Sample Thickness Research Articles

Sample Thickness Effect on Quantitative Analysis by Hand‐Held X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers

ABSTRACTCommercially available hand‐held X‐ray fluorescence (HH‐XRF) spectrometers have their own quantitative analysis software. When the elements Se and Cd in soil samples are measured and quantified, the calculated concentrations sometimes fail by a factor of 1/2 for Cd, although the values obtained for Se are accurate. This is because of the escape depth length of fluorescent X‐rays. Easy ways to overcome this problem are presented; two point calibration, or at least one point and one blank is enough. Problems associated with mercury evaporation from the sample is also discussed. Filter paper analysis is used as an example for the present work, and a five‐filter pile of ash‐less paper is concluded to have better sensitivity than a single paper filter analysis.

Crossover from Conventional to Unconventional Superconductivity in 2M-WS2.

Leveraging the reciprocal-space proximity effect between superconducting bulk and topological surface states (TSSs) offers a promising way to topological superconductivity. However, elucidating the mutual influence of bulk and TSSs on topological superconductivity remains a challenge. Here, we report pioneering transport evidence of a thickness-dependent transition from conventional to unconventional superconductivity in 2M-phase WS2 (2M-WS2). As the sample thickness reduces, we see clear changes in key superconducting metrics, including critical temperature, critical current, and carrier density. Notably, while thick 2M-WS2 samples show conventional superconductivity, with an in-plane (IP) upper critical field constrained by the Pauli limit, samples under 20 nm exhibit a pronounced IP critical field enhancement, inversely correlated with 2D carrier density. This marks a distinct crossover to unconventional superconductivity with strong spin-orbit-parity coupling. Our findings underscore the crucial role of sample thickness in accessing topological states in 2D topological superconductors, offering pivotal insights into future studies of topological superconductivity.

Influence of clinical risk factors for preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) on the elastic strength of fetal membranes at term: A prospective study.

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) before 37 weeks of gestation is a common obstetrical event, whose pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Our objective was to study the mechanical strength of fetal membranes in women with a clinical risk factor for preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). We included, in a prospective, descriptive, single-center study, patients scheduled for cesarean section at term (≥ 37 weeks of gestation). For each patient, we performed uniaxial tensile tests on fetal membranes with a universal testing machine equipped with a force sensor (EZ20®, Lloyds), allowing the recording of an applied force/time curve. We collected maximum force (Fmax), maximum stress (σMax), and Young's modulus of elasticity. The thickness of each membrane sample was also measured. We compared the values obtained according to certain clinical risk factors for PPROM such as age, body mass index, gravidity, parity, a history of PPROM or preterm birth, smoking, gestational diabetes, geographic origin, and socioeconomic level. We analyzed 31 patients and found no association between the studied risk factors and σMax. Fmax was lower in primiparous patients (p = 0.02) but increased with patient parity (p = 0.005). Gestational diabetes was associated with a higher Fmax (p = 0.033) and sub-Saharan geographical origin with a greater thickness (p = 0.0043). As membrane thickness increased, σMax (p = 0.009) and Young's modulus decreased (p = 0.037). Primiparous patients have lower membrane mechanical strength than patients who have had one or more deliveries. Mechanically, the thicker membranes are less rigid and less resistant.

In situ heating coherent X-ray diffraction imaging for visualizing nanometer-scale structural changes in metallic materials

In this study, an in situ microscopy method was developed to nondestructively visualize structural changes at the nanometer scale in thick samples during heating. This method, termed in situ heating coherent X-ray diffraction imaging, successfully captured the structural changes in micrometer-sized Sn–Bi eutectic alloy particles. Specifically, it monitored the movement of the interface between the Bi- and Sn-rich phases as the temperature increased, with a full-period spatial resolution of 47.8 nm and a temporal resolution of 10 s. Additionally, the transformation from the solid to liquid phase was observed with a spatial resolution of 281.8 nm and a temporal resolution of 18.9 ms. This technique has considerable potential for visualizing dynamic phenomena in materials science, such as the formation and evolution of precipitates, cracks, and aggregates in materials, under high-temperature conditions.

Cell Division Imaging of Tobacco BY-2 Cells in a 3D Volume by Two-Photon Spinning-Disk Confocal Microscopy.

