Thin Client Research Articles

A Presentation Framework to Simplify the Development of Java EE Application Thin Clients

Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is the most widely adopted platform for developing enterprise-grade applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of a web-based presentation framework for Java EE applications, aimed at simplifying the development process of thin clients. The framework introduces enhancements over existing Java EE frameworks by streamlining repetitive development tasks and integrating multiple design patterns like MVC-2, Service-to-Worker, and Intercepting Filter. A comprehensive evaluation showcases the framework's ability to improve flexibility, reusability, and maintainability, making it a practical choice for enterprise applications.

DHR+S: distributed hybrid rendering with realistic real-time shadows for interactive thin client metaverse and game applications

Distributed hybrid rendering (DHR) is a real-time rendering approach that incorporates cloud-based ray tracing with locally rasterized graphics for interactive thin client metaverse and game applications. With cloud assistance, DHR can generate high-fidelity ray-traced graphics contents remotely and deliver them to thin clients with low graphics capability, including standalone extended reality devices and mobile phones, while maintaining interactive frame rates for users under adverse network conditions. DHR can already achieve the effect of ray-traced hard shadows that form with the occlusion of direct illumination. We enhance the realism of these shadows by softening their edges with the direction of rays traced and approximating the occlusion of indirect illumination by reconstructing ray-traced ambient occlusion with a modified version of spatiotemporal variance-guided filtering. Our technique uses only 20–30% of the bandwidth of remote rendering and is also tolerant of delays of up to 200 ms with only slight distortion to the shadows along object edges.

Progressive 3D Reconstruction for Collaborative Construction of Digital Twins

Digital twins are increasingly useful in metaverse-related applications, but their construction process usually involves deep technical expertise and costly resources. This position paper demonstrates an early prototype (see Figure 1) of a web-based digital twin authoring system to enable untrained users to collaboratively build digital twin environments. The system aims to explore the combination of photogrammetry and GAN-based machine learning models to enable near-real-time collaboration between capture client (scanning objects using common smartphone cameras) and editing client (constructing 3D scenes on thin client devices) users.

Greenhouse gas abatement via repurposing computers

The purpose of this research is to generate findings to support the reduction of computer supply chain greenhouse gas emissions. This is achieved by answering the question, ‘can greenhouse gas abatement be delivered by alternative computer operating system displacement strategies?’ We hypothesised that extending the useful lifespan of end user computing devices to 8 years by repurposing a device with a new operating system can reduce scope 3 supply chain emissions, which account for 73% of an end user computing device's carbon footprint. To test the hypothesis, we measure the carbon footprint reduction delivered by repurposing 3,150 obsolete desktop computers, which were installed with a Linux based operating system to become thin clients and support a remote working solution for a major financial institution during the recent Covid-19 pandemic. We calculate scope 3 supply chain emissions avoided by not purchasing new thin client solutions. Legacy device power consumption is also measured and extrapolated to represent the one-year period of use and compared with that of new devices to calculate the excess scope 2 emissions of the former. We find that while new devices reduce scope 2 emissions, this gain is outweighed by the reductions in scope 3 emissions from not replacing the legacy devices. Furthermore, we find that the new Linux based operating system reduces energy consumption by 22% compared with Microsoft Windows. We also calculate the financial gains from the repurposing strategy to test the perception that sustainable information technology adoption is costly. Finally, the impact of remote working on commuting emissions is estimated. In conclusion, the findings show that repurposing end user computing devices contributes meaningfully to sustainability strategies from both an environmental and financial perspective.

BPDST: Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing on Thin Client for Electronic Medical Records

Sharing medical data can improve the quality of medical services and reduce costs. However, the current Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) are scattered and easily tampered with, which is not conducive to the sharing of EMRs and is not compatible with thin clients. Fortunately, blockchain technology is tamper-proof, decentralized, auditable, and meets the above requirements. To solve these problems, we first propose Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing on Thin-Client for Electronic Medical Records (BPDST) approach that combines the k-anonymity and cloud storage, which thin clients can run like a full-node user and safeguard user's EMRs privacy concurrently. Using this approach, patients can control their own EMRs, while the consortium blockchain is responsible for the transaction process and sending the correct results to the patients. BPDST can also share information without leaking or tampering with EMRs' privacy, achieving the purpose of sharing medical data and privacy protection. In the medical field, this study can effectively protect users' privacy when sharing medical data to provide convenience for users and break the "island" phenomenon among various medical institutions. Security analysis and extensive experiments show that BPDST is secure and practical for sharing EMRs.

