. are used to treat various health conditions, such as eye disorders, respiratory infections, headaches, epilepsy, insomnia, as expectorants, and to promote wound healing. Objective: The goal of this article was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of three species from genus Primula L. growing in Georgia: Primula macrocalyx, Primula woronowii and Primula saguramica. Methods: Initially, fractions containing both aerial and underground parts were air-dried, ground, and extracted with 80% ethanol. The extract was then concentrated by condensation and further dried through freeze-drying. Subsequently, additional chromatographic separations were carried out on Diaion HP-20 using solvents such as water, methanol (50% and 100%), and 100% ethyl acetate to isolate the desired fractions. To identify flavonoids and triterpene glycosides, the study employed thin-layer chromatography (TLC) alongside preliminary phytochemical tests. The antioxidant activity of these species was estimated in vitro by cell-free systems using ABTS and DPPH assays. The extracts' anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated using an ex-vivo cell system that isolated neutrophils. The study examined the extracts' impact on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in neutrophils stimulated with PMA, as well as their effect on the catalytic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a marker of inflammation in neutrophils. Results: Flavonoids and triterpene glycosides were primarily identified in the 50% and 100% methanol (MeOH) fractions of Primula species through TLC and preliminary phytochemical tests. For each experiment, gallic acid and quercetin served as standards at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, while the tested samples were prepared at concentrations of 5 mg/ml. Based on the IC50 findings, P. w 3 exhibits the most potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as evidenced by the following indicators: ABTS - IC50=8.51 ± 0.18; DPPH - IC50=34.57 ± 0.47; PMN - IC50=0.68 ± 0.04; SIEFED - IC50=1.49 ± 0.7; and classical IC50=1.89 ± 0.01. Conclusion: Among the tested fractions, only the fraction of the 3 species prepared in MeOH (50%) showed the best dose-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, especially P.w 3 which is probably related to the high flavonoid content found in this species.

Analisis Kadar Zat Warna Tartrazin pada Makanan dan Minuman dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Tartrazine is a yellow dye that is included in synthetic dyes. Tartrazine is used to give a yellow color to the product so that it looks attractive. The maximum limit of tartrazine addition set by the Indonesian government is no more than 100 mg / Kg for food and 70 mg / Kg for soft drinks. This study aims to determine the content of tartrazine dye in food and beverage samples. Identification of tartrazine content was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively on 6 samples. The test results were analyzed using One Way-ANOVA. Qualitative identification was carried out by organoleptic testing, dye testing and testing with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The organoleptic results on the 6 samples produced a yellow color with an average sweet fruit aroma. The color test results showed a reddish brown color. In the TLC test with n-butanol eluent: glacial acetic acid: Water (2:2:1) showed the presence of Rf close to standard tartrazine, this was also supported by the presence of a reddish brown mark after being sprayed with FeSO4 spot detector. Quantitative identification with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry produced a maximum wavelength of tartrazine at 427 nm with an average level in sample A of 23.61 mg/Kg, sample B 30.89 mg/Kg, sample C 0.63 mg/Kg, sample D 0.053 mg/Kg, sample E 12.46 mg/Kg and sample F 5.432 mg/Kg. The results of the study showed the presence of tartrazine content in all samples and entered the safe level category according to the specified limits. Data analysis provided significant differences in levels in each sample studied with a value of ? 0.05.

Isolation, characterization and antimicrobial activity study of Thymus vulgaris

Herbal medicines are important for ensuring sustainable development goals (SDGs) in healthcare, particularly in developing countries with high rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and little access to medical facilities. Thymus vulgaris is a widely used herbal medicinal plant known for its secondary metabolites and antimicrobial properties. The present study involved a comprehensive examination of the isolation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris obtained from Ethiopia. The aerial part of the plant Thymus vulgaris was successively extracted with hexane, chloroform, and methanol based on differences in polarity. Phytochemical screening tests conducted against hexane, chloroform and MeOH crude extracts indicated the presence of some secondary metabolites. Based on the thin-layer chromatography tests, the chloroform extract was subjected to column chromatography, yielding Tv-2 compounds, namely 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol. The structures of the compounds were elucidated via spectroscopic methods (UV–Vis, FT-IR and NMR). We investigated the antibacterial properties of hexane crude extract, chloroform crude extract, MeOH crude extract, and isolated fractions derived from T. vulgaris against various bacterial strains. This study contributes to a better understanding of the bioactive components present in Thymus vulgaris crude extracts and their potential role in tackling microbial infections.

