Schneiderian Membrane Thickness Research Articles

Comparison of Short-term Outcomes Between Schneiderian Membrane Perforation and Non-perforation Patients after Simultaneous External Elevation and Implantation.

To compare short-term outcomes between membrane perforation and non-perforation patients after simultaneous external elevation with implantation. In this retrospective observational study, 60 maxillary posterior tooth-loss patients with an insufficient amount of residual bone for direct implantation were enrolled. All patients underwent simultaneous external elevation and implantation, and were divided into perforation and non-perforation groups according to the postoperative Schneiderian membrane status. Of the 60 patients, 30 cases (35 implants) were assigned to the membrane perforation group, and 30 (44 implants) were allocated to the non-perforation group. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data (p>0.05). In the perforation group, the mean vertical bone gain (VBG) at 6 and 12 months was 6.02±2.14 mm and 5.37±2.22 mm, resp., compared to 6.78±2.59 mm and 6.42±2.64 mm in the non-perforation group, resp. (both p>0.05). Preoperative median Schneiderian membrane thickness (SMT) in the perforation group was 0.77 mm, which was statistically significantly thinner than the 1.24 mm measure in the non-perforation group (p< 0.05); however, there was no statistically significant difference between two groups at 12 months postoperatively (0.80 mm vs 1.25 mm, p>0.05). The marginal bone loss at 1 year after implant restoration in the perforation and non-perforation groups was 0.16±0.10 mm and 0.22±0.12 mm, resp. During postoperative follow-up, the implant survival rate was 100% in the two groups. The incidence of postoperative nasal bleeding in the perforation group was statistically significantly higher compared with that in the non-perforation group (50% vs 16.7%, p<0.05), whereas no statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence of facial swelling, intraoral bleeding, wound dehiscence and acute/chronic sinusitis between the two groups (p>0.05). Schneiderian membrane perforation after simultaneous external elevation and implantation do not adversely affect short-term clinical and radiographic outcomes.

The Use of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Sinus Floor Augmentation Surgery: a Systematic Review.

This systematic review aims to critically assess the impact of platelet-rich fibrin on maxillary sinus floor augmentation and outline the specific aspects of new bone formation, bone height, implant stability quotient, and Schneiderian membrane thickness. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, analysing studies from MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect databases, published from January 29, 2018 until January 29, 2024 that compared maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) using bone graft material with and without platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). This review focused on patients 18 years and older who undergone MSFA before the dental implant placement. It systematically examined five studies, encompassing randomized controlled trials, and reported on 112 MSFA procedures conducted in 84 patients. The meta-analysis reveals a marginal significance in new bone formation with PRF, suggesting a trend towards beneficial outcomes that were not statistically significant. No significant impact on bone height was observed. However, a notable improvement in implant stability quotient (ISQ) was recorded, indicating enhanced implant stability with PRF. The Schneiderian membrane thickness did not show significant changes post-treatment with PRF. While platelet-rich fibrin shows promise in enhancing implant stability, its effects on new bone formation and Schneiderian membrane thickness are inconclusive, highlighting the need for further research. Platelet-rich fibrin did not significantly affect bone height. The findings support platelet-rich fibrin's potential as a beneficial adjunct in maxillary sinus floor augmentation, particularly for implant stability.

Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Schneiderian Membrane Thickness.

This study aimed to determine the measurements and classification of Schneider membrane thickness correlated to age and sex factors using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The study included CBCT images for 100 maxillary sinuses of 50 consecutive patients, and the thickness of the maxillary sinus membrane (Schneiderian membrane) was measured in coronal view from the lowest point in the floor of the maxillary sinus to the highest point. The thickness of the Schneiderian membrane was classified into 4 types. The study result revealed that out of the total cases, 45% of sinus membranes were classified as type 2, while only 10% were classified as type 4. The most frequent type of membrane thickness diagnosed in the age group 20 to 30 as type 1, whereas in age groups 31 to 40 and 41 to 50, regarding sex, type 4 was more obvious in males with membrane thickening >6mm. Measurement and classification of sinus membrane thickness can be performed accurately with CBCT, and it is affected by age and sex factors.

Odontogenic Factors Associated with Maxillary Sinus Schneiderian Membrane Thickness and their Relationship to Chronic Sinonasal Symptoms: An Ambispective Cohort Study.

