Thick Lateral Wall Research Articles

Developmental Anatomy of Gray Matter of Spinal Cord in Animals with Special Reference to Prenatal Goat: A Review

Spinal cord is the major nerve tract of vertebrates, extending from the brain through the vertebral canal. Primordium, the neural tube was initially with thick lateral walls having three layers: inner germinal/ependymal layer, middle mantle layer forming the gray matter and outer marginal layer forming white matter. It presented a diamond-shaped lumen with a sulcus limitans, alar, basal, roof and floor plates and limiting membranes. Gray matter of the cord occupies the central region of spinal cord and in amniotes has in cross section, the well-known ‘H’ or butterfly-like shape. The white matter forms a thick peripheral zone of the cord and is divided by the gray columns into dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi. There are three coumns for the gray matter, viz. the dorsal, ventral and lateral horns, with ventral ones being wider at the enlargements of the cord. Lateral horn appears only at thoracic, anterior lumbar and middle sacral levels. The layers of gray matter were laminae I to X. Lamina I or marginal zone capped the dorsal horn. Lamina II represented substantia gelatinosa and covered the dorsal horn, beneath marginal zone. Lamina III was an area with loosely arranged larger cells, entering the substantia gelatinosa. Lamina IV was a poorly defined cell column with nucleus proprius. Lamina V was a broad zone extending across the cervix of the dorsal horn; had spinal reticular nucleus and reticular processes. The region showed small to medium-sized cells which were most numerous in the zone between the ventral part of the dorsal horn and the lateral funiculus of white matter. Lamina VI was broad with unclear boundaries, related medially to central canal. It had compact medial and less compact lateral zones. Lamina VII shows the intermediate gray matter, with intermediolateral and intermediomedial nuclei, cervical nucleus of Stilling and Clark’s column. Lamina VIII had cells of small and medium size and was not sharply distinguished from lamina VII. Lamina IX had alpha and gamma type of neurons, which were larger at enlargements. Ventral horn had lateral and medial nuclear groups of multipolar neurons. Medial nuclear groups were seen in all regions and lateral groups only at enlargements. Medial nuclear group had dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei; whereas the smaller lateral nuclear group had dorsolateral and ventrolateral nuclei. In addition, the enlargements also had central and retrodorsolateral nuclei. Lamina X was seen around the central canal. Laminae varied in cell size and thickness between regions of the cord. Development of laminae and nuclei of spinal gray in fetuses corresponded to the progressive growth of muscles and skeleton. All the ten laminae were together present in the spinal gray matter by the end of gestation.

Dysmorphic Uterus. Should we Update the Current Classification?

Video Objective To describe three different subtypes of dysmorphic uteri identified using 3D ultrasound and hysteroscopy. Setting Endoscopy unit of an assisted fertility center. Interventions 3D transvaginal ultrasound and diagnostic hysteroscopy. Conclusion We identified three different subtypes of dysmorphic uterus. The T-shaped uterus, with thick lateral walls with normal uterine fundus and interostial distance; the Y-shaped uterus, with thick lateral walls, fundal septum or subseptum and reduced interostial distance; the I-shaped uterus, with very thick lateral walls (even above the isthmus) and severe reduction of the interostial distance.

Subtypes of T-shaped uterus

To present three different subtypes of T-shaped uterus with the use of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging and hysteroscopy. Video article. Fertility center. Three cases showing the different subtypes of T-shaped uterus. 3D ultrasound imaging and hysteroscopy. Distance between the interostial line and external uterine profile at the midcoronal plane of the uterus obtained with the use of transvaginal 3D ultrasound; delineation of the external uterine contour and the length of any existing internal indentation (defined as the distance between the interostial line and the indentation's edge at the cavity). It is possible to identify three different subtypes of T-shaped uterus: the most common type of T-shaped uterus, with thick lateral walls and normal fundus (without septum or subseptum appereance) and interostial distance; the Y-shaped uterus, with thick lateral walls, fundal septum or subseptum, and reduced interostial distance; and the I-shaped uterus, with very thick lateral walls (even above the isthmus) and severe reduction of the interostial distance (tubular appearance of the whole uterus). We solicit to investigate the occurrence of different T-shaped uterus subtypes in large cohorts, to evaluate whether they may have different reproductive outcomes and whether they may need different approaches for surgical correction through hysteroscopic metroplasty.

