Thin Film Deposition Methods Research Articles

ALd of Metal Fluorides–Potential Applications and Current State

AbstractMetal fluoride thin films are important materials in a multitude of applications. Currently, they are mostly used in optics, but their potential in energy harvesting and storage is recognized as well. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an advanced thin film deposition method that has an ever‐increasing role in microelectronics. The assets of ALD are its capability to produce uniform, stoichiometric, and pure films with precise thickness control even on top of complicated structures, such as high aspect ratio trenches. These characteristics can be beneficial in applications of metal fluoride thin films but so far ALD of metal fluorides has remained much less studied and used than ALD of metal oxides, nitrides, sulfides, and pure metals. This review aims to motivate research on ALD of metal fluorides by surveying potential applications for ALD metal fluoride thin films and coatings. The basics of luminescent applications, antireflection coatings, and lithium‐ion batteries will be discussed. Next, the fundamentals of ALD will be presented followed by a comprehensive summary of the metal fluoride ALD processes published so far.

SILAR deposition and characterization of ZnO films for numerical investigation as electron transport layer in solar cells

The SILAR method of thin film deposition has attracted the scientific community over the years due to its easiness, low cost, availability of room temperature deposition, and more over due to the variation in properties of thin films available by varying deposition parameters.This work is carried out in a way to comprehensively compare two ZnO thin film samples prepared from precursor media with Zinc Acetate (S1) and Zinc Chloride(S2) salts deposited by SILAR method in Perovskite Solar cell applications. The XRD, FTIR, Raman, FESEM, and UV-Visible analysis were carried out for identifying the structural, morphological, and optical quality of these samples. The role of these samples as Electron Transport Layer (ETL) in Perovskite Solar cell were identified using General purpose PhotoVoltaic Device model (GPVDM) simulation software which is well adapted for studying Solar cell architecture. It provided the output Solar cell parameters like Jsc, Voc, FF, PCE, etc and by varying the active layer and Hole Transport Layer (HTL) thicknesses, the optimized efficiency of devices with samples S1 and S2 were obtained as 21.88% and 21.96%.The results showed that SILAR-synthesized ZnO thin films could be potential candidates for ETL applications in Perovskite Solar cells.

Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticle Assembly for Biomedicine: Mechanisms, Technologies, and Advancement via Acoustofluidics.

The deposition of thin films plays a crucial role in surface engineering, tailoring structural modifications, and functionalization across diverse applications. Layer-by-layer self-assembly, a prominent thin-film deposition method, has witnessed substantial growth since its mid-20th-century inception, driven by the discovery of eligible materials and innovative assembly technologies. Of these materials, micro- and nanoscopic substrates have received far less interest than their macroscopic counterparts; however, this is changing. The catalogue of eligible materials, including nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymers, proteins, cells and liposomes, along with some well-established layer-by-layer technologies, have combined to unlock impactful applications in biomedicine, as well as other areas like food fortification, and water remediation. To access these fields, several well-established technologies have been used, including tangential flow filtration, fluidized bed, atomization, electrophoretic assembly, and dielectrophoresis. Despite the invention of these technologies, the field of particle layer-by-layer still requires further technological development to achieve a high-yield, automatable, and industrially ready process, a requirement for the diverse, reactionary field of biomedicine and high-throughput pharmaceutical industry. This review provides a background on layer-by-layer, focusing on how its constituent building blocks and bonding mechanisms enable unmatched versatility. The discussion then extends to established and recent technologies employed for coating micro- and nanoscopic matter, evaluating their drawbacks and advantages, and highlighting promising areas in microfluidic approaches, where one distinctly auspicious technology emerges, acoustofluidics. The review also explores the potential and demonstrated application of acoustofluidics in layer-by-layer technology, as well as analyzing existing acoustofluidic technologies beyond LbL coating in areas such as cell trapping, cell sorting, and multidimensional particle manipulation. Finally, the review concludes with future perspectives on layer-by-layer nanoparticle coating and the potential impact of integrating acoustofluidic methods.

