Silicone Thickness Research Articles

Accuracy of Mandibular Removable Partial Denture Frameworks Fabricated by 3D Printing and Conventional Techniques.

Herein, we used digital superimposition to evaluate the accuracy of metal frameworks for mandibular removable partial dentures fabricated using three techniques. Thirty master casts of a mandibular dentiform were categorized into three groups (n = 10) based on the framework manufacturing method: selective laser melting-based metal three-dimensional (3D) printing (SLM), digital light projection-based resin 3D printing and subsequent casting (RPC), and conventional casting (CON). The master casts were scanned twice, initially after preparation and subsequently after attaching silicone using the frameworks. These scan files were digitally superimposed to measure the silicone thickness. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics (Version 23.0, IBM Corp., Somers, NY, USA). One-way ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey's multiple comparison tests were performed to determine differences among the three groups (α = 0.05). The RPC group exhibited significantly higher overall and mean internal discrepancies at rest and tissue stops than the SLM and CON groups, which exhibited statistically insignificant differences. Thus, SLM fabrication resulted in comparable accuracy to that achieved by CON, whereas sequentially performing resin 3D printing and casting induced inferior accuracy. However, all frameworks across the three groups were clinically acceptable.

Effect of mechanical stratigraphy on the structure and kinematics of salt-bearing fold-and-thrust belts: Insights from scaled analogue experiments with optical strain monitoring (digital image correlation)

2D contractional scaled analogue experiments with composite materials including silica-sand and mica-flakes for overburden and silicone for salt analogue are used to investigate effects of mechanical stratigraphy on the structural evolution and kinematics of salt-detached fold-thrust-belts. Specific parameters tested are mechanical stratigraphy of the overburden and thickness variation of the basal silicone layer. The silicone-detached models in general are characterized by low-taper thrust wedge geometries and non-systematic vergence of folds and thrusts. Strain localization in the undeformed layer occurs as an in-sequence foreland breaking sequence. Strain is nucleating as detachment folds including thrust-bounded and concentric folds. Increased shortening develops break-thrusts in fold limbs. In-sequence frontal thrust interacts with out-of-sequence reactivation of older thrusts in the internal thrust wedge. Syn-kinematic silicone mobilization causes diapirism, allochthonous sheets and source-fed thrust. The specific distribution of discordant and allochthonous silicone structures vary with the mechanical stratigraphy. The impact of the mica-interlayer in the overburden sequence is strain-dependent. It strengthens the undeformed sand-pack compared to initial thrusting while active thrusts with mica-flakes in shear zones are weaker and active for longer than in homogeneous sand-pack. The longevity of thrusts correlates with the transfer of silicone to external domains and hanging-walls of thrusts. The silicone thickness controls the strain nucleation modes whether thrusting-dominated or folding-dominated predating main-thrusting stages. It also governs silicone supply and flow regimes with thick silicone source layers being readily remobilized to source-fed thrust and inflate silicone massifs in the foreland.Insights from the modelling results are that the formation of large-transport source-fed thrusts such as Quele Thrust (China) and Chazuta Thrust (Peru) observed in salt-bearing FTB's is possibly attributed to salt detachment thickness and anisotropic overburden resulting from mechanically layered stratigraphy.

Fit accuracy of removable partial denture metal frameworks produced by CAD-CAM – a clinical study

Objectives: To assess the effect of a CAD-CAM protocol fabrication on the clinical fit accuracy of removable partial denture metal frameworks to abutment teeth. Methods: Fifteen patients with partial edentulism were selected to participate in this clinical study, and twenty dental arch rehabilitations were planned. For each dental arch (n=20), two cobalt-chromium frameworks were produced through two protocols: CAD-CAM production (experimental group); and conventional lost-wax casting technique (control group). Clinical fit accuracy was assessed using an indirect quantitative method to evaluate the gap between the framework occlusal rest and the corresponding rest seat. A silicone mold of that gap was obtained, digitized, and analyzed by micro-computed tomography. The two silicone molds obtained for each occlusal rest were overlapped and evaluated for thickness and volume. Data were analyzed with the paired t test for silicone thickness results and the Wilcoxon test for silicone volume results (α= 0.05). Results: Considering the two dependent variables under study, no statistically significant (p=0.441 for silicone thickness and p=0.204 for silicone volume) differences were found between groups. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the CAD-CAM protocol applied is a viable method for the production of removable partial denture metal frameworks. (Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac. 2021;62