QuadStream

Streaming rendered 3D content over a network to a thin client device, such as a phone or a VR/AR headset, brings high-fidelity graphics to platforms where it would not normally possible due to thermal, power, or cost constraints. Streamed 3D content must be transmitted with a representation that is both robust to latency and potential network dropouts. Transmitting a video stream and reprojecting to correct for changing viewpoints fails in the presence of disocclusion events; streaming scene geometry and performing high-quality rendering on the client is not possible on limited-power mobile GPUs. To balance the competing goals of disocclusion robustness and minimal client workload, we introduce QuadStream , a new streaming content representation that reduces motion-to-photon latency by allowing clients to efficiently render novel views without artifacts caused by disocclusion events. Motivated by traditional macroblock approaches to video codec design, we decompose the scene seen from positions in a view cell into a series of quad proxies , or view-aligned quads from multiple views. By operating on a rasterized G-Buffer, our approach is independent of the representation used for the scene itself; the resulting QuadStream is an approximate geometric representation of the scene that can be reconstructed by a thin client to render both the current view and nearby adjacent views. Our technical contributions are an efficient parallel quad generation, merging, and packing strategy for proxy views covering potential client movement in a scene; a packing and encoding strategy that allows masked quads with depth information to be transmitted as a frame-coherent stream; and an efficient rendering approach for rendering our QuadStream representation into entirely novel views on thin clients. We show that our approach achieves superior quality compared both to video data streaming methods, and to geometry-based streaming.

Automation of Negative Infrastructural Externalities Assessment Methods to Determine the Cost of Land Resources Based on the Development of a “Thin Client” Model

This article discusses the need to transform real estate valuation methods. It is associated with the problems of obtaining unreliable results affecting the subsequent adoption of management decisions. As an important element of land plots assessment, the authors define the Negative Infrastructural Externalities arising from the presence of infrastructure and other regime-forming facilities. These externalities represent the loss of title holders due to the encumbrances arising from the use of land plots. The world community (and the authors as part of it) sees one of the transformation methods in the automation of the evaluation process. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a mechanism of automating the Negative Infrastructural Externalities assessment process in the conditions of a non-existent and weak market activity of land relations. Modern trends dictate the saving of hardware, labor and money resources; in this connection, the methods of Negative Infrastructural Externalities assessment are implemented on the basis of the “thin client” technology. The research is based on the following methods: the analytical method is used to perform a critical analysis of the problem area and to substantiate the research topic’s relevance; methods of object-oriented programming and methods of modular programming (Cowan’s axiom of modularity) are used as tools for developing the web application logic, as well as the interaction of its individual elements; the attribute-driven design approach is used in the creation of software architectures. The result of the study is the developed and substantiated architecture of a web application for assessing negative infrastructural external factors in determining the land value, the implemented modular structure of the specified web application and the developed conceptual model of the database. The practical implementation of the listed proposals is made by means of the Python programming language. The advantage of the created automated system is the possibility of multi-disciplinary use of the expert assessment approach when changing the settings.

Implementasi Jaringan Komputer Thin client Ncomputing Vspace Type L130

This paper discusses the concept, implementation and performance testing of thin client networks based on terminal dumps and diskless. By applying the distributed dump terminal and diskless thin client method, to access all web-based applications implemented at the STMIK Indonesia computer laboratory in Banda Aceh to increase effectiveness and efficiency in centralized data processing on the server. From the results of the installation and testing carried out, it can be concluded that; Testing the effectiveness of Ncomputing devices is carried out on the CPU, RAM, and network traffic, as well as PF-RAM which can show the performance of computer access. The results of the test experiment show that with the Host specification P4 Core2 duo 3 GHz with 1 GB RAM and the Windows XP service pack operating system. 2 for 10 clients will be effective if the host and client each use 1 application, If the specifications above, RAM is upgraded by 4 GB and the operating system uses windows 2000/2003 server and linux with a special type, will be effective for clients with 30 users if applications that are used to host a maximum of 1 application and a client 2 spread sheet applications, Thin client distributed dump terminal and diskless can run using one server and ten users only use NComputing devices with supporting devices, namely display or monitor, mouse and keyboard, which are connected to the host via network cable, and all users can be managed by one server er and all data in the topology is only on the server.