Ekstraksi dan uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol batang bintangur (calophyllum soulattri)

Background: Cigarette smoke, fried and grilled foods, excessive exposure to sunlight, motor vehicle fumes, certain drugs, toxins and air pollution are some sources of free radical compounds. As a result of homolytic breakdown, a molecule will break down into free radicals that have unpaired electrons. Electrons need a partner to balance their spin value, so that radical molecules become unstable and easily react with other molecules, forming new radicals. Findings: To prevent or reduce chronic diseases due to free radicals, antioxidants are needed. Antioxidants can slow down or inhibit the oxidation of substances that are easily oxidized even in low concentrations. Antioxidants can neutralize free radicals by donating one proton atom, making free radicals stable and non-reactive. Methods: Extraction is carried out by the maceration method, which is to soak the simplicia with ethanol solvent. This maceration process is carried out for 24 hours, then the solution containing the extract is filtered using filter paper. This maceration process is carried out three times. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of bintangur stem has quite high antioxidant activity, this can be proven by the IC50 value obtained of 3.05 ppm, this value is almost close to the IC50 value of vitamin C, which is 2.9 ppm, and by the appearance of spots in the Thin Layer Chromatography test.

Antibacterial Activity and Thin-Layer Chromatography (KLT) Ethanol Extract of Dragon Scale Leaves (Drymoglossum piloselloides (L.) C. Presl) Against Bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis

The dragon scale plant is a plant containing flavonoid compounds, tannins, alkaloids, saponins. Flavanoid compounds, alkaloids, and tannins are found in dragon scales that are thought to provide antibacterial effects. Thin Layer Chromatography Test (KLT). On quarstin there is a stain distance spot of 1 cm and an 8 cm motion phase with an Rf value of 0.129 and in the extract there is a stain spot of 7.3 cm with an 8 cm motion phase with an Rf value of 0.9. In Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria from the average of the largest inhibitory zones are applied to the extract with a concentration of 20%. The diameter of the average inhibitory zone formed around the disc paper at each concentration is: 5% 10.5 mm ± 0.20 at a concentration of 10% 11.26 mm ± 0.20 and a concentration of 20% 12.2 mm ± 0.30 each concentration has a strongly categorized response. Ethanol extract of dragon scale leaves (Drymoglossum piloselloides (L.) C. Presl) has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The diameter of the inhibitory zone that is best formed in the treatment of dragon scale leaf ethanol extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria with a concentration of 20%12.2 mm±0.30 is 12.2 mm with a strong category.

The Effect of Different Ethanol Concentrations as The Extraction Solvent on Total Flavonoid Content of White Mulberry Leaves Extracts (Morus alba L.)

White mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) contain flavonoid which empirically have many health benefits, such as reducing fever, relieving headaches and throats, coughs, dysentery, digestive disorders, flu, and according to research it has antioxidant activity. Many factors effect the total flavonoid content, one of which is the concentration of the extraction solvent. The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of different ethanol concentrations as the extraction solvent on total flavonoid content of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves extract. White mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) were extracted using the maceration method, the extract was tested for phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography using chloroform: ethyl acetate (6: 4) as the eluent. The resulting spots were observed visually and with λ 254 nm and λ 366 nm UV light. Determination of flavonoid content by UV-Vis spectrophotometry using the AlCl3 colorimetric method at a maximum wavelength of 415 nm. The research results showed that the yield of 50% and 96% ethanol extract of white mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) was 17.42 % and 11.04 %. Phytochemical screening showed that both extracts positively contained flavonoids. The presence of flavonoids was confirmed using a thin layer chromatography test, resulting in an average Rf value for 50% and 96% ethanol extracts are 0.71 and 0.70, close to quercetin Rf standard is 0,73 as comparison. The total flavonoid content obtained from the 50% ethanol extract was 36.0902 mgQE/g and the 96% ethanol extract was 56.4699 mgQE/g. The conclusions are the concentration of the extraction solvent effect the yield and total flavonoid content.

