Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer Research Articles

The effect of calcite on the mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of virgin and recycled thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites

The effect of calcite on the mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of virgin and recycled thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites

Influence of the magnetic field during injection molding on the mechanical behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomers filled with strontium ferrite

Influence of the magnetic field during injection molding on the mechanical behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomers filled with strontium ferrite

Influence of vulcanization system on curing, mechanical, dynamic and morphological properties of maleated natural rubber and its thermoplastic vulcanizate with thermoplastic copolyester elastomer

Influence of vulcanization system on curing, mechanical, dynamic and morphological properties of maleated natural rubber and its thermoplastic vulcanizate with thermoplastic copolyester elastomer

Development of hard ferrite filled thermoplastic elastomers for the production of permanent magnets

In this work, strontium ferrite filled thermoplastic elastomers were developed. A thermoplastic co-polyester elastomer was used as the basis for the investigations. This polymer has good thermal and chemical resistance to oils and greases. Four strontium ferrite filled compounds with different filler contents between 80% and 87.5% of mass fraction were developed. The influence of the filler content on the mechanical and magnetic properties was analysed.

Fiber composite materials via coaxial, dual or blend electrospinning

Abstract Electrospinning (ES) is a suitable and cost effective method to mimic the chemical composition, morphology, and functional surface of natural tissues, for example of the nervous, dermal, vascular, and musculoskeletal systems. This technique is a versatile tool to obtain tailored fibrous scaffolds from various polymer materials. By varying the diameter, porosity, orientation, layering, surface structuring, mechanical properties and biodegradability of the fibers the properties can be adapted for specific applications ranging from implantable medical devices to wound repair and protective clothing. Especially the combination of different polymer types offers a high potential. In this study electrospun two-component nonwoven structures of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TPC-ET) and bioresorbable polylactide (PLLA) were fabricated, using different ES setups. A comparative evaluation in terms of porosity, thermal and mechanical properties as well as required fabrication effort, was performed. Nonwovens made from polymer blends and coaxial spun core-sheath fibers showed similar tensile strength, which was higher than dual electrospun fabrics. Porosity was found to be in the range of 80 - 90%. By modifying the polymer solution and process parameters multicomponent nonwoven structures with tailored properties and drug release profiles can be manufactured.

Modified Polylactic Acid with Improved Impact Resistance in the Presence of a Thermoplastic Elastomer and the Influence of Fused Filament Fabrication on Its Physical Properties

The standard polylactic acid (PLA), as a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer, is commonly used in various industrial sectors, food, and medical fields. Unfortunately, it is characterized by a low elongation at break and low impact energy. In this study, a thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TPCE) was added at different weight ratios to improve the impact resistance of PLA. DSC analysis revealed that the two polymers were immiscible. A good balance of impact resistance and rigidity was reached using the formulation that was composed of 80% PLA and 20% TPCE, with an elongation at break of 155% compared to 4% for neat PLA. This new formulation was selected to be tested in a fused filament fabrication process. The influence of the nozzle and bed temperatures as printing parameters on the mechanical and thermal properties was explored. Better impact resistance was observed with the increase in the two thermal printing parameters. The crystallinity degree was not influenced by the variation in the nozzle temperature. However, it was increased at higher bed temperatures. Tomographic observations showed an anisotropic distribution of the porosity, where it was mostly present between the adjacent printed filaments and it was reduced with the increase in the nozzle and bed temperatures.

Biodegradable thermoplastic copolyester elastomers: Methyl branched PBAmT

Abstract A series of novel biodegradable copolyesters named poly(butylene 3-methyl adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAmT) were synthesized from the monomers of 3-methyl adipic acid (AAm), 1,4-butanediol (BDO), and terephthalic acid (TPA) through a process of esterification and polycondensation. 1H NMR analysis shows that they are random copolymers whose composition can be well controlled by the feed ratio of monomers. From the results of DSC and XRD, the introduction of methyl group successfully destroys the crystallizability of the PBAm chains, thus making it become a relative soft segment compared to PBA, while these random PBAmT copolymers constructed by soft segment PBAm and rigid segment PBT change from semi-crystalline polymers to nearly amorphous polymers as the feed ratio of Am increases. Especially, mechanical tests reveal that the copolymers show outstanding elasticity and rebound resilience with excellent strength. These thermoplastic copolyester elastomers with good performance by simply introduction of branched methyl group on polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) copolymer chains may well explore the potential application of biodegradable PBAT-based material.