WITHDRAWN: Fabrication and testing of optimal silicone thickness for prosthetic liners

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Effect of layer thickness setting on the adaptation of stereolithography apparatus–fabricated metal frameworks for removable partial dentures: An in vitro study

Statement of problemA staircase effect is noted in the fabrication of metal frameworks for removable partial dentures (RPDs) when using stereolithography apparatus (SLA). It affects the adaptation of the definitive metal framework depending on the layer thickness setting. However, studies on the effect of the layer thickness setting on the adaptation of metal frameworks are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the optimal layer thickness through comparative analysis of the adaptation of SLA-fabricated metal frameworks with different layer thickness settings. Material and methodsA total of 15 metal RPD frameworks were SLA-fabricated by using 3 different layer thickness settings (16 μm, 50 μm, and 100 μm). The adaptation of the frameworks was measured by using the silicone replica technique, sectioned at the canine, first molar, and second molar regions by using a guide. The thickness of the light-body silicone was measured with a digital microscope at 3 points in each of the 3 areas. The measurements of the adaptation were statistically analyzed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction. ResultsThe gaps measured in each area showed statistically significant differences in all 3 groups (P<.05). In the anterior, middle, and posterior areas, the 16-μm metal framework group showed the narrowest gaps (207 ±46 μm, 195 ±49 μm, and 188 ±40 μm, respectively). The 3 groups showed statistically significant differences in total gaps in the RPD frameworks relative to the layer thickness settings (P<.05); the total gap was lowest (197 ±42 μm) for the 16-μm group. ConclusionsFor SLA, 50 μm is the recommended layer thickness considering the effect of layer thickness settings on the adaptation of the RPD framework and the fabrication time.

Effects of fabrication techniques on denture base adaptation: An in vitro study

Statement of problemInformation about the accuracy of maxillary and mandibular denture bases made with different fabrication techniques under uniform test conditions is lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the denture base adaptation of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufactured (CAD-CAM) milled, 3D printed, and conventional heat-polymerized resin fabrication techniques. Material and methodsMaxillary and mandibular edentulous models fabricated from cobalt-chromium alloy were scanned, and 2-mm-thick denture bases were designed and fabricated by using 4 fabrication techniques and materials: CAD-CAM milled (CCM), 3D printed (3DP), injection molded (IM), and compression molded (CM). Denture base adaptation was assessed by measuring the thickness of silicone between the denture base and model under a 49-N load at 8 sites. A digital superimposition method was used to compare different groups, and adaptation was assessed by superimposing the scanning data from denture bases and models. The pairwise Wilcoxon signed rank test and Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance were used for statistical analyses (α=.05). ResultsAccording to the silicone thickness method, the lowest values (0.127-0.567 mm) were present at the bilateral maxillary tuberosities, and the highest values (0.529-2.211 mm) occurred at the postpalatal seal area in all groups. The CCM group had the lowest silicone thickness (P<.05). The 3DP group recorded greater thickness than the IM and CM groups (P<.05). In the mandible, the 3DP group recorded the lowest silicone thickness, followed by the CCM group. The overall results for digital superimposition revealed no significant difference (P>.05) in the trueness of the intaglio surfaces among CCM, IM, and CM. The 3DP group recorded the lowest trueness significantly among all the groups. ConclusionsCCM, IM, and CM exhibited superior denture adaptation, especially CCM, to both maxillary and mandibular arches compared with 3DP.