Plant cells have a unique organization of microtubules during mitosis and cytokinesis. However, it is difficult to observe cell division in plant cells because of the distortion of images caused by thick samples. We addressed this issue by two-photon excitation coupled with spinning-disk confocal microscopy. Herein, we describe the method for observing microtubules and nuclei during cell division in tobacco BY-2 cells by two-photon spinning-disk confocal microscopy. The protocol includes the transformation of BY-2 cells with a plasmid for the expression of tubulin and histone markers, preparation of cells for microscopy, and operation of the two-photon spinning-disk microscope.

Effect of BaO on some radiation shielding parameters of recycling waste soda lime silica glasses system

This study investigates the impact of BaO as an additive on various radiation shielding parameters for recycled waste soda-lime silica glass (WSLSG) composites. Experimental gamma-ray attenuation measurements were performed using 137Cs and 60Co sources and BaO(x) [0.2Bi2O3-0.3ZnO-0.2B2O3-0.3SLS](1-x) glass composites (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05 mole%) with a NaI(Tl) detector. Additionally, theoretical validation of gamma-ray shielding effectiveness was carried out using the EpiXS and Phy-X/PSD programs over a wide gamma-ray energy range (0.015 – 15 MeV). Key parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), transmission factor (TF), and gamma-ray dose rate (Dr) were calculated. For a fixed sample thickness and incident gamma-ray energy, the descending order of TF for the glass samples was determined as: . Furthermore, the fast neutron removal cross section (FNRCS) at 4.5 MeV and the macroscopic removal cross section (MRCS) for fast neutrons were evaluated using Phy-X/PSD and MRCScal software, respectively. The total macroscopic cross section for thermal neutrons (Σth) and TF for fast/thermal neutrons (4 MeV/25.4 meV) were also computed using NGcal and transmission/scatter power software. Results indicated that both FNRCS and MRCS increased with BaO mole %. Additionally, the range (R) and total stopping power (TSP) for selected ions were simulated using SRIM Monte Carlo software over a broad energy range (0.01 - 20 MeV). The TSP and continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) range for electron interactions were deduced using the ESTAR NIST program across an electron energy range of 0.01 - 1000 MeV.

Effect of sample thickness and heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated using laser powder bed fusion

Effect of sample thickness and heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated using laser powder bed fusion

A 3D modeling of the effect of layup orientation on the thickness uniformity of cured composite L-shaped laminates

This paper presents a three-dimensional modeling approach for the curing process of polymer-matrix composites (PMCs). The presented model could fully characterize the heat transfer, exothermic reactions in resin crosslinking, material time-varying properties, resin flow, and fiber compaction during the curing process. The predicted non-uniform distribution of thickness of the L-shaped composite laminate samples coincides well with experimental results. It is observed that the three-dimensional model, compared to the two-dimensional model, better captures the solidification in complex structural regions, such as the R-corner and the thickness variation region. By comparing the residual stress, fiber volume fraction, and non-uniform thickness of the laminate samples with different layup orientations, the experimental and computational results both show that the corner region of [90]20 laminate is thinner than other regions, with a higher fiber volume fraction. This is attributed to the mismatch of reactive stresses between the tool side and bag side, primarily compressive radial stress. In contrast, the corner region of the [0]20 laminate is thicker than other regions, with a lower fiber volume fraction. This difference is mainly due to the mismatch of radial stresses, hindrance caused by compressive hoop stresses in the compaction process, and potential wrinkling of hoop fibers due to interlaminar shear constraints.

An efficient high-quality cutting method for thick SiCf/SiC ceramic matrix composites using UV laser multiline layered scanning with focus increment optimization

Laser-layered scanning techniques have achieved considerable success in cutting and drilling applications. However, their effectiveness in processing SiCf/SiC ceramic matrix composites—critical materials for next-generation aerospace thermal components—remains less than optimal. This study addresses the challenge of enhancing the quality and efficiency of cutting thick samples by being the first to highlight the crucial influence of focus increment adjustments in the laser-layered scanning process. Specifically, it examines the relationship between the predetermined laser focus drop per layer and the actual ablation depth achieved. Systematic analysis explores the impact of focus increment adjustments on both the macroscopic structural alterations during cutting and the microstructural characteristics of the cut surfaces. The findings demonstrate that the UV nanosecond laser multi-line layered scanning technique is particularly effective for processing thick SiCf/SiC samples, achieving a surface area of 5 × 5 mm² (Sa 366.92 nm) in just 117.58 s. By optimising the focus increment, a high and stable material removal rate is maintained throughout the process, reducing surface oxidation, minimising the formation of a recast layer, and reducing fibre interface debonding. Additionally, the study reveals the mechanism behind the formation of surface taper and presents a method to achieve a taper-free surface by adjusting the laser incidence angle. These findings provide valuable insights for the rapid and high-quality machining of matrix composites, offering significant improvements over existing methods.