A Systematic Review of the Trends Thin Film Characteristics Research as Electronic Device (2015-2024)

Thin film characteristics are the properties possessed by the thin film, both physical and chemical properties. The characteristics of this thin film are influenced by several factors, namely the material that makes up the thin film, the thin film deposition method, and the conditions of the thin film deposition process. This research aims to identify and analyze research trends in the characteristics of thin films as electronic devices. This research method is descriptive and analytical. The data used in this research was obtained from documents indexed by Google Scholar from 2015-2024 using Publish or Perish and Dimension.ai. Research procedures use PRISMA guidelines. The data identified and analyzed are the type of publication, publication source, and the title of research on thin film synthesis that is widely cited. The data analysis method uses bibliometric analysis assisted by VOSviewer software. The results of the analysis show that the trend of research on the characteristics of thin films as electronic devices indexed by Google Scholar from 2015 to 2024 experienced a fluctuating increase, however, in 2023 there was a decline in the trend of research on the characteristics of thin films as electronic devices. There are many documents in the form of articles, proceedings, book chapters, preprints, and edited books that discuss research into the characteristics of thin films as electronic devices. Key words that are often used in research on the characteristics of thin films as electronic devices are thin film coating, heat transfer characteristic, film characteristic, and photovoltaic characteristic.

Fabrication of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 Thermoelectric Thin Films using Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Technique.

Through various studies on thermoelectric (TE) materials, thin film configuration gives superior advantages over conventional bulk TEs, including adaptability to curved and flexible substrates. Several different thin film deposition methods have been explored, yet magnetron sputtering is still favorable due to its high deposition efficiency and scalability. Therefore, this study aims to fabricate a bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) thin film via the radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method. The thin films were deposited on soda lime glass substrates at ambient temperature. The substrates were first washed using water and soap, ultrasonically cleaned with methanol, acetone, ethanol, and deionized water for 10 min, dried with nitrogen gas and hot plate, and finally treated under UV ozone for 10 min to remove residues before the coating process. A sputter target of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 with Argon gas was used, and pre-sputtering was done to clean the target's surface. Then, a few clean substrates were loaded into the sputtering chamber, and the chamber was vacuumed until the pressure reached 2 x 10-5 Torr. The thin films were deposited for 60 min with Argon flow of 4 sccm and RF power at 75 W and 30 W for Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3, respectively. This method resulted in highly uniform n-type Bi2Te3 and p-type Sb2Te3 thin films.

A systematic review of the trends thin film characteristics research as electronic device (2015-2024)

Thin film characteristics are the properties possessed by the thin film, both physical and chemical properties. The characteristics of this thin film are influenced by several factors, namely the material that makes up the thin film, the thin film deposition method, and the conditions of the thin film deposition process. This research aims to identify and analyze research trends in the characteristics of thin films as electronic devices. This research method is descriptive and analytical. The data used in this research was obtained from documents indexed by Google Scholar from 2015-2024 using Publish or Perish and Dimension.ai. Research procedures use PRISMA guidelines. The data identified and analyzed are the type of publication, publication source, and the title of research on thin film synthesis that is widely cited. The data analysis method uses bibliometric analysis assisted by VOSviewer software. The results of the analysis show that the trend of research on the characteristics of thin films as electronic devices indexed by Google Scholar from 2015 to 2024 experienced a fluctuating increase, however, in 2023 there was a decline in the trend of research on the characteristics of thin films as electronic devices. There are many documents in the form of articles, proceedings, book chapters, preprints, and edited books that discuss research into the characteristics of thin films as electronic devices. Key words that are often used in research on the characteristics of thin films as electronic devices are thin film coating, heat transfer characteristic, film characteristic, and photovoltaic characteristic.

Development of Paclitaxel Proliposomal Dry Powder Inhaler (PTX-PLM-DPI) by Freeze-Drying Method for Lung Cancer

Despite various efforts, a successful selective delivery system for chemotherapeutic agents for lung cancer is still lacking. Dry powder inhaler (DPI) systems based on proliposomes (PLMs) could be a potential system for the efficient delivery of paclitaxel to lungs. PLM-based DPI prepared with a freeze-drying method can therefore be an alternative. Paclitaxel-loaded PLM-based DPI (PTX-PLM-DPI) powders were prepared using the method of thin film deposition on a carrier followed by freeze drying. These were prepared using soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and cholesterol as the lipids and mannitol as the carrier. The reconstituted liposomes were evaluated in terms of size, morphology, drug entrapment, release and cytotoxicity. The DPI powders were evaluated for their flow property, surface topography, dose uniformity and in vitro lung deposition. Stable and free-flowing PTX-PLM-DPI powder was obtained that could be reconstituted into homogenous liposomal vesicles < 200 nm as confirmed by TEM and SEM studies. The liposomes showed drug entrapment of 92.64 ± 1.4% and diffusion-controlled release of up to 28% in 24 h. These liposomes showed better dose-dependent cytotoxicity in A549 cells in comparison to paclitaxel suspension with IC50 values of 46 ± 0.87 ng/mL and 154.9 ± 3.64 ng/mL, respectively. In vitro lung deposition studies of the PTX-PLM-DPI showed sufficient deposition with the fine particle fraction (FPF) of 50.86 ± 2.8% of particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 5 µ. Hence, it canbe concluded that PLM-based DPI prepared by freeze drying can be a promising, stable, safe and free-flowing system for the enhanced lung delivery of paclitaxel.