Effectiveness of Web-Based Decision Making to Deliver Decision-Support Information to Business Analyst using a 'Thin-Client

The study examines the effectiveness of “web-based decision support systems” on business companies as well as the usage of thin-client in the process. It is identified that the web based DSS process provides essential information and helps the managers to make effective decisions for the companies. On the other hand, a thin client is a computer that runs based on the stored data in a central server instead of a hard disk. The researcher has used methods and techniques to gain knowledge and information about the web-based DSS and thin-client which are discussed in a thematic way. Apart from that, the system theory of management is used by the researcher to understand and analyse the concept of the research topic accurately. Keyword :web-based DSS, decision-making process, thin-client, effects, decision support, information.

Next-Generation OTT Distribution Architecture Supporting Multicast-Assisted ABR (mABR) and HTTP/3 Over QUIC

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">The potential audience for streaming media services is massive, but satisfying that kind of demand poses a huge technical challenge. Even if existing content delivery networks (CDNs) were capable of distributing such loads, the costs at that scale would remain beyond the monetary capabilities of any broadcaster. By reducing transmission costs associated with content delivery at scale, broadcasters would pay less to the CDNs, making the content cheaper to the end user. In traditional broadcasting technologies, a majority of commercially available content distribution architectures are based on a paradigm rooted in linear broadcast services, having a very basic media service composition, solely focusing on the delivery of content interpretable on a vast amount of compatible TV sets with built-in tuners.While this helped transform the industry by facilitating the transition from analogue to digital broadcast content distribution, it now leaves content providers and broadcast network operators wondering how they can remain relevant in the age of web and internet streaming. This article will take its point of departure in evolved content distribution systems and the resulting system architectures for next-generation broadcast over-the-top (OTT) live and on-demand streaming. It will focus on a solution for efficient and secure transport of well-known low-latency streaming protocols by employing QUIC as a primary transport protocol for the industry leading IP multicast architectures supporting multicast-assisted adaptive bitrate (mABR) streaming, enabled by novel HTTP/3 server push techniques. At scale, the solution could significantly reduce the amount of open streaming sessions, improving the scalability of existing audio–video streaming architectures, and reducing the wastage of scarce bandwidth. Placing physical gateway boxes within users’ home network that fully support QUIC and multicast content reception can reduce the prevalent lack of user agent support for reception of multicast QUIC content. This new model with the core transport protocol based on QUIC will be the foundation for unified content distribution architectures, spanning internet streaming, IPTV, 5G, and the latest ATSC and DVB physical layers, allowing for an efficient, IP-based delivery of linear content to thin clients.</i>

Dynamic Application Partitioning and Task-Scheduling Secure Schemes for Biosensor Healthcare Workload in Mobile Edge Cloud

Currently, the use of biosensor-enabled mobile healthcare workflow applications in mobile edge-cloud-enabled systems is increasing progressively. These applications are heavyweight and divided between a thin client mobile device and a thick server edge cloud for execution. Application partitioning is a mechanism in which applications are divided based on resource and energy parameters. However, existing application-partitioning schemes widely ignore security aspects for healthcare applications. This study devises a dynamic application-partitioning workload task-scheduling-secure (DAPWTS) algorithm framework that consists of different schemes, such as min-cut algorithm, searching node, energy-enabled scheduling, failure scheduling, and security schemes. The goal is to minimize the energy consumption of nodes and divide the application between local nodes and edge nodes by applying the secure min-cut algorithm. Furthermore, the study devises the secure-min-cut algorithm, which aims to migrate data between nodes in a secure form during application partitioning in the system. After partitioning the applications, the node-search algorithm searches optimally to run applications under their deadlines. The energy and failure schemes maintain the energy consumption of the nodes and the failure of the system. Simulation results show that DAPWTS outperforms existing baseline approaches by 30% in terms of energy consumption, deadline, and failure of applications in the system.