PERBANDINGAN TOTAL SENYAWA FLAVONOID EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT DAN BIJI BUAH OKRA HIJAU (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Green okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. Green okra fruit contains many secondary metabolites, one of which is flavonoids, which have potential as antioxidants to stabilize free radicals. This study aims to determine and compare the total flavonoid content of seeds and skin, so that it can be ascertained which part of the fruit has the highest total flavonoid content. The okra fruit extraction process was carried out by maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography tests were performed on green okra seeds and skin extracts. The total flavonoid content was determined using the colorimetric-aluminum chloride method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of green okra fruit peels contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, while the ethanol extract of green okra fruit seeds contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of the thin layer chromatography test showed that the ethanol extract of green okra fruit skin and seeds contained a flavonoid compound as quercetin. The results of the total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of green okra fruit skin : okra fruit seeds were 6.4589 mg QE/g extract ± 0.86 : 27.7583 mg QE/g extract ± 0.36. Based on statistical results with an Independent T test using SPSS, the significance value (2-tailed) of both samples was < 0.05, which means that there is a real difference between the total flavonoid compounds of skin ethanol extract and ethanol extract of green okra fruit seeds.

Uji Antioksidan Limbah Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus L.) Menggunakan Metode 2,2-Difenil-1-Pikrilhidrazil (DPPH)

Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) is a plant that has the potential as a source of bioactive compounds for antioxidants. The flavonoid content in this plant contains an antioxidant mechanism by inhibiting the initiation process of radical compounds, so that the oxidation process inhibited and prevents oxidative stress in the body. This research aimed to identify secondary metabolites in pineapple peel waste and the potential antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of pineapple peel. This research began with an extraction process using a multilevel maceration method with three different solvents encompassing n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each fraction was subjected to a phytochemical screening test, thin layer chromatography test, and antioxidant test qualitatively by spraying 0,2% DPPH. Subsequently, the positive fraction in the qualitative test was continued with the quantitative test using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. As a result, the secondary metabolites detected in pineapple peel fraction were alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, and tannin. Meanwhile, the potential antioxidant activity was the ethyl acetate fraction of pineapple peel with an IC50 value of 40,52 ppm which was included in the very strong antioxidant category

Antioxidant Activity of Mahogany Parasite Leaves (Dendrophthu pentandra (L.) Miq.) Assessed Using the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) Method

Synthetic antioxidants, such as butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA), have carcinogenic (cancer-causing) adverse effects because they can cause type I alveolar damage and damage to lung endothelial genes. The objective of this study was to use the DPPH (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method to investigate the antioxidant activity of natural substances found in the leaves of the mahogany parasite (Dendrophthu pentandra (L.) Miq.). Extraction, chromatography, and spectrophotometry are the techniques used. Maceration in stages utilizing n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents yielded mahogany parasite leaf extract. Phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography testing, antioxidant activity testing utilizing a Visible Spectrophotometer, and estimating the IC50 were all performed on mahogany parasite leaf extract. The phytochemical screening results revealed that the samples included four types of secondary metabolites: flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. A thin layer chromatographic test revealed four well-separated stains using n-hexane and ethyl acetate eluent in a volume ratio of 5:5, showing the Rf as the value of the four secondary metabolites mentioned above. Based on the results of the experiments, it is possible to conclude that mahogany parasite leaves have strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 8.47 ppm.

Identifikasi Sakarin Dalam Sediaan Jamu Instan Beras Kencur Yang Beredar Di Pasar Gede Kota

Saccharin is a synthetic chemical substance that is classified as a food or beverage additive. Excessive consumption of saccharin can cause side effects, including migraines and headaches, memory loss, confusion, insomnia, irritation, asthma, hypertension, diarrhea, stomach pain, allergies, impotence and sexual disorders, baldness, and brain and bladder cancer. The purpose of this study was to identify saccharin in beras kencur instant herbal preparations circulating in Pasar Gede, Surakarta. This research was conducted to determine the content of saccharin in instant herbal medicine using the color reaction method, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and FTIR Spectroscopy. This research is an experimental descriptive research. The results of this study were 10 samples of instant herbal beras kencur MF, JM, SPA, IE, MR, BK, SP, BC, AG on the color reaction test, the negative TLC test contained saccharin. The FTIR spectral profile contains functional groups in the standard saccharin N-H (Stretching) secondary amine, C-H aromatic, C=O (stretching) carbonyl, C=C (stretching) cyclic aromatic, S=O sulfoksida, C-N (stretching) amine, C-H (bending) 1,2- substituted benzene (ortho) with wave numbers respectively 3402.68 cm-1, 3093.74 cm-1, 1718.84 cm-1, 1592.92 cm-1, 1358.84 cm-1, 1054.60 cm-1, 758.43 cm-1 which is in accordance with the literature. From the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that of the 10 samples of instant herbal medicine, beras kencur that was examined tested negative for the artificial sweetener saccharin. This shows that the beras kencur instant herbal medicine in market is safe for public