Nano friction behaviour between magnetic materials and copper considering the inter-diffusion effect

Copper, permalloy, cobalt, and silicon are the materials that have been widely utilised in magnetic devices. When the size of interest is down to the nanoscale, the inter-diffusion between certain materials becomes influential. This paper studies the nanoscale friction characteristics between frictional pairs with and without inter-diffusion properties through the atomic force microscope. The distinct evolution features of nanoscale friction force when inter-diffusion is involved are discovered experimentally, which is also confirmed through theoretical analysis. Firstly, through the thin film deposition method, four pairs of contact materials (Cu–Ni81Fe19, Si–Ni81Fe19, Cu–Co, Cu–Si) are designed for friction tests, in which diffusion occurs at the interface of Cu–Ni81Fe19 pair. Then, the effects of sliding velocity and loading force on the nano friction of each pair are measured. It is found that regardless of the diffusion phenomenon: (1) the adhesion force values exhibit a notable correlation to the values of the friction force; (2) the friction force in all four material pairs consistently increases with the growth of the normal loading force, although the growth rate may differ. In terms of the sliding velocity effect, the friction forces of immiscible materials (Si–Ni81Fe19, Cu–Co, and Cu–Si) are found to increase with the increasing sliding velocity. However, the friction force of Cu–Ni81Fe19, decreases with the increasing sliding velocity. Furthermore, a compositive friction model considering both the velocity and the normal force effect was proposed, which shows good agreement with the experimental results and explains the nano friction behaviour of both miscible and immiscible metals.

Proliferation in the photo-response characteristics of MDC thin films for optoelectronic applications through NSP technique

Nebulizer spray pyrolysis (NSP), a simple thin-film deposition method, was used to fabricate p-Si/n-manganese-doped cerium oxide (MDC)/Al photodiodes. The structure, morphology, optics, composition, electrical and rectifying properties of the prepared materials were analyzed. UV-Vis analysis demonstrates a prominent and acute absorption edge at 425 nm in the visible region. As more Mn impurities are incorporated into CeO2 crystallites, the band gap decreases as the doping level increases, leading to the formation of new recombination sites with low energy emissions. Electrons in outer orbits operate in energy bands, moving to higher energy levels. At higher Mn doping, some NBE emissions and green emission peaks disappear. The emission spectrum confirmed that strong and broad blue emission peak occurred for the diode containing the 15% Manganese Diode Cerium film. XRD peak shows the mono-phase polycrystalline cubic fluorite structure with the main orientation in the 200 directions. The broad lines (CeO) symmetry at 695,659,538 and 517 cm−1 observed in the Fourier Transform -Infrared spectrum are due to the phonons of the cerium oxide (Ce-O) network caused by asymmetric tip stretching and fastening vibration. Satellite peaks arise due to the transition from ligand (O 2p) to metal (Ce 4f) achieved during the primary and main photo-ionization process. This suggests that the valence states of Ce3+ and Ce4+ provide access to the CeO2 lattice sites. The I-V properties of p-Si/n-MDC/Al devices show behavior limited by the properties of the inorganic semiconductor substrate and the size of the hetero-interface energy barrier. The switching voltage of the hetero-junction was found to be approximately 2.4 V.