Application of the Method of Problem Learning in the Study of the Discipline “Information Security”

The purpose of this article is to develop students’ critical thinking for solving problems in the field of information security by using the method of problem learning in teaching the discipline “Information Security”. The role of this method in the development of critical thinking, research creativity of students and their achievement of a better understanding of educational material in the field of information security is emphasized.Materials and research methods. The main conditions for the effectiveness of problem learning in the study of the discipline “Information Security” are highlighted by the method of analysis of the subject area: motivation of students, the feasibility and significance of problem situations offered to students on various aspects of information security, dialogical friendly communication between lecturer and students. As research materials, an example of using the method of problem learning in solving the task of information protection in state information systems with terminal access devices is considered. The example presents the problem of increasing the efficiency of information protection in state information systems with terminal access devices, i.e. state information systems using the “thin client” architecture, as well as a way to solve it by assessing threats and improving the relevant mechanisms for ensuring information security, presented in the regulatory documents governing the requirements for information protection in state information systems with terminal access devices. Results. The paper considers the practical task of creating and resolving a problem situation for the protection of information in state information systems with terminal access devices, which can be used in the educational process to solve similar tasks by the method of problem learning.The creation of a problematic situation is based on the existing contradictions in the regulations governing the functioning and protection of information of this type of systems in which the protected information is processed in order to comply with legislation and ensure the functioning of authorities. As a result of using a systematic approach, which involves considering the process of information protection in the form of a set of stages in the formation of requirements for state information systems using the architecture of the “thin client”, improving the regulatory framework, the trainees form proposals for the protection of information in state information systems using the architecture of the “thin client” to ensure the design security of state information systems, taking into account the complex of urgent threats to information security. The presented solution to the problem situation in the considered task requires from the trainees general cultural competencies, such as: identifying contradictions, colliding opposing points of view, comparing facts, considering the problem from different points of view, generalizing, concretizing facts, etc.Conclusions. Thus, the paper substantiates the method of problem learning in the study of the discipline “Information Security” and presents an example of its use in solving the problem of information protection in state information systems with terminal access devices. As a result, the trainees must identify threats that are absent in the information security threat databank of the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control of the Russian Federation (FSTEC of Russia) and determine the directions for further development of information security and information protection in state information systems with terminal access devices. The practical solution of this problem by a group of students within the framework of the study of the discipline “Information Security” showed a high level of competence development.

Distributed Internet voting architecture: A thin client approach to Internet voting

Principles required for secure electronic voting using the Internet are known and published. Although the Internet voting functionalities and technologies are well-defined, none of the existing state-sponsored Internet voting approaches in use incorporate a total Internet-based system approach that includes voter registration, the voting process, and vote counting. The distributed Internet voting architecture concept discussed in this article uses a novel thin client approach to Internet voting. The architecture uses existing technologies and knowledge to create a viable whole system approach to Internet voting. This article describes various aspects and processes necessary to support an integrated approach. The application programming interface software for many of the critical functions was developed in Python and functionality tested. A virtual network, including a cloud-based functionality, was created and used to evaluate the various conceptual aspects of the proposed architecture. This included the concepts associated with programming and accessing smart cards, capturing and saving fingerprint data, structuring virtual private networks using tunneling and Internet Protocol Security, encrypting ballots using asymmetric encryption, using symmetric encryption for secret cookies, thin client interaction, and creating hash functions to be used within a blockchain structure in a Merkle tree architecture. The systems’ primary user targets are individuals remotely located from their home voting precincts and senior citizens who have limited mobility and mostly reside in assisted living facilities. The research supports the contention that a cybersecure Internet voting system that significantly reduces the opportunity for mail-in voter fraud, helps to ensure privacy for the voter, including nonrepudiation, nonattribution, receipt freeness, and vote acknowledgment can be created using existing technology.