First report on fabrication and characterization of soybean hull fiber: polymer composite filaments for fused filament fabrication

The United States is world’s largest producer of soybeans and significant amount of residual soybean hulls is generated during soybean processing. Soymeal and animal feed are the two current low-value outlets for the disposal of the hulls. To enhance the value of the soy hulls, we have made an attempt to use soybean hull-derived fibers as reinforcement in polymer matrix composite filaments for fused filament fabrication (FFF)-based additive manufacturing. In our approach, the soybean hulls were pre-treated with dilute acid hydrolysis followed by defibrillation of the hydrolyzed hulls. Both chemically treated soybean hull fibers (CTSHF) and untreated soybean hull fibers (UTSHF) with 5 and 10 wt.% concentrations were mixed within a thermoplastic copolyester (TPC) elastomer matrix to prepare composite filaments for FFF 3D printing. Studies were performed to understand the influence of CTSHF and UTSHF on the rheological, microstructural, and mechanical properties of these composite filaments. The results indicated improved fiber defibrillation with high-shear mixing and dilute acid hydrolysis. Interestingly, the addition of 5 and 10 wt.% CTSHF to TPC matrix decreased the viscosity when compared to virgin TPC. Furthermore, the CTSHF reduced the amount of porosity, enhanced fiber distribution, and fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion in TPC-CTSHF composites, resulting in enhanced mechanical properties compared to TPC-UTSHF composites. We expect that our study will lead to further investigations on soybean hull fiber-reinforced polymer composites for variety of applications.

Dry Sliding Wear Performance of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer Composites

This research work uncovers the wear performance of short glass fiber (SGF) fortified thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TCE) hybrid composites loaded up with both micro (short carbon fibers, PTFE, SiC, Al2O3 and MoS2) and nano(Al2O3 and PFPE) sized particulate fillers. The readied hybrid composites are tested for tribological performance using pin-on-disc test rig. Test outcomes uncovered that TCE hybrid composite strengthened with SGF and loaded up with PTFE, SiC, Al2O3 and MoS2 displayed better wear resistance, however TCE hybrid composite loaded up with nanolubricating filler i.e. PFPE displayed slightest friction coefficient (μ) in the investigation. This study additionally archives the impact of tribological control factors such as sliding distance, sliding speed and filler content on tribological conduct of TCE composites in terms of specific wear rate (Ks) and μ.

Analysis of the thermoplastic copolyester elastomers market influenced by widening scope of end-use applications

Analysis of the thermoplastic copolyester elastomers market influenced by widening scope of end-use applications

Identification of hyper‐ and viscoelastic properties of different flexible FDM printed specimens

AbstractAdditive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has become a well‐established method in many different fields of fabrication. It is a preferred method to produce small series or even individual parts of components. The present work aims at the experimental identification of the hyper‐ and viscoelastic properties of two different kinds of highly flexible filaments for fused deposition modeling. A thermoplastic polyurethane TPU and a thermoplastic copolyester elastomer TPC. To this end, several uniaxial tensile tests, as well as relaxation experiments of printed specimens are performed. From the measured data we identify the parameters of different hyperelastic models. For the viscoelastic part we find the parameters of a Prony‐series with N elements of a generalized Maxwell‐model. We also consider a model based on generalized fractional elements [1,3,4].