Investigation of laser-induced contamination on dielectric thin films in MHz sub-ps regime

High-repetition rate diode-pumped sub-ps lasers are widely used in the industrial sector for high-quality material processing applications. However, for their reliable operation, it is crucial to study the power handling capabilities of the optical components used in these systems. The optical components, such as mirrors, gratings, dichroic filters, and gain media, are designed based on dielectric thin films. When subjected to high-intensity laser radiation, the phenomenon of laser-induced contamination (LIC) can lead to the growth of a nanometric, highly absorbent layer on an irradiated optical surface, which can result in transmission or reflection loss and eventual permanent damage. In this study, we investigate LIC growth on dielectric oxide thin films in an air environment irradiated by MHz sub-ps laser at 515 nm. We examine the effect of thin film deposition method, material, and thickness on LIC growth dynamics. The irradiated spots on the surface are inspected using multiple observation methods, including white light interference microscopy and fluorescence imaging. Our results show that the LIC growth dynamics depend on the laser intensity and irradiation time and can be affected by the thin film deposition method, material, and thickness. These findings could be used to inform the development of more resistant optical components, ensuring long-term reliable laser operation required for industrial applications. The study highlights the need for validating optical components using tests that closely mimic real-world applications and provides insight into the complex processes that lead to LIC.

Laser fabrication of lead selenide infrared focal plane array devices

The motivation of this work is to demonstrate the versatility and potential of laser processing in the fabrication of PbSe thin films and focal plane array devices. This work fabricates an FPA device with any need for the suite of equipment and chemicals necessary for photolithography and etching. Advances in laser technologies and the vast number of laser parameters available are enabling the huge potential for laser processing of thin films and device fabrication. This can be accomplished faster using lasers with fewer steps than using conventional thin film deposition and photolithography methods. This work presents the fabrication and simple operation of a proof-of-concept PbSe-based, 120-pixel PFA (10 × 12 pixel) focal plane array using only laser processing for film deposition and device patterning. Lasers were used to both deposition and pattern a PbSe film with 60 × 70 µm pixels with 100 µm pitch with a unit cell photoresponse of 17% DelR. Additional results, challenges, limitations, and suggested future improvements are presented.

Shadow masks as an alternative method to lithography for the structuring of thin film layers on LTCC substrates

The combination of low temperature cofired ceramic multilayer technology with thin film deposition methods enables new functional principles by expanding the available portfolio of materials. Low-stress integration of micromechanical chips can be achieved, for example, by using reactive multilayers as local heat sources, which can be deposited directly onto the ceramics. Shadow masks are ideal for structuring these multilayers. The technology has the advantage that the layers are patterned without the use of etching chemicals and no residues of masking layers or photoresist remain on the non-coated areas. Flexible polyimide used to cover the non-coated areas can adapt to the surface unevenness of the ceramic. The polymer has excellent temperature stability and is compatible with vacuum coating processes. It is available in various thickness gradations and can be easily structured by laser cutting. The accuracy of the mask fabrication by means of laser cut is studied in this work. Structures with a line width of 30 μm can be precisely cut into 75 μm thick polyimide foils. Mask and chip are mechanically aligned, thus a positioning accuracy of 70 μm and better when using the outer edge of mask and chip for alignment is achievable. Major influences of the laser process on the precision of the mask and the resulting transfer fidelity to the ceramic surface are discussed. The method is suitable for reliably reproducing layers with structure sizes from 30 μm with a pitch of 150 μm.

Formation of thin films via cold-rolled/annealed nickel sputtering targets

Nickel (Ni) thin films are commonly used in the integrated circuit field. Magnetron sputtering is a common method for thin film deposition, and the sputtering target is the key raw material in the magnetron sputtering process. In this work, cold-rolled and annealed Ni targets were prepared. The microstructures and magnetic properties of the Ni targets were analyzed. Then, Ni films were prepared by direct current magnetron sputtering with the above two Ni targets. The Ni films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, x-ray reflectivity, and four-probe testing. Finally, the surface morphologies of the targets were compared before and after sputtering, and the relationships between the Ni targets and the Ni films were discussed. The results show that with the same conditions, the annealed Ni target is more efficiently utilized, and the electrical properties of the Ni films are good when the film is macrostructurally smooth and microstructurally compact. This is due to the target texture, magnetic properties, etc.

Effect of substrate and growth method on vanadium dioxide thin films by RF magnetron sputtering: Vanadium metal oxidation vs reactive sputtering

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) undergoes a metal–insulator phase transition at ∼70 °C and has attracted substantial interest for potential applications in electronics, including those in neuromorphic computing. The vanadium–oxygen system has a rather complicated phase diagram, and controlling the stoichiometry and the phase of thin films of vanadium oxides is a well-known challenge. We explore the novel combination of two methods of VO2 thin film deposition using off-axis RF magnetron sputtering on (100)- and (111)-oriented yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates: reactive sputtering of vanadium in an oxygen environment and sputtering of vanadium metal followed by oxidation to VO2. Interestingly, the reactive sputtering process on both substrate orientations yields the metastable semiconducting VO2 (B) phase, which is structurally stabilized by the YSZ surface. The metal sputtering and oxidation process on YSZ produces mainly the equilibrium monoclinic (or M1) phase of VO2 that exhibits a metal–insulator transition. Using this method, we obtained thin films of (010)-textured polycrystalline VO2 (M1) that show a metal–insulator transition with an on/off ratio larger than 1000.