Implementasi Compatibility Layer Pada Jaringan Server Diskless Berbasis Lubuntu 18.04 LTS

Diskless server is a cluster computer network which uses SSH (Secure Shell) protocol to grant the client an access to the host's directory and modify it's content so that the client don't need a hardisk (Thin Client). One way to design a diskless server is by utilizing "Linux Terminal Server Project", an open source-based script for Linux. However, using Linux has it own drawback, such as it can't cross platform for running an aplication based on Windows system which are commonly used. This drawback can be overcomed by using a compatibility layer that converts a windows-based application's source code. The data which will be monitored is the compatibility layer implementation's result, and the throughput, packet loss, delay, and jitter. The result of measurement from those four parameters resulting in "Excellent" for throughput, "Perfect" for packet loss and delay, and "Good" for jitter.

An overview of the advantages of cloud computing and online IDE

The article discusses cloud computing and their impact on the field of software development, and analyzes several issues of developers that can be solved using the online IDE. Usage of cloud computing in the enterprise is not new, and it is not difficult in terms of implementation. That is why it is gaining popularity. First, due to the large number of technologies that allow you to optimize internal processes. Secondly, due to the large number of giant companies and small businesses that use these technologies. Cloud computing is very interesting in financial terms. After all, they allow not spending money on building and supporting the infrastructure. One can also not worry about risks, such as, for example, equipment that affects the system, weather conditions, and so on. It takes on all these moments. Evolving of architectural solutions also increases the impact on cloud technology. A service-oriented approach to software development is becoming increasingly popular. It is less and less possible to see the usual thin client and a single server-monolith. Clients are becoming more complex, attracting part of the business logic, servers are divided into parts, each of which is responsible for a particular part of the subject area, and in some cases may not know about the existence of others. The IDE, which requires developers for programming, also has analogs on the web platform. The online IDE has its advantages for solving some tasks and has become increasingly popular lately. Users of the online IDE can create, run, and customize software that works with a simple browser. The main goal of this study is to determine the main advantages of cloud technologies in the application development process, analyze the segment of online IDE. Based on these data to identify the main situations that determine their use, predict further development, and identify principles and technologies used in this area.

TGenBase - universal database for FAIR experiments

TGenBase is a ROOT-based virtual database which allows to communicate and store data in different underlying database management systems such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, based on the configuration. It is primarily used for physics analysis parameter storage. However, it is universally applicable for any data storage task. There are several key features of the TGenBase for the user applications. It is a versioned insert only database, meaning that there is no need to update single entries and the whole history of the entries is available. The historical versions of the data can be queried with for a certain date. Being written as extension of the ROOT framework, it supports saving the ROOT objects such as graphs or histograms as well.We provide the data description interface-a web-based application which allows the end-user to define what and in which form they want the data to be stored and define the relations between different entities. Based on this definition the database schemas, server and client side code is generated from templates and easily deployed. Another feature of this approach is that we are able to generate the full-fledged content management systems with user roles for read and write access. Data query, visualization and modification are available in C++, Python, Web and LabVIEW thin clients.

Mobile cloud game in high performance computing environment

Mobile cloud game is a solution to play high-end games in indigent thin clients with a diversity of end-user devices, and as real-time gaming, mobile cloud game hosting game engines in the cloud. Moreover, frequent change in network quality is another issue that should be limited to run the real fast cloud game. Thus, reliable software components between cloud and user devices as clients, including using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms such as machine learning, deep learning and so on will enhance the game performance, particularly in multiplayer and real-time conditions. In this paper, we list the mobile cloud game architecture in the high-performance computing (HPC) environment, where a load of the game will be distributed between servers as cloud and clients. The server node as clouds or clients will consist of more than one server with many processors (cores) or sometimes can be recognized as distributed computing. Using HPC for cloud games will boost the game performance where the execution times will be dispersed not only in some node in servers and clients but in many cores of each server or client. The involvement of the internet of things (IoT) and ubiquitous access from heterogeneous devices will give benefit to enjoyment in the game itself.