Blends of polylactic acid with thermoplastic copolyester elastomer: Effect of functionalized terpolymer type on reactive toughening

This study is an attempt to explore the effectiveness of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TPCE) as a toughening agent for improving the impact strength of PLA. Biobased Hytrel® thermoplastic copolyester of polyether glycol and polybutylene terephthalate was selected as the TPCE of choice for this study. Blends of PLA/Hytrel at varying weight ratios were prepared using extrusion followed by injection molding technique. Optimal synergies of two polymers were found in the PLA/Hytrel (70/30) blend, showing impact strength of 234 J/m, a sixfold increase compared to neat PLA. In order to obtain further enhancement in toughness, different functionalized terpolymers were added to accomplish reactive compatibilization. A series of functionalized terpolymers, ethylene methyle acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate (EMA‐GMA), ethylene butyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate (EBA‐GMA), ethylene methyl acrylate‐maleic anhydride (EMA‐MaH), and ethylene butyl acrylate‐maleic anhydride (EBA‐MaH) were selected. Comparing PLA ternary blends with different terpolymers, GMA containing terpolymers showed better impact toughness compared to MaH terpolymer blends. Unique fracture surface morphology showing debonding cavitation and massive shear yielding in the ternary blends containing EMA‐GMA resulted in super toughened blends. Highest zero shear viscosity and storage modulus was also observed for ternary blends with EMA‐GMA. Under the processing conditions and blend ratio investigated, EMA‐GMA showed better efficiency in improving the toughness of the PLA blends. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:280–290, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effect of short glass fibre and fillers on friction and wear performance of multi-phased thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites

The friction and wear performance of multi-phased thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TCE) composites were studied, using a pin-on-disc (POD) apparatus. The TCE reinforced with short glass fibre (SGF) and filled with various fillers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), short carbon fibre (SCF), silicon carbide (SiC), micro/nano alumina (m-Al2O3/n-Al2O3), molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) were slid against a steel counterface. The specific wear rate (Ks) and coefficient of friction (µ) of multi-phased TCE composites were studied for a constant applied load of 40 N. Further, influence of various sliding velocity (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 m/s) and sliding distance (2000, 4000 and 6000 m) on Ks and µ were discussed. Multi-phased TCE composite with SGF, PTFE, SCF, SiC, m-Al2O3 and MoS2 demonstrated lower Ks, but TCE with SGF, PTFE, SCF, SiC, n-Al2O3 and PFPE exhibited lower µ in the study group. Multi-phase composites reinforced with fibre and various fillers (micro and nanosized) were found to be beneficial in enhancing the friction and wear performance of neat TCE. Further, increase in sliding velocity resulted in increase in Ks and µ, however decrease in Ks and µ was found with increase in sliding distance. Worn surface morphology of multi-phased TCE composites were analysed with the help of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images to understand the probable wear mechanisms involved in dry sliding wear process.

Abrasive wear behaviour of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites: A statistical approach

Design of polymer composites for tribological applications is a multi-criteria optimization problem. Two-body abrasive wear (2-BAW) behaviour of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TCE) reinforced with and without short glass fiber, filled with various fillers (short carbon fiber, polytetrafluoroethylene, silicon carbide and alumina) in different proportions were influenced by the properties of their constituents. 2-BAW behaviour of multi-phased TCE composites was evaluated using pin-on-disc apparatus. This paper presents an approach to establish the model for predicting the specific wear rate (Ks) of TCE composites. Three-factors and three-levels, facecentered central composite design was used for conducting tests. Response surface methodology was applied to derive the second order quadratic model with the selected parameters. The results indicated that the Ks increases with increase in fiber/filler content and decreases with increase in grit size of silicon carbide (SiC) abrasives and abrading distance. The investigation also revealed that the fiber/filler content is the most influencing factor, followed by grit size of SiC abrasives and abrading distance. The predicted results show close agreement with the experimental. Hence the developed model could be used to predict abrasion behaviour of multi-phased TCE composites satisfactorily. The worn surfaces of TCE composites were analyzed with the help of scanning electron microscope.

Abrasive wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites

Micron-sized polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) particles, short glass fibre (SGF), short carbon fibre (SCF), SiC and Al2O3 particles were used as fillers in thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TCE), and the influence of these fibres and fillers on two-body abrasive wear (single-pass) behaviour of the TCE composites was investigated. The composite samples were prepared by extrusion followed by injection moulding. Their wear behaviour was investigated under ambient conditions in a reciprocating wear apparatus by running a waterproof SiC abrasive paper against the TCE composite sample. The morphology of the wear traces and wear debris was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experiments were planned according to L27 orthogonal array by considering four factors and three levels. The routine abrasive wear tests were also conducted, and the results indicated that TCE-filled PTFE composite demonstrated the best abrasion resistance. Lowest abrasion resistance was observed in case of hybrid TCE composite consisting of PTFE, SGF and SCF, SiC and Al2O3. From the Taguchi’s experimental findings, optimal combinations of control factors were obtained for minimum wear loss. Significant contributions of control factors for abrasive wear were identified by analysis of variance (ANOVA). SEM analysis indicated that severe abrasive wear occurred on the worn surfaces of hybrid TCE composites.