Analog Models of Fold-and-Thrust Wedges in Progressive Arcs: A Comparison With the Gibraltar Arc External Wedge

The timing and kinematics of the different type of structures and the associated vertical axis-rotations that permit an arcuate external wedge to acquire progressively its curved shape throughout its deformation history --known as progressive arcs-- are key questions in natural cases of arcuate fold-and-thrust belts, that we want to address through analogue modelling. We present laboratory models of fold-and-thrust belts formed with a backstop that deforms in map view to simulate progressive arcs in a thin-skinned tectonic regime. Our set-up makes use of a deformable backstop rigid enough to push-from-behind the initial parallelepiped but deformable in map view. This innovative design permits us to increase the amplitude of the arc indenting in the model as its radius of curvature decreases, that is, it simulates a progressive arc. Taking the Gibraltar arc external wedge situated in the western Mediterranean to scale our models in terms of rheology, velocities and sizes, four types of experiments were made. We varied the type of substratum (sand or silicone), the silicone thickness and the width and length of the initial analogue pack in order to test the influence of each of these parameters on the resulting fold-and-thrust belts. All experiments led to the formation of arcuate wedges where strain was partitioned into: a) arc-perpendicular shortening, accommodated by thrusts which main structural trend is broadly subparallel to the indenter shape and with divergent transport directions, and b) arc-parallel stretching, accommodated by normal and conjugate strike-slip faults. The normal and strike-slip faults contributed to the fold-and-thrust belt segmentation and the formation of independent blocks that rotated clockwise and counterclockwise depending on their position within the progressive arc. Our experiments allow simulating and understanding the finite deformation mode of the external wedge of the Gibraltar arc. Accordingly, they shed light on how an arcuate fold-and-thrust belt can develop progressively in terms of structural trend and transport directions, types and distribution of the structures accommodating strain partition and timing of vertical-axis rotations.

Characteristics of Megavoltage Electron Beams Directed through Silicone for Bolus Electron Therapy

In high energy electron beam therapy, a bolus can be used for the conformal dose to target and achieve the appropriate treatment quality. To evaluate the use of a customized silicone bolus, we analyzed the dosimetric properties of the electron beam according to the silicone bolus thickness. Eight silicone slits were fabricated using an acrylic mold. The size of each slit was 150 × 150 × 5 m3 (width × length × height). Degassing was performed to eliminate bubbles in the slits during the silicone casting process. Depth dose measurements were performed for a 6 MeV and 9 MeV electron beams with 10 × 10 cm2, 6 × 6 cm2 and 5 cm diameter circular fields with various silicone thickness and with the conventional bolus. For the depth dose measurement, the film was placed between two 6 cm solid water phantoms, and the electron beam was delivered parallel to the film. The Rando phantom dose with customized bolus were evaluated with the 10 × 10 cm2 6 MeV electron beam. As the slab thickness increased, the depth dose in the solid water phantom decreased after reaching the maximum dose depth (dmax). Depending on the silicone thickness, the surface dose of the phantom was increased until reaching the electron beam dmax and was decreased after dmax. The coefficient to convert the thickness of the silicone to water were 1.06 in 6 MeV and 1.07 in 9 MeV, respectively. We measured the electron beam dose properties for making patient-specific silicone boluses with optimal thickness. The results of this study can be used to predict the silicone bolus thickness required in order to deliver the appropriate dose to the target.

A Suit for the Physical Training: Application and the Value of Innovation

By recognizing the sequential body configuration and time shifts, it is possible to calculate the dynamic moment of inertia. Body, arm, and leg models were proposed in which possible configurations and influential mass distribution sizes were studied. Described is the choice of optimal models for modeling dynamic moments of inertia which are represented as the best approximation for the dynamic moment of inertia in a dynamic sense. Dynamic and physiological parameters (aerobic, aerobic-anaerobic and anaerobic stimuli) are load indexes based on the geometric progression of the metabolic processes (aerobic - index 3, aerobic-anaerobic – index 6 and anaerobic – index 12). For this purpose, the QBASIC program was used to calculate the weight gain for individual segments according to load indexes (index – 3, 6 or 12). A weight gain calculation program for individual segments according to load indexes of male and female bodies was used to calculate the mass, volume and thickness of silicone with and without the addition of lead balls or lead dust. The training process suit represents a three-layer suit where the suit layers are as follows: the first layer (Lycra) which adheres directly to the skin and which must have an elasticity factor that will satisfy the required flexibility and moisture absorption; the second layer (Silicone) the weight of which is proportionately distributed so that the weight of each segment of the second layer corresponding to each individual body segment is equal to the weight gain for that particular body segment; the third layer (Lycra) which is an outer layer and which is watertight but at the same time passes moisture outwards and is elastic. On this basis, a three-layer suit was made with proportionally distributed loads per individual body segments, which ensures proportional load of the segments and the whole body. Thus applied stimuli provide an even impact on the development of the musculoskeletal nervous system in the direction of the development of motor potentials at a high correlation level in the coordination of body motion in the chosen activity. Application, testing and measurement of the suit performance in certain sport movements (walking, running, pedaling, rowing, volleyball and basketball) were carried out using the POLAR measuring instrument and heart beat frequencies depending on intensity of the load were obtained. Based on the information obtained, the Training Process Suit can be used for sports training, recreational activities and for medical purposes when carrying out physical therapy.