IJNM Special Issue—International Journal of Network Management: QoE‐centric analysis and management of communication networks

IJNM Special Issue—International Journal of Network Management: QoE‐centric analysis and management of communication networks

Improvement of the Regulatory Framework of Information Security for Terminal Access Devices of the State Information System

The aim of the study is to increase the effectiveness of information security management for state information systems (SIS) with terminal access devices by improving regulatory legal acts that should be logically interconnected and not contradict each other, as well as use a single professional thesaurus that allows understanding and describe information security processes.Currently, state information systems with terminal access devices are used to ensure the realization of the legitimate interests of citizens in information interaction with public authorities [1].One of the types of such systems are public systems [2]. They are designed to provide electronic services to citizens, such as paying taxes, obtaining certificates, filing of applications and other information. The processed personal data may belong to special, biometric, publicly available and other categories [3]. Various categories of personal data, concentrated in a large volume about a large number of citizens, can lead to significant damage as a result of their leakage, which means that this creates information risks.There are several basic types of architectures of state information systems: systems based on the “thin clientpeer-to-peer network systems; file server systems; data processing centers; systems with remote user access; the use of different types of operating systems (heterogeneity of the environment); use of applications independent of operating systems; use of dedicated communication channels [4]. Such diversity and heterogeneity of state information systems, on the one hand, and the need for high-quality state regulation in the field of information security in these systems, on the other hand, require the study and development of legal acts that take into account primarily the features of systems that have a typical modern architecture of “thin customer". Materials and research methods. The protection of the state information system is regulated by a large number of legal acts that are constantly being improved with changes and additions to the content. At the substantive level, it includes many stages, such as the formation of SIS requirements, the development of a security system, its implementation, and certification. The protected information is processed in order to enforce the law and ensure the functioning of the authorities. The need to protect confidential information is determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation [5, 6]. Therefore, to assess the quality of the regulatory framework of information security for terminal access devices of the state information system, the analysis of the main regulatory legal acts is carried out and on the basis of it, proposals are developed by analogy to improve existing regulatory documents in the field of information security.Results. The paper has developed proposals for improving the regulatory framework of information security for terminal access devices of the state information system- for uniformity and unification, the terms with corresponding definitions are justified for their establishment in the documents of the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control (FSTEC) or Rosstandart;- rules for the formation of requirements for terminals, which should be equivalent requirements for computer equipment in the “Concept for the protection of computer equipment and automated systems from unauthorized access to information ".Conclusion. General recommendations on information protection in state information systems using the “thin client" architecture are proposed, specific threats that are absent in the FSTEC threat bank are justified, and directions for further information security for the class of state information systems under consideration are identified. Due to the large number of stakeholders involved in the coordination and development of unified solutions, a more specific consideration of the problems and issues raised is possible only with the participation of representatives of authorized federal executive bodies and business representatives for discussion.

An Optimized Meta-heuristic Bees Algorithm for Players’ Frame Rate Allocation Problem in Cloud Gaming Environments

Recently, cloud gaming has attracted much attention from service providers. The majority of cloud users have hardware limitations on their devices, hence why users are termed “thin clients”. A cloud service provider aims to afford the best-required frames of game scenes with each thin client in order to provide the best Quality of Experience (QoE). The importance of this issue is particularly critical with the emergence of 4K game service levels. Since 4K game scenes impose many demands upon the Central Processing Unit, Graphical Processing Unit, memory and bandwidth, cloud service providers tend to use the strategy of satisfying the highest number of gamers with the least amount of resources. Given that the problem of frame rate allocation is NP-hard, it is not possible to solve it with exact mathematical methods. In this paper, we propose a method inspired by the Bees algorithm. The approach presented in this article could significantly increases cloud providers’ profitability and reduce server-side wastage. Given the emergence of a new game-as-a-service paradigm for cloud-based games, cloud service providers must pay close attention to the issues of profitability and optimal resource allocation. The simulation of the proposed algorithm on the CloudSim simulator platform illustrates its robustness in terms of significant criteria such as runtime, number of admitted users, frame quality level, the QoE, etc.