Thickness dependence of the second magnetization peak effect in Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 single crystals

The second magnetization peak (SMP) effect has been observed widely in many type-II superconductors, but the reason remains elusive. This effect manifests an enhanced critical current density with magnetic field and should be very useful for applications. By measuring the magnetization of optimally doped Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 single crystals with different thickness, it is found the SMP effect exists in thick samples and gradually becomes invisible when the sample thickness is reduced to the scale of micrometer. Detailed investigation on the vortex dynamics on samples with different thickness clearly show that there is a common behavior of vortex dynamics in the low field region, which may be characterized by the Bragg glass like elastic vortex motion. This feature holds on in the whole field region for the thin samples, while it turns into the SMP effect for thicker samples when the field is increased. The results suggest that the SMP effect may be induced by the entanglement of the vortex system, and the absence of the SMP effect in thin samples is attributed to the cutoff of the entangled vortex length along c-axis.

Microwave absorption properties and mechanism of novel apatite-type materials Mn₂Gd₇.₅Ce₀.₅(SiO₄)₆O₂

Manganese minerals possess a high intrinsic magnetic moment, making them excellent materials for microwave absorption. Rare earth elements, with their unique electronic structures and interactions between spin electrons and orbitals, can further enhance the performance of absorbing materials. In this study, we designed a novel microwave absorbing material by incorporating manganese into an apatite structure with adjustable chemical composition. The material Mn₂Gd₇.₅Ce₀.₅(SiO₄)₆O₂, exhibiting specific microwave absorption properties, was synthesized using a high-temperature solid-phase method. The results indicate that at a sample thickness of 5 mm, the absorption frequency bandwidth below −10 dB within the 2–12 GHz range reaches 1.2 GHz, with a peak absorption of −21.78 dB. Additionally, smaller particles were prepared using the sol-gel method, achieving a peak absorption of −39.75 dB. The primary absorption mechanism for both particle types is attributed to magnetic loss. This work presents a new approach to designing microwave absorbing materials and significantly contributes to expanding the range of apatite-type materials.

Reliability Analysis for Dynamic Behaviour, Stiffness, and Strength of Existing Steel Truss Bridge BH77

Railway bridges are old, especially on the Sumatra island and according to earthquake map on 2017 version show an increased risk, it is necessary to analyze the reliability of dynamic behaviour to extend the bridge life and damage can be detected early. The bridge reliability was assessed in terms of natural frequency, deflection, and internal force . The study was conducted on the BH77 Railway Bridge in Tegineneng-Lampung, a through truss type. Reliability analysis with a non-deterministic approach, using the probability concept, variability used is the dimensions of steel profiles based on fabrication drawings and field measurements. The research uses secondary data, one of which is measurement of the circumference of the steel cross section, that influenced by the paint layer, where the paint thickness sample to correct and obtain the actual dimensions. Dynamic behaviour analysis, consisting of modal analysis, Fast Fourier Transform, time history, and First Order Reliabilty Method. The analysis results showed the effect of steel dimension correction compared to the fabrication drawings did not have a significant effect on the changes in the values of natural frequencies, mode shapes, deflections, and internal forces. The reliability of the dynamic behaviour obtained was 99% at all reviews. Which indicates that the bridge is safe against potential resonance, the bridge stiffness is still high, and the axial+moment capacity is still sufficient against static & earthquake loads, as well as good bridge maintenance. The largest deflection point as a reference for placing strain and vibration gauges on structural health monitoring systems.