An Evaluation of the Gap Sizes of 3-Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses Milled from Sintering Metal Blocks.

This study assessed the clinical acceptability of sintering metal-fabricated 3-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) based on gap sizes. Ten specimens were prepared on research models by milling sintering metal blocks or by the lost-wax technique (LWC group). Gap sizes were assessed at 12 points per abutment (premolar and molar), 24 points per specimen (480 points in a total in 20 specimens). The measured points were categorized as marginal, axial wall, and occlusal for assessment in a silicone replica. The silicone replica was cut through the mesiodistal and buccolingual center. The four sections were magnified at 160x, and the thickness of the light body silicone was measured to determine the gap size, and gap size means were compared. For the premolar part, the mean (standard deviation) gap size was nonsignificantly (p = 0.139) smaller in the SMB group (68.6 ± 35.6 μm) than in the LWC group (69.6 ± 16.9 μm). The mean molar gap was nonsignificantly smaller (p = 0.852) in the LWC (73.9 ± 25.6 μm) than in the SMB (78.1 ± 37.4 μm) group. The gap sizes were similar between the two groups. Because the gap sizes were within the previously proposed clinically accepted limit, FDPs prepared by sintered metal block milling are clinically acceptable.

맥 센서 어레이(array)의 실리콘(silicone) 코팅 두께에 따른 센서 간 간섭효과

Pulse diagnosis is one of the representative diagnostic methods in Oriental medicine. In this study, a pulse pressure sensor array coated with silicone, which includes 6 piezo-resistive sensors and 1 thermistor, is fabricated for pulse measurement. It is necessary to coat the pulse sensor array with silicone to avoid the fracture or damage of pressure sensors when the sensor is in contact with the skin and a constant pressure is applied. However, the silicone coating on the pulse sensor array can cause signal interference among the sensors in the pulse sensor array. The interference number (IN), a calculation for expressing the degree of interference among channels, is changed according to the silicone thickness on the pulse sensor array. The IN is increased by a thick silicone coating, but the fabrication error, an important index for the mass production of the sensor array, is reduced by the thickness of the silicone coating. We propose that the thickness of the silicone on the pulse sensor array is an important consideration for the performance of the fabricated sensor and manufacturing repeatability.

A bio-inspired shape memory alloy composite (BISMAC) actuator

A beam-shape composite actuator using shape memory alloy (SMA) wires as the activecomponent, termed a Bio-Inspired Shape Memory Alloy Composite (BISMAC), wasdesigned to provide a large deformation profile. The BISMAC design was inspired bycontraction of a jellyfish bell, utilizing the rowing mechanism for locomotion.Characterization of maximum deformation in underwater conditions was performed fordifferent actuator configurations to analyze the effect of different design parameters,including silicone thickness, flexible steel thickness and distance between the SMA andflexible steel. A constant cross-section (CC)-BISMAC of length 16 cm was found to achievedeformation with a radius of curvature of 3.5 cm. Under equilibrium conditions, theCC-BISMAC was found to achieve 80% of maximum deformation, consuming 7.9 J/cycle drivenat 16.2 V/0.98 A and a frequency of 0.25 Hz. A detailed analytical model was developed using the transfermatrix method and a 1D finite beam element (FE) model to simulate the behavior of theBISMAC incorporating gravity, buoyancy and SMA parameters. The FE and transfermatrix models had a maximum deformation error norm of 1.505 and 1.917 cm incomparison with experimentally observed beam deformation in the CC-BISMAC. Themean curvatures predicted by the FE and transfer matrix methods were 0.292 cm−1 and0.295 cm−1 compared to a mean experimental curvature of 0.294 cm−1, a percentageerror of −5.4% and 2.77%, respectively. Using the developed analytical model, an actuator design wasfabricated mimicking the maximum deformation profile of jellyfish of the species Aureliaaurita (AA). The designed AA-BISMAC achieved a maximum curvature of 0.428 cm−1 as comparedto 0.438 cm−1 for A. aurita with an average square root error of 0.043 cm−1, 10.2% of maximum A. aurita curvature.