Abrasive wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites

Abrasive wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Three-Body Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer Composites

Various amounts of short fibers (glass and carbon) and particulate fillers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), silicon carbide (SiC), and alumina (Al2O3) were systematically introduced into the thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TCE) matrix for reinforcement purpose. The mechanical properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus, and Tanδby dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and three-body abrasive wear performance on a dry sand rubber wheel abrasion tester have been investigated. For abrasive wear study, the experiments were planned according toL27orthogonal array by considering three factors and three levels. The complex moduli for TCE hybrid composites were pushed to a higher level relative to the TCE filled PTFE composite. At lower temperatures (in the glassy region), the storage modulus increases with increase in wt.% of reinforcement (fiber + fillers) and the value is maximum for the composite with 40 wt.% reinforcement. The loss modulus and damping peaks were also found to be higher by the incorporation of SiC and Al2O3microfillers. The routine abrasive wear test results indicated that TCE filled PTFE composite exhibited better abrasion resistance. Improvements in the abrasion resistance, however, have not been achieved by short-fiber and particlaute filler reinforcements. From the Taguchi’s experimental findings, optimal combination of control factors were obtained for minimum wear volume and also predictive correlations were proposed. Further, the worn surface morphology of the samples was discussed.

Synthesis and characterization of thermoplastic copolyester elastomers modified with fumaric moieties

A series of poly(ether-ester)s derived from dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), dimethyl fumarate (DMF), 1,4-butandiol (BD) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO,Mn = 1000 g/mol) was synthesized in a two stage process involving transesterification and polycondensation in the melt. The mole ratio of the starting components was selected to result in copolymers with a constant hard:soft segment wieght ratio (56:44). The amount of DMF was 10 mol %, referred to the total amount of the esters used. The synthesis was optimized in terms of both the concentration of catalyst, tetra-n-butyl-titanate, Ti(OBu)4 and thermal stabilizerN,N?-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, DPPD, as well as the temperature. The composition and structure of the synthesized poly(ether-ester)s were characterized by 1H-NMR. The number average molecular weights of the polymers calculated from the 1H-NMR spectra were compared with the corresponding values of the inherent viscosity (inh) inm-cresol and the complex dynamic viscosity (

Dynamic Vulcanization of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer/Nitrile Rubber Alloys: II. Rheology, Morphology and Properties

The rheological, mechanical, morphological characteristics, and aging resistance in hot oil of thermoplastic elastomer based on multi-block thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (CPET)/nitrile rubber (NBR) have been in vestigated. The nitrile rubber is dynamically vulcanized during blending with thermoplastic copolyester elastomer. The etching technique was explored to conduct the SEM studies. The prepared thermoplastic elastomers possess ex cellent mechanical properties and good oil resistance.

Rapid solidification of metal-matrix composites having Ag, Au or Cu matrix: Yamada, S., Tsuji, K., Takegawa, Y., Tanimura, A., Menju, A. and Yano, N. (Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd, Osaka and Unitika, Ltd, Hyogo, both of Japan) US Pat 5 022 932 (11 June 1991)

This chapter presents the Table of Poisson's Ratios focusing on parameters such as manufacturer, trade/common name, filler name, approximate filler content (wt%), other features, test temperature (°C), and Poisson's ratios. Polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, acetals-polyoxymethylene homopolymer, polyoxymethylene copolymer, modified polyphenylene ether/polyphenylene oxide, polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, liquid crystalline polymer, polyetherimides, polyamide-imides, polyimides, various nylons, polyphthalamide, polyarylamide, polyethylene, polytrimethylpentene, acrylics, thermoplastic copolyester elastomer, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfi de, polysulfone, and polyphenylsulfone are featured in this table.