Investigation of the Effect of Compression Force on the Tensile Strength and Infiltration Rate of Pervious Concrete Blocks

Pervious concrete is widely used as a paving material. Pervious pavement is generally constructed by pouring fresh pervious concrete and compacting. However, it has some difficulties such as finishing and curing. In addition, the road has to be closed, until the pervious concrete gains enough strength. Pervious concrete block is a new material that can overcome these difficulties. In this study, the effect of compression force on the strength and infiltration rate of pervious concrete blocks has been investigated. The compaction process was different from traditional methods in this study, and was applied according to predesignated compression forces on fresh pervious concrete mixtures sensitively. Within the scope of the study, 36 different mixtures were produced by applying four different compression forces (25, 50, 75, and 100 kN) in three different sample thicknesses (60, 80, and 100 mm) with three different aggregate sizes (2–4, 4–8, and 8–16 mm). As a result, it was found that while the increase in the compression force increases the splitting tensile strength of pervious concrete blocks with 2–4 and 4–8 mm aggregate, it causes a decrease in the strength due to the aggregate crushing phenomenon in mixtures with 8–16 mm aggregate, 6 cm thick samples. In this study, it was seen that the expectation that the increase in compaction would always cause an increase in strength is not valid, contrary to the literature. The infiltration rate decreased as the compression force increased, as expected. It was determined that the new infiltration rate measurement method has been found effective. Considering the strength requirement in the TS 2824 EN 1338 standard, pervious concrete blocks produced with 4–8 mm aggregate, compressed with 75 kN force and having 80 mm thickness have been determined as the optimum block type.

Improving Resistive Heating, Electrical and Thermal Properties of Graphene-Based Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Nanocomposites by Controlled 3D Printing.

This study developed a novel 3D-printable poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based nanocomposite incorporating 6 wt% graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with programmable characteristics for resistive heating applications. The results highlighted the significant effect of a controlled printing direction (longitudinal, diagonal, and transverse) on the electrical, thermal, Joule heating, and thermo-resistive properties of the printed structures. The 6 wt% GNP/PVDF nanocomposite exhibited a high electrical conductivity of 112 S·m-1 when printed in a longitudinal direction, which decreased significantly in other directions. The Joule heating tests confirmed the material's efficiency in resistive heating, with the maximum temperature reaching up to 65 °C under an applied low voltage of 2 V at a raster angle of printing of 0°, while the heating Tmax decreased stepwise with 10 °C at the 45° and the 90° printing directions. The repeatability of the Joule heating performance was verified through multiple heating and cooling cycles, demonstrating consistent maximum temperatures across several tests. The effect of sample thickness, controlled by the number of printed layers, was investigated, and the results underscore the advantages of programmable 3D printing orientation in thin layers for enhanced thermal stability, tailored electrical conductivity, and efficient Joule heating capabilities of 6 wt% GNP/PVDF composites, positioning them as promising candidates for next-generation 3D-printed electronic devices and self-heating applications.

A Bayesian approach to estimate flame spread model parameters over the cylindrical PMMA samples under various gravity conditions

The flammability limit of cylindrical polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) samples in an opposed-flow was observed experimentally under various gravity levels at 1G or more utilizing a centrifuge. Flame spread on the sample was observed, and the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) was measured in various opposed-flow velocities ranging from 5 to 30 cm/s. Two rotating radii of the centrifuge were tested to assess the effects of Coriolis force on the LOC. A scale analysis model, based on an energy balance equation, was evaluated for thermally thick cylindrical samples. The buoyancy-induced flow was modeled in the analytical model. Model parameters were evaluated with a Bayesian approach: The Metropolis Hasting (a Markov Chain Monte Carlo) method. The results indicated that flames were tilted by the Coriolis force when the oxygen concentration was sufficiently rich from the LOC in 4G. However, the effects were negligible under the oxygen concentration conditions near LOC. No significant difference in the LOC was also observed even when the rotating radius of the centrifuge changed. At 1G or higher, the LOC approached to a certain value asymptotically with decreasing the opposed-flow velocity. The LOC also increased with increasing the gravity level and sample diameter. The measured LOCs were used to sample model parameters using MCMC methods. Consequently, a suitable fitting curve of the model to the experimental LOC was obtained. Using the predicted model parameters, the LOC under microgravity, Moon, and Mars conditions were predicted as a function of the opposed-flow velocity. In microgravity, the LOC increased greatly with decreasing the forced flow velocity (the radiative extinction regime), and the minimum LOC (MLOC) was recognized. On Moon, the credible interval of LOC was rather large in the low-velocity region, and the MLOC was also recognized. Moreover, it was possible that the cylindrical PMMA sample exhibited the highest flammability not under microgravity but a partial gravity condition.Novelty and SignificanceFrom observing the limiting oxygen concentration of the flammability limit for cylindrical polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) samples in opposed-flows under various gravity conditions, we developed a model of limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) for thick cylindrical samples with the buoyancy induced flow was developed, and we estimated difficult-to-predict parameters using Bayesian statistical methods. Using this model, we can estimate the flammability limits under various gravity conditions of manned space exploration, including Moon and Mars. In addition, the present study shows that the minimum limiting oxygen concentration (MLOC) is the lowest in partial gravity. These results open a new research field for partial gravity combustions, apart from the normal gravity and microgravity and contribute to the understanding on the fire safety on manned space explorations to Moon and Mars.