Characterization of Implantable Antennas for Intracranial Pressure Monitoring: Reflection by and Transmission Through a Scalp Phantom

Characterization of implantable planar inverted-F antennas, designed for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring at 2.45 GHz, is presented. A setup, incorporating a scalp phantom emulating the implant environment and an absorbing chamber, was implemented for characterizing the antennas, in terms of their reflection coefficient (S 11), resonance frequency (fr), and transmission coefficient through the phantom (S 21) , and is reported for the first time. As a result of our observations that even a very slight change of the biocompatible (silicone) thickness can drastically change the characteristics of such antennas, several antenna prototypes with various silicone thicknesses were tested for a better understanding of the change in their performance with thickness. The main contributions of this paper rest in the evaluation of the antenna characteristics with respect to time, temperature, and far-field radiation, in an emulated biological environment. In this regard, the impact of the coating thickness on fr, drift of fr, S 11, and S 21 over time, and the effective radiated power (ERP) from the transmission (S 21) measurements were evaluated through careful measurements. A decrease in S 11 of 1.2-2.3 dB and an increase in S 21 of 2.2-2.4 dB, over a period of two days, were observed at 2.45 GHz. A decrease of 8-18 MHz for fr was also observed over the same period of time. This drift was due to the absorption of saline by the silicone, leading to a change in its effective dielectric property. An fr increase of approximately 14.5 MHz was also observed by raising the temperature from 20 degC to 37 degC, mainly because of the negative temperature coefficient of the phantom permittivity. Transmission measurements performed using both S 21 and the received power measurement (for an ICP device mimic) yielded a maximum ERP of approximately 2 mW per 1 W of power delivered to the antennas at 2.45 GHz.

Effect of Relining Method on Dimensional Accuracy of Posterior Palatal Seal. An In Vitro Study

The posterior palatal seal contributes to the retention of the complete denture. Distortion of this area can occur during reline procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of various denture relining methods and materials on the maxillary posterior palatal seal area. A stainless steel cast was constructed from a maxillary edentulous cast. Fifty identical complete dentures were fabricated on 50 definitive casts made from the original metal cast. Five relining methods and materials were evaluated during this study, in regards to posterior palatal seal distortion: (I) laboratory conventional heat-polymerizing method (Lucitone), (II) laboratory heat/pressure-polymerizing method (SR-Ivocap), (III) laboratory autopolymerizing method (Perm), (IV) chairside autopolymerizing method (Tokuso Rebase), and (V) chairside light-polymerizing method (Astron). The dimensional changes of the posterior palatal seal areas were determined by placing a low-viscosity silicone impression material between the metal cast and the tissue surface of the relined dentures. The silicone thickness was measured at five predetermined points, under a measuring microscope. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (alpha= 0.05). The gap at the posterior palatal seal area ranged from 68.76 to 331.55 microm, when measured at the five predetermined points. Group IV exhibited the smallest mean gap (137.62 microm) and Group I revealed the largest mean discrepancy (192.35 microm). The different relining methods and materials presented statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001). The chairside autopolymerizing method exhibited smaller gap recordings than the rest of the tested complete denture relining methods.