Candidates for antimalarial compounds in secondary metabolites of Streptomyces sp. InaCC 1497 and AB8

One effort to reduce the transmission of malaria is the provision of antimalarial drugs. However, the use of drugs that are not according to standards causes resistance to Plasmodium. This condition triggers the exploration of various natural compounds to prevent malaria. Secondary metabolites derived from Streptomyces sp. are known to have antimalarial activity. However, information related to secondary metabolites from Streptomyces sp. strains InaCC A497 and AB8 as antimalarials are not yet known. The purpose of this study was to determine the metabolite compounds secondary contained in Streptomyces sp. strains InaCC A497 and AB8 as antimalarial candidates. This research method is descriptive by testing secondary metabolites which are carried out through chemical compound tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC), fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Test results of chemical compounds and FT-IR analysis of Streptomyces sp. InaCC A497 contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, while Streptomyces sp. AB8 contains alkaloids and tannins. In the TLC test, Streptomyces sp. InaCC A497 produced an Rf value of 0.257 and Streptomyces sp. AB8 of 0.314. Based on the GC-MS test, Streptomyces sp. InaCC A497 produces acetic acid compounds, ethyl ester including the ester group, and 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester including the alkaloid group. Streptomyces sp. AB8 produces the compound 2-pentadecyn-1-ol which belongs to the aromatic alcohol group and cochlioquinone A belongs to the quinone group. Both compounds have antimalarial activity.

Profil Noda Ekstrak Kloroform : Metanol (2:1) dan Aktivitas Bslt Kulit Batang Nyirih (Xylocarpus Granatum)

Nyirih plants (Xylocarpus granatum) grows along the edge of the sea, and in other salty environments. Chemical compounds contained in the bark of the betel nut (Xylocarpus granatum) include alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, and flavonoids. The content of lipid compounds in the bark of betel nut (Xylocarpus granatum) has not been widely studied, including toxicity to cells. This study aims to determine the profile of stains on the bark extract of nyirih (Xylocarpus granatum) and to determine the toxicity of the bark extract of nyirih (Xylocarpus granatum). This research method is experimental which includes the manufacture of betel nut bark extract (Xylocarpus granatum) using maceration method with Chloroform:Methanol (2:1) solvent. The stain profile of Nyirih Stem Bark (Xylocarpus granatum) extract was characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography with n-Hexana:Ethyl Acetate as eluent (7:3). Nyirih Bark Extract (Xylocarpus granatum) was tested for toxicity by the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Nyirih Stem Bark Simplisia (Xylocarpus granatum) 630 grams yielded 90 grams thick extract with a yield percentage of 14,28%. The results of the thin layer chromatography test showed that the stain profile visually produced 3 spots, UV 254 nm light had 5 spots, and UV 366 nm light had 4 spots. The LC50 value of coroform:methanol extract of betel nut bark (Xylocarpus granatum) using probit analysis was 130,7 µg/ml so it was classified as toxic and has the potential to be developed as cytotoxic.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROQUINONE CONTENT IN MARKETPLACE FACIAL WHITENING CREAMS

Hydroquinone is one of the dangerous ingredients in facial whitening cream cosmetics which can cause skin irritation, skin redness and a burning feeling. The purpose of this study was to determine the hydroquinone content in facial whitening cream cosmetics sold in the marketplace. The method used in this study was a qualitative test using a colour reagent test and the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method with toluene:glacial acetic acid as the mobile phase (5:5) and Silica Gel254 Plate as the stationary phase. Quantitative analysis used the UV Vis spectrophotometry method at a wavelength of 541 nm. The results of the qualitative test in the TLC test showed that 4 samples tested positive for hydroquinone in samples A, B, D, and E, with a range of Rf values of 0.44, 0.5, 0.52, and 0.5, respectively. The results of the quantitative test showed that 9 samples contained hydroquinone with a sample content range of 0.22 to 3.62 ppm with an LoD value of 0.637 ppm and an LoQ of 2.124 ppm. The results of this study indicate that there are still cosmetics containing hydroquinone, these results are not following the Regulation of Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) No. KH. 00.01.43.2503 of 2009 where the use of this hydroquinone ingredient is prohibited for use in facial whitening creams because it can endanger health.Keywords: Analysis, Hydroquinone, TLC, Whitening Cream