New Species of Praepusa (Carnivora, Phocidae, Phocinae) from the Netherlands Supports East to West Neogene Dispersal of True Seals / Новый вид Praepusa (Carnivora, Phocidae, Phocinae) из Нидерландов, подтверждающий распростра- нение настоящих тюленей в неогене с востока на запад

AbstractExamination of new fossils (humerus and sacrum) from The Netherlands reveals morphologically-distinctive characters, allowing the description of a new Late Miocene - Early Pliocene representative (Praepusa boeska sp.n.) of the subfamily Phocinae. Diagnostic humeral differences in shape of the coronoid (oval in males vs triangular in females) and depth of the olecranon fossae (shallow in males vs deep in females), as well as the presence of a rounded first ventral foramen and thick lateral wall in the male sacrum, reveal the first evidence of sexual dimorphism in the genus Praepusa. The newly described species adds information on the distribution of true seals, supporting the westward dispersal of this genus across the Paratethys. Strong endemism from closure of the Paratethys, and climatic, geological and stratigraphic diff erences indicate that Praepusa first inhabited the Eastern Paratethys (Early - Middle Miocene, 16.5-13.6 Ma) before dispersing to the Central (Middle Miocene, 13.6-11.2 Ma) and, later, Western (Late Miocene - Early Pliocene, 11.6-3.6 Ma) Paratethys. The Pr. boeska fossils are the youngest to date and have been found the furthest west of any previously described material of this genus. These findings help explain the origin and dispersal among described species of the genus Praepusa in comparison with other genera of the subfamily Phocinae.

Early Embryonic Development of the Camel Lumbar Spinal Cord Segment

The lumbar spinal cord segment of the camel embryo at CVRL 2.4 to 28 cm was examined. Major changes are occurring in the organization of the lumbar spinal cord segments during this early developmental period. At the CVRL 2.4, 2.7 and 3.6 cm the three primary layers, ependymal cells layer, mantle cells layer, marginal cells layer in the developing lumber spinal cord segment were demonstrated. The mantle layer is the first to show striking differentiation, while the marginal layer is represented by thin outer rim. Proliferation and differentiation of the neuroepithelial cells in the developing spinal cord produce the thick lateral walls, thin roof and floor plates. The spinal ganglion and dorsal root of the spinal nerve are differentiated. At 2.7 cm CVRL differential thickening of the lateral walls produces a shallow longitudinal groove called sulcus limitans, which separates the dorsal part (alar plate) from ventral part (basal plate). The ventral root of the spinal nerve, the spinal cord and ganglion are embedded in loose mesenchyme, which tends to differentiate into spinal meninges. At 3.6 cm CVRL the basal plate, which is the future ventral gray horn, seem to be quite voluminous and the dorsal and ventral roots unite to form the beginning of the spinal nerve. At 5.5 cm CVRL the alar plates enlarge forming the dorsal septum. At 8.4 cm to 10.5 cm CVRL the basal plates enlarge, and bulge ventrally on each side of the midline producing the future ventral medium fissure, and the white and gray matters can be recognized. At 28 cm CVRL the lumen of the spinal cord is differentiated into the central canal bounded dorsally and ventrally by dorsal and ventral gray commissures, and therefore the gray matter takes the appearance of a butterfly.The lumber spinal nerve and their roots are well distinguished.

Fine structure of the storage micropocket of spermatozoa in the ovary of the guppy Poecilia reticulata.

To investigate the internal fertilization of the guppy Poecilia reticulata, the present electron microscopic observations were focused on the morphology of the sperm storage site in females. In the ovary of the mature female guppy, many spermatozoa were found in a synaptic knob-shaped micropocket (SSP) as the sperm storage (probably sperm entry) site on the follicle surface which was the expanded blind alley of a small tract extending from the ovarian cavity. Oocytes in the developmental stage of oil droplet formation already showed the attachment of the terminal end of the small tract opening into the ovarian cavity. The lateral wall of the tract attaching to the follicle surface consisted of epithelial cells fast jointed with tight junctions and desmosomes. The thick lateral wall of SSP was constructed with complex epithelial cell layers, and the terminal bottom was comprised of a single layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the follicular layer, which consisted of a very thin thecal cell layer, basement membrane, and granulosa cell layer. The vitellus was enclosed by the follicular layer and thin chorion, in which the micropyle was absent. In fully-grown oocytes, the germinal vesicle containing comparative short chromosomes did not always locate in the vicinity of the storage SSP of spermatozoa.