Odontogenic sinusitis is a common maxillary sinus disease. It develops due to the violation of the Schneiderian membrane due to pathological, iatrogenic, or traumatic causes from dental and dentoalveolar structures. The aim of this cohort study was to investigate local and systemic factors associated with Schneiderian mucosal thickening (MT) in patients referred for evaluation of apical periodontitis (AP) and examine their relationship with chronic sinonasal symptoms. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 197 patients referred for evaluation of endodontic diseases were reviewed. Mucosal thickening in relation to the affected tooth was measured in the coronal section in millimeters at the maximum area perpendicular to the bone. Based on this measurement, the sinus floor was categorized for MT as present (>1 mm) or absent (<1 mm). The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants were assessed and compared according to the presence or absence of MT. Furthermore, the relationship between odontogenic sinusitis and chronic sinonasal symptoms was assessed using a chronic sinusitis survey. Male patients had a higher MT than female patients. The presence of periapical lesions and inadequate endodontic treatment were significantly associated with MT. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that the presence of AP increased the odds of MT by approximately 2.5 times (p = 0.028), and nasal obstruction was significantly higher in patients diagnosed with mucosal thickness at different times of their follow-up period (p = 0.018). MT was 2.5 times more likely in the presence of apical periodontitis, and nasal obstruction was the most significant factor associated with the presence of MT.

Longitudinal reactions of maxillary sinus in patients treated with multiple zygomatic implants: A modified radiographic evaluation with clinical follow-up.

To investigate the effects of zygomatic implant placement on the maxillary sinus using radiographic and clinical indicators. Patients with an atrophic maxilla who underwent zygomatic implant placement were included. The thickness and morphology of the Schneiderian membrane (SM), infundibular obstruction, and posterior bone wall of the maxillary sinus were analyzed. The generalized estimating equation and chi-square tests were performed to compare the measurements. Fifty patients with 100 maxillary sinuses were included. In total, 148 zygomatic implants and 105 regular implants were placed in the maxilla. Overall, the mean pre- and postoperative SM thickness was 2.79 ± 3.26 mm and 3.97 ± 5.45 mm, respectively (p = 0.063). In sinuses with two zygomatic implants, the SM thickness increased significantly from 2.12 ± 2.14 mm preoperatively to 4.07 ± 6.14 mm postoperatively (p = 0.026). The number of sinuses with type IV morphology (fully radiopaque) increased from zero preoperatively to six (13%) postoperatively. Sinuses with a single zygomatic implant showed no difference in the pre- and postoperative SM thickness. Postoperatively, six sinuses had infundibulum obstructions. Postoperative osteitis of the bilateral sinuses was found in two patients. We have proposed a new imaging evaluation method and system for evaluating the maxillary sinus response. Preoperative infundibulum obstruction combined with mucosal thickening and double zygomatic implant placement are more likely to induce postoperative maxillary sinus mucositis and osteitis.

Characteristics of maxillary sinus ostia and their correlation with anatomic variations of the osteomeatal complex: Indications for sinus floor elevation.

Knowledge of the anatomy and variations of the maxillary sinus is essential for reducing oral surgery complications, such as sinus floor elevation, and increasing surgery success. The CBCT images of 385 patients were examined. The prevalence, localization, and height of PMO (Primer Maxillary Ostium) and AMO (Accessory Maxillary Ostium) were evaluated with respect to sex, dentition, dental treatment, Schneiderian membrane (SM) thickness, concha bullosa, Haller Cells, and septal deviation. The PMO was present in 87.3% of all patients. Further analysis showed that the mean PMO diameter was 1.42 ± 0.62 mm. Although 11.6% of the PMO was in the inferior region, 60.4% was in the middle and 28% in the superior region. The effect of age and SM on the height and diameter of the PMO was found to be statistically significant. An AMO was present in 20% of the CBCT images. The mean AMO diameter was 2.55 ± 1.25 mm. Although 45.4% of the AMO was in the inferior region, 48% was in the middle and 6.6% was in the superior region. Moreover, SM thickness seemed to influence the height. A significant positive relationship was found between the PMO and AMO height. Also, a significant relationship was observed between the presence of the AMO and septum deviation. The presence of the AMO, PMO diameter, and height should be added to the preoperative evaluation criteria for the success of sinus floor evaluation. Specifically, sinonasal and demographic conditions should be carefully examined preoperatively for the long-term success of the surgery.