Preparation and characterization of Cu-In-Ga-Se thin films by the electrodeposition technique using different metal salts and substrates

Cu(In, Ga)Se2 thin films possess important optoelectronic properties desirable for their application in devices such as solar cells. Solar cells based on this material have reached higher efficiencies than 23%. However, the commercialization of these cells has been restricted due to the use of thin film deposition methods involving costly high vacuum and cost. To reduce costs, it is necessary to use methods that do not use a high vacuum, among which electrodeposition stands out. Unfortunately, solar cells produced with this technique have yet to achieve high conversion efficiencies. Several authors attribute the lower efficiencies in such cells to the use of chemical additives in the preparation, different substrates, different deposition temperatures, etc. Nevertheless, there are very few reports on the influence of other metal salts in electrolytic baths. This work aims to use three different types of metal salts and voltages to produce Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorber thin films by co-electrodeposition technique. The effect of nucleation type with two different substrates is studied, also report the studies carried out on the atomic composition and structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterization to understand the formation, growth, and morphology of CIGS films and, in this way, to obtain a suitable stoichiometry of thin film solar cells using this absorber.

Investigation of the Optical Properties and Bandgap Energy of CdCuS Using the Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR) Method of Thin Film Deposition

Investigation of the Optical Properties and Bandgap Energy of CdCuS Using the Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR) Method of Thin Film Deposition

Fully inkjet-printed large-scale photoelectrodes

Small-area photoelectrodes are used to study fundamental science and material development for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting cells at the laboratory scale. For practical applications, however, one needs to develop scalable geometrical designs and architectures of large photoelectrodes as well as their fabrication using low-cost, solution-processed, scalable methods. In this perspective, we first discuss the device physics concepts for developing large photoelectrodes using dimensional engineering (size, geometry, shape, and structures) and scalable architectures (such as symmetric and asymmetric designs with gridlines as well as monolithically integrated modules with interconnections), similar to the earlier development of large thin-film photovoltaic cells. Finally, we propose a novel and strategic protocol to fabricate these designs for the development of large-photoelectrode modules via commercially deployable, fully inkjet-printing as a solution processed thin-film deposition method. Small-area photoelectrodes are used to study fundamental science and material development for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting cells at the laboratory scale. For practical applications, however, one needs to develop scalable geometrical designs and architectures of large photoelectrodes as well as their fabrication using low-cost, solution-processed, scalable methods. In this perspective, we first discuss the device physics concepts for developing large photoelectrodes using dimensional engineering (size, geometry, shape, and structures) and scalable architectures (such as symmetric and asymmetric designs with gridlines as well as monolithically integrated modules with interconnections), similar to the earlier development of large thin-film photovoltaic cells. Finally, we propose a novel and strategic protocol to fabricate these designs for the development of large-photoelectrode modules via commercially deployable, fully inkjet-printing as a solution processed thin-film deposition method.

Solvent selection in physical supercritical fluid deposition

Physical supercritical fluid deposition is a method of thin film deposition that does not rely on in-situ chemical reactions. Instead, the technique relies on a maximum in the isobaric saturation solubility to deposit material onto a heated substrate. As such, a strong understanding of the saturation solubility is crucial to designing a successful deposition procedure. Here, we report the first study on the problem of solvent selection in physical supercritical fluid deposition, developing qualitative categories of a solvent-solute systems by studying poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) solutions at supercritical pressures. Overpowered solvents exhibit high saturation solubilities and do not exhibit a maximum in the isobaric solubility as exemplified by pentane. Underpowered solvents exhibit extremely low saturation solubilities and as such are not suitable for this deposition technique as demonstrated by a fluorocarbon solvent. Optimum solvents are characterized by moderate saturation solubilities, showing a maximum in the isobaric saturation solubility with respect to temperature. This behavior is demonstrated with a chlorofluorolefin solvent. We also demonstrate the properties of mixtures formed by these three classes of solvents. The mixture of an optimum solvent with an overpowered solvent appears effective for physical supercritical fluid deposition, whereas the mixture of an overpowered and underpowered solvent does not. In sum, the work demonstrates guidelines to solvent selection that will allow for the deposition of a wider range of materials.