Secretory tissues of the flower ofSanango racemosum(Gesneriaceae). I. Light microscopy

Sanango racemosum (Ruiz & Pay.) Barringer has a dry stigma without a free-flowing secretion fluid but with a hydrated proteinaceous pellicle. The stigmatic surface is covered with unicellular, bottle-shaped papillae. At maturity, a viscous emulsion is accumulated between the cuticle and the pecto-cellulosic wall of the papillae, causing it to become detached from the surface of the papilla cell walls. The style has a central solid core of transmitting tissue. The cells of the transmitting tissue are rich in starch and exhibit thick lateral walls rich in pectic substance. The nectary disk is a ring elongated into a cup, with five lobes at the top. One of the most conspicuous histological features of the disk is the abundance of starch in the secretory cells. The disk is supplied only by phloem; the stomata are found in the top of the lobes. A fluid substance is produced just before anthesis and secreted through the stomata with no visible decline in starch level. During anthesis and after fertilization, a rapid decline in starch is observed. The hypothesis that the disk has other functions besides that of a nectary is discussed.

A horned dinosaur from the El Picacho Formation of west Texas, and review of ceratopsian dinosaurs from the American southwest

Fragmentary remains of a long-frilled ceratopsian dinosaur from the El Picacho Formation (Maastrichtian) of West Texas pertain to an undescribed form. The remains are, however, insufficient to fully characterize this species. This ceratopsian has long thick squamosals with marginal undulations, nasals lacking a discrete horncore, a thin parietal, and large trihedral epijugals. The braincase has very thick lateral walls, and a well-developed postfrontal foramen. Four species of horned dinosaurs are known from Upper Cretaceous strata of the American Southwest:Pentaceratops sternbergii, Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, Torosaurus utahensis, and the El Picacho ceratopsian. All of these belong to the subfamily Chasmosaurinae.

ABSORBING TRICHOMES IN THE PLEUROTHALLIDINAE (ORCHIDACEAE)

Glandular trichomes occur on both surfaces of leaves of all examined genera and species of the subtribe Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae). Trichome initiation is effected by one periclinal division of a protodermal cell, producing a thin‐walled, globose apical cell with a relatively large nucleus and a subapical stalk cell with heavily cutinized lateral walls. In some species a second periclinal division produces a third small basal cell also having thick lateral walls but thin transverse walls. As leaf development proceeds, the trichome apparatus assumes a sunken position due to continued anticlinal divisions of protoderm. Prior to laminar expansion and guard‐mother‐cell division on the abaxial surface, the wall of the apical cell ruptures and is replaced by a brown opaque residue. Finally, after vascular tissue differentiation and the cessation of meristematic activity, two or more pitted foot cells develop at the base of the trichome and adjacent to the water‐storing hypodermal layers. Preliminary investigations indicate that the trichome apparatus is absorptive throughout its development and similar in function to tillandsioid scales in Bromeliaceae.

Description of Megalophalloides apanhorayi gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Microphallidae) from mice and freshwater crabs of Peru.

Metacercarial stages of a trematode were found in the digestive gland of the freshwater crab, Pseudothelphusa chilensis, from streams of the Cajamarca Highlands, Peru. These were fed to mice, and adults were recovered from their intestines after 5–7 days. The trematodes are described as Megalophalloides apanhorayi gen. et sp.n. within the family Microphallidae, subfamily Microphallinae, tribe Microphallini. A generic diagnosis and a table comparing the new genus with Atriotrema Belopolskaya, 1958, Megalophallus Cable et al., 1960 and Pseudomegalophallus Yamaguti, 1971, are presented. The new genus differs from the three related genera in having a genital atrium with thick lateral walls surrounded by small gland cells, a thin, non-specialized metraterm, and a small, unlined prostatic vesicle.