Relationship of Gingival Biotype with Schneiderian Membrane Thickness Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)

Aim: To find out the relationship of gingival biotype with schneiderian membrane thickness using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients at tertiary care dental hospital presenting for routine periodontal care. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 patients were observed in department of Periodontology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore. Patients were clinically evaluated and gingival biotype wasrecorded. Afterthat cone beam computed tomography was performed to assess the patient’s schneiderian membrane thickness from mesial of maxillary 2nd premolar todistal of maxillary 2nd molar due to many anatomical variations of maxillarysinus. Results: In this study the mean age of the patients was 38.75±8.17 years, 70 (46.67%)patients were male. Thin biotype was found in 66(44%) patients and thickbiotype was found in 84 (56%) patients. In thin biotype the mean thickness of schneiderian membrane was 0.58±0.085mm while in thick biotype the mean of schneiderian membrane was1.25±0.07mm (p-value&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that there is significant relationship exist between the schneiderian membrane and thickness of biotype. positive correlation of gingival biotype with width of keratinizedgingivainmaxillaryanteriorteeth. Keywords: gingival biotype, schneiderian membrane, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), missing teeth

Cone Beam Computed Tomography Analysis of Posterior-Superior Alveolar Canal from a Fixed Reference Point: Implications for Sinus Floor Elevation Procedure through Lateral Approach.

Sinus floor elevation is commonly done in the maxillary posterior region prior to dental implant placement. This study primarily aimed at assessing the location of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) canal on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and its relation to the alveolar ridge and maxillary sinus from a fixed reference point. A total of 226 edentulous maxillary molar sites were included in this retrospective analysis. The distance from the PSAA to the sinus floor (SF), alveolar crest (AC) and a fixed reference point, that is, the roof of sinus (RS) were measured. The alveolar bone height (ABH), thickness of the crestal keratinized mucosa (CKM) and thickness of Schneiderian membrane (SM) were also evaluated. 54 sites (23.89%) were excluded from the study. The SF, AC, RS and ABH values averaged at 11.91mm ± 3.63mm, 16.05mm ± 3.96mm, 25.32mm ± 7.13mm and 4.93mm ± 4.27mm respectively. SF and AC was higher in second molar than first molar region (p < 0.001), but RS did not show significant difference (p = 0.85). CKM and SM averaged at 2.02mm ± 0.68mm and 1.31mm ± 0.81mm respectively. The PSAA can be visualized in CBCT scans with a prevalence of 76.11% and may not be detected when adherent to the sinus membrane. This study stresses on the need for a CBCT, prior to sinus surgeries through lateral approach, to assess the PSAA.

Effect of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Application on the Maxillary Sinus Schneiderian Membrane Thickness Following Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Clinical Trial

Effect of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Application on the Maxillary Sinus Schneiderian Membrane Thickness Following Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Clinical Trial

Influence of anatomical factors related to maxillary sinus on outcomes of transcrestal sinus floor elevation

Background/purposeGraft bone maturation and remodeling in the maxillary sinus require adequate angiogenesis and osteoprogenitor cells migration from the surrounding bony walls and Schneiderian membrane. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of anatomical factors related to maxillary sinus on the outcomes of transcrestal sinus floor elevation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsForty-five patients (63 elevated sites) were included in this study. CBCT were obtained preoperatively, immediately and 6 months after surgery. The anatomical features of residual bone height, maxillary sinus width, maxillary sinus angle and Schneiderian membrane thickness were measured on preoperative CBCT. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were conducted to evaluate the influence of anatomical factors on outcome parameters, including sinus lift height, graft bone resorption and marginal bone loss.ResultsThe results showed that there was a positive correlation between sinus width and graft bone resorption. A significantly positive correlation between sinus angle and graft bone resorption was also found.ConclusionOur findings indicate that the anatomical factors of maxillary sinus (sinus width and sinus angle) have influence on the linear change of bone grafts after transcrestal sinus floor elevation.

Sinus Mucosa Thickness Changes and Ostium Involvement after Maxillary Sinus Floor Elevation in Sinus with Septa. A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study.