Daya Hambat Fraksi n-heksan, Etil Asetat, dan Air dari Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis

Background: Clove flower plants are known as traditional plants that can be used in food, drink and medicine. Clove flower ethanol extract (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry) has antibacterial activity. Antibacterial is a substance that can interfere with the growth or kill bacteria by interfering with the metabolism of harmful microbes.Objective: This study was conducted to determine how effective the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions from clove the ethanol extract of clove flower (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill &Perry) in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria.Method: Extract were made by the maceration method with 70% ethanol as a solvent. Then proceed with the fractionation process using a liquid-liquid extraction method using three solvents, namely n-hexane solvent (non-polar), ethyl acetate solvent (semi-polar), and water solvent (polar). Identification of clove flower extract and fraction flower was carried out by organoleptic test, phytochemical screening test, and thin layer chromatography test. A Bacterial inhibition test was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% with positive control used chloramphenicol while the negative control used distilled water.Result: The results of the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction had bacterial inhibition at concentrations of 60%, 80%, and 100%. The water fraction had a zone of bacterial inhibition at 100% concentration.Conclusion: Based on the results of the study was found that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions had effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria.

Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Andrographis paniculata, Zingiber officinale and their combinationsis

Sambiloto herbs and red ginger are herbal plants that have been empirically used as medicine. The phenolic and flavonoid compounds in sambiloto herbs and red ginger are efficacious as drugs because they have antioxidant activity. This study aims to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts of sambiloto herbs, red ginger and their combination. Both plants were maceration using ethanol-water 96% v/v at ration 1:5 for 5 days. The extracts of sambiloto herbs and red ginger screened for phytochemicals and thin layer chromatography test showed that contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids. In addition, sambiloto herb extract contains androgafolid (Rf 0,66) and red ginger extract contains gingerol (Rf 0,41) and shogaol (Rf 0,89). Continued, the total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using visible spectrophotometry method.). The highest total phenolic of ethanol extract with combination sambiloto herb : red ginger (1:2) of 153,817 ± 1,474 mg GAE/g. The highest total flavonoid of ethanolic extract with sambiloto herbs of 10,257 ± 0,047 mg QE/g. Based on this research, both extracts have phenolic and flavonoid compounds that have potential as antioxidants.

ISOLATION PINOSTROBIN COMPOUND IN TEMU KUNCI (KAEMPFERIA PANDURATA ROXB) RHIZOME

Isolation and identification of Pinostrobin compounds in Temu Kunci Rhizomes (Kaempferia pandurata Roxb) were conducted in this study. The isolation and identification methods used were extraction, crystallization & recrystallization, Thin Layer Chromatography, and (4) Infrared (IR) Testing. The extraction results were followed by crystallization and recrystallization processes. The recrystallization produced a yellow solid isolate. A Thin Layer Chromatography test was carried out to determine the purity of the isolate using the eluent Chloroform : n-hexane of 6:4, Chloroform : Ethylacetate of 7:3. A comparison of the Retention Factor (Rf), and the Rf value of the phinostrobin standard indicates that the positive test sample contained the Pinostrobin compound. The Infrared spectrum indicates that the sample belongs to the flavonol group. It is confirmed from the functional groups of the isolates that are compatible or identical to the functional groups in the pinostrobin compound.