Fabrication of N-Type Nanocrystalline Silicon Thin-Film by Magnetron Sputtering and Antimony Induced Crystallization

The fabrication of n-type nanocrystalline silicon thin films using magnetron sputtering and crystallization by adding antimony and thermal treatment is presented in this article. Firstly, a short overview about thin film deposition methods, along with the advantages and disadvantages of the magnetron sputtering, is provided. Then, the technique of adding metals for recrystallization of amorphous silicon is described, and the necessity of using antimony for obtaining n-type nanocrystalline silicon along with its characteristics is discussed. Next, the process of thin film deposition using magnetron sputtering and the production of n-type nanocrystalline silicon on a quartz substrate, by antimony induced crystallization, is explained. Subsequently, the characterization process and necessary measurements to confirm the crystallization of the nanocrystalline silicon layer and determine its crystalline properties are presented. For ease of electrical characterization, a simple n/p junction Schottky solar cell is fabricated using the produced nanocrystalline silicon layer on a p-type monocrystalline silicon wafer. In addition to nanocrystalline properties, the optical and electrical characteristics of this cell are also investigated. The measurements show that with the proposed method, a fine grains nanocrystalline silicon layer with an average grain size of 20 nm was formed in the <111> direction. J-V characteristic measurement shows the creation of a solar cell with conversion efficiency of 1.39%, open circuit voltage of 265mV and current density of 16.32mA/cm2. These results confirm that antimony can be used in the process of crystallizing amorphous thin film silicon obtained from magnetron sputtering and converting it into n-type nanocrystalline silicon.

The Advances of Tribology in Materials and Energy Conservation and Engineering Innovation

Tribology has been significantly contributing to materials, energy conservation and engineering innovation. This paper elaborates the development of tribology considering in detail in energy factor, tribological role of efficiency in the society by introducing lubricants which reduces the effective friction while moving the mass which significantly improves overall efficiency of the process all though it was primitive. The objectives of the study of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) are working to expand energy conservation, particularly through tribology, by doing things like evaluating the realistic effects of tribological innovation on conserving energy and trying to promote advanced energy technologies, identifying fields the application's location of new or existing Knowledge of tribology is anticipated to result in significant direct or indirect benefits, and so on. The strategy focuses on fluid film and rolling element bearings, consistently sophisticated metal processing, wear and friction reduction, variable power transmission, sealing technologies, automobile engines, and energy technologies. Additionally, the potential savings for various areas are detailed, as is a summary demonstrating the advantages that may be obtained with cutting-edge industrial machinery and processes, and comparing the prospective cost savings with the benefits ratio of the many key program features. road transportation for increasing energy efficiency. It was regarded as the most appropriate and advantageous aspects of tribology at the time to increasing productivity. Since then, numerous studies have focused on the study of industry-based machine and method-specific materials. Also, continuous variable transmissions are now found in many automobiles to enhance vehicle efficiency. Some future challenges were also looked at to plan and see how they can be tackled. The implementation of next level materials in different aspects of technology can lead to growth in the efficiency, quality of engineering parts and machines. This paper is a summary of the improvement in high performance materials both inorganic and organic based. It involves thin hard coverings of their growing importance in tribological improvements for tribo- engineering implementations are looked at and studied. Results from research concerning ceramics and ceramic properties, polymers and polymer properties as well as hard coatings and show the friction and wear attributes and their potential implementation for tribo- engineering. Greasing and friction have a strong relationship with wear. The study of these three topics is essentially what tribology entails. It deals with moving, interacting surfaces in science and technology. To better regulate friction and wear, hard or soft film coating, alloying, and composite structures have all been enhanced. It is accomplished by enhancing the lubricity and wear life of materials and surfaces using novel, modified lubricants and ideas that have been put to the test in challenging tribological applications. The development of new generations of self-lubricating coats with multilayered architecture due to recent advances in thin film deposition methods treatments. The field of tribology is crucial to lowering the levels of emissions from various industries because it is being used to cut down on the amount of unnecessary energy used by mechanisms. Understanding the functions of friction and wear between two surfaces that come into contact has been the domain of tribology for many decades. They have applied this knowledge to make mechanisms more energy efficient by only using what is necessary to power them and reducing the amount of energy lost through wear and friction.