Laser-Induced Silver Nanowires/Polymer Composites for Flexible Electronics and Electromagnetic Compatibility Application.

Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IOT), electronics, and neural interfaces are becoming an integral part of our life. These technologies place unprecedentedly high demands on materials in terms of their mechanical and electrical properties. There are several strategies for forming conductive layers in such composites, e.g., volume blending to achieve a percolation threshold, inkjet printing, lithography, and laser processing. The latter is a low-cost, environmentally friendly, scalable way to produce composites. In our work, we synthesized AgNW and characterized them using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Selective area electron diffraction (SAED). We found that our AgNW absorbed in the UV-vis range of 345 to 410 nm. This is due to the plasmon resonance phenomenon of AgNW. Then, we applied the dispersion of AgNW on the surface of the polymer substrate, dried them and we got the films of AgNW.. We irradiated these films with a 432 nm laser. As a result of the treatment, we observed two processes. The first one was the sintering and partial melting of nanowires under the influence of laser radiation, as a consequence of which, the sheet resistance dropped more than twice. The second was the melting of the polymer at the interface and the subsequent integration of AgNW into the substrate. This allowed us to improve the adhesion from 0-1 B to 5 B, and to obtain a composite capable of bending, with radius of 0.5 mm. We also evaluated the shielding efficiency of the obtained composites. The shielding efficiency for 500-600 nm thick porous film samples were 40 dB, and for 3.1-4.1 µm porous films the shielding efficiency was about 85-90 dB in a frequency range of 0.01-40 GHz. The data obtained by us are the basis for producing flexible electronic components based on AgNW/PET composite for various applications using laser processing methods.

The effect of filler distribution on electromagnetic properties of nanocarbon/magnetic particles/polymer composites

The type of multi-component fillers and their spatial distribution in conductive polymer-based composites greatly influenced their electrical properties, electromagnetic shielding efficiency (SE), and absorption capability, which require a deep understanding of how these properties improve with changes in the phase composition, content, and distribution of these fillers in the composite. In this study, three-phase polymer composite materials (CMs) with random (epoxy-based) and segregated (polyethylene-based) distribution of nanocarbon (graphite nanoplatelets GNP and carbon nanotubes CNTs) and magnetic (Fe and Co3O4) fillers have been developed. It was found that permittivity εr′ in the frequency range (40–60 GHz) increases sufficiently with the nanocarbon content and their values are slightly higher for random GNP-filled CMs (εr′=10–15 for 3–5 wt. % GNP) compared to CNT-filled CMs and much higher compared to segregated CMs (εr′=4–7 for 3–5 wt. % of nanocarbon). Dielectric loss tangent tanδ is increased with the nanocarbon content (especially for Fe-filled CMs) and sufficiently higher in segregated CMs compared to similar random composites. These enhanced tanδ values correlate with higher electromagnetic shielding efficiency due to absorption of segregated nanocarbon/magnetic/polyethylene CMs, for example, SEAd ≈ 18–23 dB/mm for 5 wt. %GNP. The most preferable for microwave absorption are random and segregated CMs with 2–3 wt. % GNP/30 wt. % magnetic filler: RLmin = −(27–35) dB, effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) Δf10dB=11.5–12.5GHz at a sample thickness of 0.5–0.7 mm. In CNT-based segregated CMs, |RLmin| and EAB values are lower compared with GNP-based CMs. The ability to manipulate these characteristics is important for obtaining good shielding and absorptive properties in the microwave range of electromagnetic radiation.

