Thermogravimetry Fourier Transform Infrared Research Articles

Effect of interaction between different plastics and polyvinyl chloride on the chlorine transformation behavior in volatiles during low-temperature pyrolysis

To reduce the pollution during the pyrolysis recovery of chlorine-containing plastic waste from different sources, effects of the interaction between different plastics and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on the transformation of chlorine at low temperature were investigated by thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) and fixed-bed pyrolysis experiments. Results showed that the proportions of chlorine in chars were all <0.04 %, indicating that almost all chlorine was released after pyrolysis. However, the chlorine forms in volatiles were significantly changed with mixing different plastics. HCl production was significantly inhibited due to the addition of other plastics, while the organic chlorinated compounds (OCCs) formation was promoted, which increased the distribution of chlorine in liquid products. During PVC pyrolysis, chlorine was mainly distributed in gas (93.09 %) in the form of HCl, only a small amount of aliphatic chlorides were generated and distributed in liquid (6.89 %). After the addition of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the chlorine distribution in liquid increased to 8.86 %, 11.98 % and 25.99 %, respectively. The formation of OCCs was significantly affected by the difference in thermochemical reaction characteristics of plastics. Specifically, the production of aromatic chlorides was promoted by PS, while the generation of aliphatic chlorides and aromatic chloroesters was significantly promoted by PE and PET, respectively. Therefore, the release form of chlorine could be significantly altered by the interaction between PVC and other waste plastics, which provides a reference for the regulation of chlorine-containing pollutants in the recovery and utilization of plastic waste.

The Optimization of the Steam-Heat-Treated Process of Rattan (Calamus simplicifolius) Based on the Response Surface Analysis and Its Chemical Changes

The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of steam heat treatment parameters (e.g., temperature, time, and pressure) on the impact toughness of rattan (Calamus simplicifolius). The Box–Behnken design response surface analysis was employed to optimize the steam heat treatment parameters. Impact toughness was selected as the evaluation index, with single-factor tests conducted as a baseline for comparison. Changes in chemical composition, cellulose crystallinity, and pyrolysis properties were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, Thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) spectra, and wet-chemistry methods for both untreated control samples and the heat-treated samples. The results show that a 1 h steam heat treatment at 160 °C under 0.1 MPa pressure has the optimal process parameters for the rattan. The achieved impact toughness value closely matches the predicted value at 71.29 kJ/m2. After the steam heat treatment, hemicellulose and cellulose contents decrease, whereas relative lignin content increases significantly, leading to improved toughness characteristics in Calamus simplicifolius samples. The TG results indicate that maximum weight loss occurs at temperatures of 352 °C, 354 °C, and 361 °C, respectively, for three different samples. This suggests that the thermal stability is enhanced as a result of the heat treatment. These findings will help optimize the heat treatments of the rattan material.

Pyrolysis of municipal plastic waste: Chlorine distribution and formation of organic chlorinated compounds

The release of chlorine during the pyrolysis of actual municipal plastic waste (MPW) was studied. Firstly, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) was analyzed to investigate the chlorine release behavior. Then, the effect of temperature on chlorine migrations was investigated by fast pyrolysis experiments in a fixed bed reactor. Results showed that chlorine released mainly between 241 and 353 °C in the form of HCl or chloroesters during MPW pyrolysis. After pyrolysis, chlorine was mainly distributed in the pyrolytic gas (74.34–82.89 %) and char (10.17–21.29 %). However, the release of chlorine was inhibited due to the melting behavior of MPW at <350 °C. Besides, the relative contents and types of organic chlorinated compounds in liquid products were both decreased with temperature. It was observed that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was the greatest contributor to the formation of organic chlorinated compounds during MPW pyrolysis. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis of PET was significantly promoted by the HCl released from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Subsequently, the pathways for the formation of organic chlorinated compounds through the co-pyrolysis of PVC and PET were proposed, including the initial degradation and subsequent chlorination of PET. These findings provided new insights into the release and regulation of chlorine-containing pollutants during actual MPW pyrolysis.

Combining inherent and additive phosphorus-containing flame retardants for enhancing flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects on polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foam

This study focuses on further improving flame retardancy and reducing the amount of toxic-smoke released of phosphorous-containing flame-retardant polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams (FPIRs) through the additive effect between reactive flame-retardant diol (BEOPMS) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). The surface morphologies, combustion behavior and flame-retardant mechanism of FPIRs were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter (CC) and thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis. It was found that the addition of DMMP decreased the thermal-degradation temperature and reduced the compressive strength gradually of FPIRs. More importantly, the PHRR, THR, and TSR of FPIR were observed to be depressed by 72%, 82% and 38%, respectively, in the case of adding only 15 phr DMMP in the FPIR system. The LOI of FPIR could significantly improve from 22.0 vol% to 29.5 vol% after the introduction of BEOPMS and 25 phr DMMP together. Based on CC, TG-FTIR, and SEM/EDS analysis, an additive effect mainly in the gas phase between BEOPMS and DMMP was included to explain the beneficial effect in suppressing heat and smoke release.