Background: A thickening of the sinus mucosa is observed after sinus floor augmentation. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the influence of the presence of septa in the dimensional variation and ostium involvement over time of the Schneiderian mucosa after sinus floor augmentation. Materials and Methods: Fifteen sinuses with septa (septa group) and 15 without (control group) were selected. CBCTs taken before surgery, and were analyzed after 1 week and after 9 months. Schneiderian membrane thickness changes over time and involvement of the ostium were evaluated. Results: Four perforations occurred in the septa group and none in the control group. After 1 week of healing, the sinus mucosa thickness increased in height by 5.7 mm and 7.1 mm in the septa and control groups, respectively. In this period, the patency of the ostium decreased in both groups, and three infundibula were obstructed in the septa group, and five in the control group. The mucosa was thicker and the edema was closer to the ostium in the control compared to in the septa group. After 9 months of healing, the dimensions regressed to normal pattern and no obstruction of the infundibula were observed. No statistically significant differences were found between septa and control groups. Conclusions: after one week of healing, the sinus mucosa increased in dimensions in both septa and control groups. However, the sinus mucosa presented a tendency of being thicker and closer to the ostium, resulting in a higher number of infundibula obstructions, in the control group compared to in the septa group. After 9 months, the sinus mucosa regressed to normal dimensions and no obstructions of the infundibula were observed in any group.

Effect of ridge preservation at molar extraction sites with severe periodontitis on the Schneiderian membrane thickness changes: a pilot study

BackgroundInformation regarding the reaction of bone augmentation in terms to sinus mucosa thickness of periodontally compromised molar extraction sites is limited. This retrospective study aimed to analyze the effect of ridge preservation procedures following the extraction of molars with severe periodontitis on the healing pattern of adjacent maxillary sinus mucosal membranes.MethodsThirty-one periodontally compromised maxillary molar teeth either receiving ridge preservation (test group, n = 20) or undergoing spontaneous healing (control group, n = 11) were investigated. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning was performed before the extraction procedure and repeated 6 months later. The mucosa thickness (MT) of the adjacent periodontally compromised molar tooth was measured from CBCT images before tooth extraction and after 6 months of healing at nine assigned measurement points. The data were analyzed at α = 0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of pre-extraction maxillary sinus mucosal thickening was 60.0% and 63.6% in the test and control groups, respectively. The average MT of the thickened sinus mucosa before tooth extraction was 3.78 ± 2.36 mm in the test group and 4.63 ± 3.20 mm in the control group (P = 0.063). The mean mucosal thickening reductions in the thickened MT subjects after 6 months of healing were 2.20 ± 2.05 mm (test group) and 2.64 ± 2.70 mm (control group), P = 0.289. The differences of MT between the time prior to extraction and after 6 months of healing were statistically significant within both groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionsFollowing extraction of molars with severe periodontitis, a reduction in swelling of the Schneiderian membrane has been observed regardless of the addition of a DBBM socket graft. However, a mucosal thickness > 2 mm was still frequently observed.

Effect of Schneiderian Membrane Thickening on the Maxillary Sinus Augmentation and Implantation Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

Schneiderian membrane thickness may influence the final clinical outcome of sinus augmentation and dental implantation. Mucosal thickening has been regarded as a contributing factor for post-treatment complications. This study aimed to systematically review the available literature on the association between mucosal thickening and potential complications related to sinus augmentation and implant placement. An electronic search was carried out in MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science by two independent reviewers. It was complemented by manual search of the reference lists of all relevant studies. The studies reporting on sinus augmentation and dental implantation in cases with preoperative mucosal thickening were considered eligible for this study. The initial search yielded 1032 articles. Five hundred and sixty-four records were screened by title and abstract, and 57 studies succeeded the inclusion criteria for full-text evaluation. Finally, 10 records remained for data extraction. The included studies assessed sinus augmentation and implantation procedures in 765 patients, 324 (42.3%) of them showed mucosal thickening. Increased membrane thickness did not significantly elevate the frequency of sinus augmentation complications. In addition, the overall implant survival rate was 99.03%. Within the limitations of the present study, the presence of mucosal thickening might not be a risk factor for sinus augmentation and implant survival rate.

Analysis of relationship between Haller cells and Schneiderian Membrane Thickness

Objective: This first aim of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the presence of Haller cells and Schneiderian membrane thickness (SMT) by considering factors such as age and gender. The second aim of this study was to investigate correlation between the visibility of Haller cells on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and digital panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: Seventy-eight edentulous patients were included in the study. Cross-sectional views obtained from CBCTs were used to determine the mean sinus membrane thickness. Parameters such as gender and age were also investigated. Results: The difference in SMT at the base of the maxillary sinus was significant between those with and without Haller cells (p &amp;lt;0.05). A correlation was found between the detection of Haller cells on CBCT and digital panoramic radiographs (p &amp;lt;0.01). Although SMT was higher in men than in women, this difference was not significant (p&amp;gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Considering the results of our study, the presence of Haller cells may cause sinus membrane thickness at base of maxillary sinus. Since Haller cells can also be seen in digital panoramic radiographs, digital panoramic view taken prior to sinus lift surgery can provide clinicians with preoperative hint about SMT.