Uji Analisis Nikel Ore/Ni (Sampel Cek) Menggunakan Metode Press Pellet Berdasarkan Variasi Suhu Pengeringan, Waktu Pengeringan, dan Berat Sampel Timbangan Press

The purpose of the study was to determine the changes in nickel levels as a result of the analysis on the variation in temperature and drying time as well as the weight of press pellet scale samples from one of the same sample types. This research method is in the form of an experiment with a factorial research design from analysis parameters in the form of MC percentage and nickel ore content of Ni element. The results of the analysis showed that drying at 105°C and 125°C achieved a constant MC during a heating time of 5 to 6 hours. Meanwhile, at a temperature of 145-185 degrees Celsius with an interval of 2-6 hours, the MC level has experienced a constant weight of 44.44%. At the same temperature treatment, which is 105oC, different constant times are obtained. This is influenced by the difference in weight between the two samples, namely in the AP/5 and AP/6 range of 0.360 grams, while AP ORI weighs 1.8 kg. The results of the Epsilon 4 reading showed that the variation in drying temperature at 105°C to 185°C and drying time of 3-6 hours affected the nickel ore content in the range of 1.50% to 1.53%, close to the standard value of nickel 1.50%. The lower the temperature and drying time, the humidity level of the sample increases, causing the nickel ore content to decrease, while the higher the temperature and drying time increases the risk of nickel decomposition. The optimum temperature and drying time is 165°C for 2-4 hours. The press sample weight is between 8-14 grams resulting in a stable nickel content at 1.47%-1.50%, with an optimum weight of 10-14 grams for optimal sample thickness and density.

Short Crack Behavior of an Additively Manufactured Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Under Ultrasonic High Cycle Fatigue Testing

ABSTRACTThe high cycle fatigue (HCF) behaviors of an additively manufactured (AM) Ti–6Al–4V alloy with fully lamellar microstructures processed electron beam powder bed fusion (EB‐PBF) and wire‐fed electron beam directed energy deposition (Sciaky) routes were compared. Ultrasonic fatigue (USF) testing at the stress ratio of R = −1 was applied to monitor the growth of small cracks initiated at surface micronotches. Crack growth rates lower than 10−8 (m/cycle) at ΔK = 6 MPa·m1/2 were measured in samples processed by both methods. The finer α lath thickness (~1 μm) of the Sciaky samples resulted in a slower fatigue crack growth rate than the EB‐PBF samples with coarser laths. The interaction of cracks with the lamellar microstructures was characterized by electron backscatter diffraction. Crack propagation largely followed the lath interfaces in the Sciaky samples, whereas cracks cut across colonies in the EB‐PBF samples. Different fatigue fracture surface characteristics were observed for the EB‐PBF and Sciaky samples.

Simulation Study of High-Precision Characterization of MeV Electron Interactions for Advanced Nano-Imaging of Thick Biological Samples and Microchips.

The resolution of a mega-electron-volt scanning transmission electron microscope (MeV-STEM) is primarily governed by the properties of the incident electron beam and angular broadening effects that occur within thick biological samples and microchips. A precise understanding and mitigation of these constraints require detailed knowledge of beam emittance, aberrations in the STEM column optics, and energy-dependent elastic and inelastic critical angles of the materials being examined. This simulation study proposes a standardized experimental framework for comprehensively assessing beam intensity, divergence, and size at the sample exit. This framework aims to characterize electron-sample interactions, reconcile discrepancies among analytical models, and validate Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for enhanced predictive accuracy. Our numerical findings demonstrate that precise measurements of these parameters, especially angular broadening, are not only feasible but also essential for optimizing imaging resolution in thick biological samples and microchips. By utilizing an electron source with minimal emittance and tailored beam characteristics, along with amorphous ice and silicon samples as biological proxies and microchip materials, this research seeks to optimize electron beam energy by focusing on parameters to improve the resolution in MeV-STEM/TEM. This optimization is particularly crucial for in situ imaging of thick biological samples and for examining microchip defects with nanometer resolutions. Our ultimate goal is to develop a comprehensive mapping of the minimum electron energy required to achieve a nanoscale resolution, taking into account variations in sample thickness, composition, and imaging mode.