Increasing Peripheral Artery Intima Thickness From Childhood to Seniority

Using new, very high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy, we examined the thickness of artificial layers of silicone and intima thickness (IT) of radial and anterior tibial arteries in healthy subjects and in patients with vascular disease. Silicone layers of varying thicknesses and mesenteric artery specimens obtained from 18 patients undergoing colectomy were measured by both ultrasound biomicroscopy (55 MHz) and morphometry. There was high correlation (r>0.9; P<0.0001) between IT and intima area versus ultrasound biomicroscopy. In 90 healthy subjects (aged between 10 and 90 years), radial and anterior tibial arterial IT and intima-media thickness were measured, as was carotid intima-media thickness in 56 of these subjects. Age was strongly related with both media thickness and IT of both peripheral arteries. Correlations were found between carotid intima-media thickness and both radial and anterior tibial IT/intima-media thickness (r=0.44 to 0.53; P<0.0001). The IT-to-lumen diameter ratio increased with age and was larger at all ages in the anterior tibial artery (0.067+/-0.034) versus the radial artery (0.036+/-0.012; P<0.0001). A thicker radial intimal layer was found in patients with peripheral artery disease. This study is the first to our knowledge in humans to show the feasibility of measuring IT of the radial and anterior tibial arteries using very high-resolution ultrasound. IT progresses with age, and the IT-to-lumen diameter ratio is largest in the arteries of the foot. Assessment of IT by ultrasound biomicroscopy may aid in detecting early peripheral vascular abnormalities.

Study of surface chemical changes and erosion rates for CV-1144-O silicone under electron cyclotron resonance oxygen plasma exposure

CV-1144-O silicone thin films were irradiated in an electron cyclotron resonance oxygen plasma, which is a simulation of the low earth orbital environment. A crude equivalence between this plasma system and the low earth orbital environment was determined by measuring Kapton weight loss in the plasma and comparing to Kapton weight loss in space experiments. Changes in optical properties and erosion rates under ultraviolet light and atomic oxygen radiation were studied using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The erosion rate at the beginning of the plasma exposure was significantly faster than that at later stages. Approximately one third of the total silicone thickness was etched away within 1 h, which according to the equivalence experiment, corresponds to about two months in low earth orbit. The refractive index of silicone in the visible range increased during the exposure, indicating that the film was being densified. Optical constants (both before and after plasma exposure) were determined by ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry in the ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared (0.7–8.5 eV) and IR (200–7000 cm−1) ranges. Also, SE was used to map thickness and uniformity before and after radiation. Regression fits using Lorentzian and Gaussian oscillators as parametric models for the optical constants were excellent, and the major absorption peaks in the IR region were identified. The before- and after-radiation spectra showed significant decreases in CH3-associated peaks and increases in SiOx-associated peaks.

Use of ellipsometry and gravimetry to develop calibration standards for measuring silicone coat weight and thickness with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Use of ellipsometry and gravimetry to develop calibration standards for measuring silicone coat weight and thickness with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

汎用Ｃｏｌｏｒ Ｉｍａｇｅ Ｓｃａｎｎｅｒを応用したこう合接触関係処理法の新しい試み

In this study, a new analyzing system for occlusal contacts using silicone materials, which applied general-purpose color image scanner, was developed, and the accuracy of this system was analyzed. This occlusal analyzing system made reading the bite registration simple. The results of the measurements concerning the relationship of transmitted light level and silicone materials according to different thicknesses showed that using this scanner could distinguish thicknesses of silicone material that were 40um or less. Image analyzing time took approximately 30 sec after the scanning of a sample. The results of the measurements between the relationship of transmitted light levels at different heights from the measuring surface and silicone thickness showed that distances less than 1.3 mm from the measured region could not be distinguished. However, it was noted that these conditions rarely exist in clinical practice. Based on the results, is was concluded that this analyzing system could be used in general clinical practice.

適合試験におけるホワイトシリコーンの平均被膜厚さ測定法の開発

A new system is developed for measuring the mean film thickness of the white silicone on the fitness test of the denture base. This system is based on analysing the B/W film density replaced from the thickness of the silicone. The detective feature of this system is as follows: 1. An adequate correlation between the logarithm of the thickness of the white silicone and the logarithm of the B/W film density was estimated from the results of experimental values. 2. With use of the computer assembled into the system, it is capable to quickly process data. 3. Compared with the conventional method, the proper suggestion was gotten to the clinical data. 4. The system is available to use of investigating the bite force and the mean film thickness of the white silicone.