Radiological changes in maxillary sinus morphology after lateral sinus floor augmentation

&lt;b&gt;Background:&lt;/b&gt; Restoration of the masticatory function in patients with edentulous posterior maxilla is often challenging due to the severe atrophy of the alveolar ridges and proximity of the maxillary sinus, resulting in insufficient bone quantity for implant-supported dentures. &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in Schneiderian membrane thickness after lateral sinus floor augmentation (LSFA) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Material and methods:&lt;/b&gt; W LSFA procedures using different bone grafting materials were performed in 87 patients, operated on in two clinical institutions from 2016 to 2018. CBCT examination was performed in all patients before the LSFA procedure, at 1 month after surgery, and after 6 months, before implant placement or loading. &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Minor r adiological changes in mucous membrane morphology were observed preoperatively in 17.1% of patients. Postoperative CBCT in the early postsurgical period demonstrated that the number of intact non-specific sinuses decreased significantly, i.e. from 86.7% to 26.7%. The number of cases with local hypertrophia of the mucous membrane increased from 20.3% to 26.7%. Mucosal thickening was observed in 41.7% vs 7.5%. The number of intact sinuses increased to 57.8%. The number of cases with local membrane hypertrophia also increased – to 37.4%. The number of cases with mucosal thickening or fluid accumulation decreased significantly to 11.8 and 5.3% respectively. In 2 cases the development of chronic sinusitis required secondary surgeries. &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The present retrospective study revealed that minor radiological changes in the morphology of the maxillary sinus mucosa were observed preoperatively in 17.1% of patients who underwent LSFA procedures. In the early and late postoperative period their frequency increased to 68.5% and 47.1%, r espectively. However, the clinical signs o f sinusitis developed only in 19.26% of patients. No significant correlations were found between the frequency and severity of postoperative radiological changes and residual bone height, sinus anatomy, initial state of the mucous membrane and type of the grafting material.

Does the Presence of Pathological Change in the Schneiderian Membrane Increase the Risk of Membrane Perforation During Sinus Floor Elevation? A Systemic Review.

A Schneiderian membrane (SM) thickness of >2 mm is regarded as a pathological mucosal change. The current study aimed to determine whether sinus floor elevation (SFE) in the presence of SM pathology increases the risk of membrane perforation and implant failure rate. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases were systemically searched for studies published until February 2020. Randomized and nonrandomized studies reporting the incidence of SM perforation in patients with SM pathology (antral pseudocyst or mucosal thickening) during SFE were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of SM perforation and implant survival rate. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed-effects model. A P value ≤.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Eighteen studies with a total of 1542 patients and 1797 SFE were included. A nonsignificant difference in the incidence of SM perforation was observed between the normal-appearing sinus and thickened sinus mucosa (fixed effects; OR, 0.896; 95% CI, 0.504-1.59; P = .707, I2 = 32%). The rates of SM perforation in the normal sinus, mucosal thickening, and antral pseudocysts were 14%, 6%, and 6% respectively. The implant survival rate was 98% in the normal sinus and 100% in antral pseudocyst and mucosal thickening. SM thickening or antral pseudocysts did not increase the risk of membrane perforation or rate of implant failure. Additional randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the effect of pathological changes in the SM on the failure of bone augmentation and dental implants.

One-step lateral window approach for removal of benign minor sinus pathologies combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation without bone grafts: a retrospective study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of a lateral window approach for removal of benign minor sinus pathologies combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation. From 2014 to 2018, all patients who received sinus pathology removal via a lateral window approach combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation were screened. The serous exudate or minor sinus pathology was drained or removed via lateral window approach. Subsequently, transcrestal sinus floor elevation without grafting and simultaneous implant placement were performed. Panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography were taken preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and after prosthesis delivery. Twelve patients were included in this study. The decrease in Schneiderian membrane thickness was statistically significant (P<0.001). Endo-sinus bone formation was observed on the buccal (1.35±2.31mm) and palatal (1.61±2.65mm) sites of the implant. The implant survival rate was 100%. All implants survived for an average of 21.83±11.11 months. Within the limitations of this study, we suggest that the lateral window approach for minor sinus pathology removal combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation has several advantages including endo-sinus bone gain without bone graft, minimal patient discomfort, reduced postoperative complications and shorter treatment period.