Optimization of the Evaluation Indexes for Asphalt UV Aging Behaviors based on Multi-scale Characterization Methods: from the Evolution of Their Physical-Chemical Properties and Microscope Morphology

Aiming to propose some suitable evaluation indexes to quantitatively characterize the UV aging resistance of asphalt binders, firstly, effects of UV aging on asphalt’s properties were comprehensively explored from the multiple scales, including their physical rheological properties, chemical compositions and microscope morphology. The above properties of asphalt binders before and after UV aging were respectively measured with the conventional physical properties tests, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test, thin-layer chromatography test (TLC) test, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) test and atomic force microscopy (AFM) test. Subsequently, based on some principles for establishing evaluation indexes, such as discrimination, regularity and consistency, the optimal evaluation indexes were proposed to quantitatively characterize the UV aging resistance of asphalt binders. Finally, relationships between the physical properties, chemical compositions and micro morphology of asphalt binders were discussed with the Pearson correlation coefficient method. Test results show that UV aging has a significant effect on physical rheological properties of asphalt, and ranking of aging resistances among asphalt binders evaluated by different macro indices are nearly consistent. Among these macro indexes, the G-R parameter aging index are proved to be the evaluation index with the highest discrimination degree, followed by complex shear modulus G* aging index (60 °C, 10 rad/s, 1 %) and zero shearing viscosity ZSV aging index (60 °C). Chemical composition test results demonstrate that with the growth of UV aging degree, resins components in asphalt increase gradually, while aromatics components decrease, which results in the proportion of larger molecular size (LMS) in asphalt gradually increases. And AFM test results show that UV aging will cause the number of the “bee structure” and roughness values of asphalt gradually decrease, thus promoting the transformation of the asphalt micro structure to smooth. Pearson correlation analysis indicates the compared with the roughness Ra, the Gel index Ic and LMS possesses higher correlation with G-R and G*, whose R values both exceed 0.8. Thus, it may be appropriate to adopt some chemical composition evaluation indexes (such as Ic, LMS) to characterize the UV aging degree of asphalt binders from the microscope perspective.

Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Analysis of Ethanol Extract of Mangifera quadrifida

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by B cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, or both. Indonesia and worldwide have an increasing incidence that leads to a significant socio-economic burden. The effective treatment of Type 2 DM with minimal side effects is still challenging. This research aims to identify phytochemical properties in ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida and the effectivity as an alfa-glucosidase inhibitor beneficial to research on the treatment of type 2 DM. Method: Mangifera quadrifida was extracted by ethanol as solvent. The phytochemical analysis is conducted by phytochemical screening methods and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antidiabetic properties in ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida is tested by inhibitory activity on alpha-glukosidase. Result: The ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida contains tanin, triterpenoid, flavonoid, and glycoside. TLC test on the ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida was detected 4 points (Rf 0,15; 0,464, 0,511; and 0,63). The IC50 to α-glucosidase of Mangifera quadrifida and the acarbose as positive control are 18,19 ppm and 4,88 ppm respectively. Discussion: Tanin, triterpenoid, flavonoid, and glycoside of Mangifera quadrifida have antidiabetic properties. The result on IC50 value in ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida is among the active class of antidiabetic group although the value is higher the acarbose. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of the Mangifera quadrifida has phytochemical compunds that have antiadiabetic potential. Acarbose has better IC50 to α-glucosidase compared to Ethanol extract of Mangifera quadrifida.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIJAMUR EKSTRAK DAUN (Ipomoea carnea Jacq) TERHADAP Candida albicans

Infectious diseases can be transmitted from one person to another or from animals to humans of the causes of infection diseases is fungi. Fungi are microorganisms in the form of cells or branched threads. These microorganisms have a rigid cell wall and composed of polysaccharides or chitin, have nuclei and spores, are not chlorophyllous and do not multiply sexually and asexually. Based on this, research was carried using of the welling method on antifungal bioactivity as well as a thin layer chromatography test of spotting to determine the content of secondary metabolites contained in the leaves of kale fence. This study aims to determine the bioactivity of secondary metabolites in n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate, and methanol of kangkong pagar leaves (Ipomoea carnea Jacq) against Candida albicans fungi. This study made four different concentrations namely 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, for positive control using ketoconazole and negative control using CMC 1%. Data analysis is using the One Way ANOVA test. From this study, the results were that kale fence leaf extract contains secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, tannins, steroids. Then the results of the antifungal activity test of fencing kale leaves have activities that can inhibit fungi at a concentration of 120% with an inhibitory zone diameter of 11,254 mm so that they can be classified as strong antifungal bioactivity, in the results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the three samples (N Hexana, Methanol and ethyl Acetate), it is known that the Sig value is 0.000 < 0.05 so it can be said that the rata_rata is "Significantly Different".