Correlation of Gingival Phenotype and Schneiderian Membrane Thickness: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Background and Purpose: Gingival phenotype (GP) can be measured in patient's clinical evaluations to predict the Schneiderian membrane thickness (SMT). Materials and Methods: In this analytic observational cross-sectional study, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 310 patients requiring implant surgery in the first or second molar area of maxilla were selected. The GP was determined by inserting a periodontal probe into gingival sulcus. If the outline of the underlying periodontal probe could be seen through the gingival, it was categorized as thin; if not, it was recorded as thick. The examiner measured SMT by calculating the average thickness of the Schneiderian membrane in three sequent cuts of CBCT images. All analyses were performed using SPSS Version 24 software. To analyze the data, independent samples test, Pearson correlation, and linear regression were performed. The level of significance was set at P = 0.05. Results: Age had no statistically significant relation with SMT and GP (P = 0.666 and P = 0.842, respectively). The difference of SMT among males and females was not statistically significant (P = 0.196). In terms of GP, males and females were statistically significantly different such that females had thin GP more frequently compared to males (P = 0.003). SMT was statistically significantly thinner in patients with thin GP compared to those with thick GP (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: It may be suggested that GP is an important clinical predictor for SMT, particularly if CBCT evaluations or histological examinations are not possible.

The effect of residual bone height and membrane thickness on sinus membrane perforation in crestal sinus grafting: A prospective clinical study

This study sought to determine the rate of sinus membrane perforation in patients undergoing crestal sinus grafting, as well as the effect of Schneiderian membrane thickness and residual bone height (RBH) on membrane perforation, using cone beam computed tomography. The study included 25 patients undergoing 44 crestal sinus grafting procedures. The sites for crestal sinus grafting were divided into a control group (RBH≥5mm) and a test group (RBH<5mm). All sinus grafting procedures were also categorised based on membrane thickness: group A (<1mm), group B (1–2mm), and group C (≥2mm). The rate of membrane perforation was 18.2%. The median RBH measurement was 5.59mm. No statistically significant difference in membrane perforation rate was found between the test and control groups (P=0.262). The median thickness of the Schneiderian membrane was 1.35mm. There was no statistically significant difference in membrane perforation among the three membrane thickness groups (P=0.431). No significant correlation between RBH and membrane perforation was observed, although clinical observation indicated that there was a tendency for an increased membrane perforation rate in the presence of a RBH<5mm. The perforation rate was found to be at its highest when the membrane was thinner than 1mm.

Radiological changes in maxillary sinus morphology after lateral sinus floor augmentation.

&lt;b&gt;Background:&lt;/b&gt; Restoration of the masticatory function in patients with edentulous posterior maxilla is often challenging due to the severe atrophy of the alveolar ridges and proximity of the maxillary sinus, resulting in insufficient bone quantity for implant-supported dentures. &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in Schneiderian membrane thickness after lateral sinus floor augmentation (LSFA) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Material and methods:&lt;/b&gt; WLSFA procedures using different bone grafting materials were performed in 87 patients, operated on in two clinical institutions from 2016 to 2018. CBCT examination was performed in all patients before the LSFA procedure, at 1 month after surgery, and after 6 months, before implant placement or loading. &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results: &lt;/b&gt;Minor r adiological changes in mucous membrane morphology were observed preoperatively in 17.1% of patients. Postoperative CBCT in the early postsurgical period demonstrated that the number of intact non-specific sinuses decreased significantly, i.e. from 86.7% to 26.7%. The number of cases with local hypertrophia of the mucous membrane increased from 20.3% to 26.7%. Mucosal thickening was observed in 41.7% vs 7.5%. The number of intact sinuses increased to 57.8%. The number of cases with local membrane hypertrophia also increased - to 37.4%. The number of cases with mucosal thickening or fluid accumulation decreased significantly to 11.8 and 5.3% respectively. In 2 cases the development of chronic sinusitis required secondary surgeries. &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The present retrospective study revealed that minor radiological changes in the morphology of the maxillary sinus mucosa were observed preoperatively in 17.1% of patients who underwent LSFA procedures. In the early and late postoperative period their frequency increased to 68.5% and 47.1%, respectively. However, the clinical signs of sinusitis developed only in 19.26% of patients. No significant correlations were found between the frequency and severity of postoperative radiological changes and residual bone height, sinus anatomy, initial state of the mucous membrane and type of the grafting material.