Study on Flame Retardancy Behavior of Epoxy Resin with Phosphaphenanthrene Triazine Compound and Organic Zinc Complexes Based on Phosphonitrile

A novel flame retardant phosphorus-containing organozinc complex (Zn-PDH) was prepared using zinc and iron as the metal center and 4-aminopyridine, with low steric hindrance, as the organic ligand, then using phosphazene to modify the organometallic complex (Zn-4APD). The flame retardant properties and mechanism of Zn-PDH/Tris-(3-DOPO-1-propyl)-triazinetrione (TAD) in epoxy resin (EP) were investigated. Flame inhibition behavior was studied by the vertical combustion test (UL94), while limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement and flame retardant properties were studied by the cone calorimeter test (CONE). The flame retardant modes of action were explored by using the thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) test, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy (LRS). When TAD and Zn-PDH were added to the epoxy resin in the ratio of 3:1, the system achieved a balance between the gas-phase and condense-phase actions of the flame retardant effects, and the 3%TAD/1%Zn-PDH/EP composite system achieved not only good flame inhibition but also obtained good smoke and heat suppression performance, showing a comprehensive flame retardant performance. The gas phase and Zn-PDH mostly promoted charring with a barrier and protective effect in the condensed phase. As for the mechanism, TAD released the phosphorus-containing radicals and phenoxy radicals during decomposition and mainly exerted a gas-phase quenching effect. While in the condense phase, Zn-PDH promoted the decomposition of the polymer matrix to produce more aromatic structures and rapidly formed a complete and dense carbon layer rich in P-O-C crosslinked structures at high temperatures. Meanwhile, more N entered the gas phase in the form of inert gas, which diluted the concentration of the combustible fuel and helped to inhibit the combustion reaction.

Study on the Staged and Direct Fast Pyrolysis Behavior of Waste Pine Sawdust Using High Heating Rate TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS.

To understand the fast pyrolysis kinetics and product evolution of waste pine sawdust, high heating rate thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) was used to obtain the kinetic parameters and the chemical groups formed during the pyrolysis process, while pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was used to investigate the detailed compositions of products under the staged (seven stages from 300 to 600 °C) and direct fast pyrolysis process. Spectral bands were identified for acids, alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, esters, ethers, hydrocarbons, ketones, phenols, and sugars. Research found that the apparent activation energy for fast pyrolysis is much higher than that of slow pyrolysis. The evolution of CO2 is the major deoxygenation route. Cracking mainly occurred at the 450 °C stage with phenols, ketones, aldehydes, and sugars as the main products. The product distributions for different stages are significantly different; the selectivity of aldehydes decreased, while phenols showed an upward trend with an increase in pyrolysis temperature. Ketones and sugars reached their peak values at 450 °C. The changes in the molecular composition of each stage helped to understand the pyrolysis process. Compared with the staged pyrolysis, the direct pyrolysis process had higher selectivity of acids, aldehydes, esters, and sugars and lower selectivity of phenols, ketones, and alcohols.

Influence of Carbonate Minerals on Heavy Oil Oxidation Behavior and Kinetics by TG-FTIR

The impact of rock minerals on the performance of in situ combustion (ISC) techniques for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is very important. This work is aimed at investigating the influence of carbonate rocks (dolomite and calcite) on heavy oil oxidation by Thermogravimetry–Fourier-Transform-Infrared (TG-FT-IR) coupled analysis. Two heavy oils with 19.70° and 14.10° API were investigated. Kinetic analysis was performed using TG data by differential and integral isoconversional methods. From TG-DTG curves, three reaction stages, i.e., low-temperature oxidation (LTO), fuel deposition (FD), and high-temperature oxidation (HTO), were defined for both two heavy oil samples, and their reaction mechanism was explained combining the FT-IR data. After the addition of calcite or dolomite, three reaction stages became two with the disappearance of FD, and a significant shift of reaction stages into lower temperatures was also observed. These significant changes in oxidation behavior are because calcite and dolomite promoted the coke formation and combustion by reducing the activation energy barrier and changing reaction pathways, which results in a smooth transition from LTO to HTO. Dolomite exhibited a slightly better promotion effect on LTO-FD than calcite, while calcite exhibited a better acceleration effect on FD-HTO than dolomite in terms of shifting reaction stages. Generally, calcite exhibited a better catalytic effect than dolomite. In spite of the different catalytic performance of calcite and dolomite, they do both show positive effects on combustion process regardless of the difference in the properties and composition of heavy oils. The findings in this work indicate that calcite and dolomite rocks are favorable for the ISC process, and when it comes to the ISC kinetics, the interaction between crude oil and rock must be considered.

Synergistic effect of piperazine pyrophosphate and epoxy-octavinyl silsesquioxane on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

In order to solve the contradiction between the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin, piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) and epoxy-octavinyl silsesquioxane (EOVS) are applied as flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP). With the introduction of PAPP and EOVS, the properties of the EP composites about flame retardancy, mechanical properties and smoke suppression are significantly improved. EP/9 wt% PAPP/1 wt% EOVS (EP3) passes a vertical burning (UL-94) test V-0 rating and acquires the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test value of 32.4%. The results of cone calorimeter (CC) tests confirm that the incorporation of PAPP and EOVS significantly reduces the total heat release (THR), peak heat release (PHRR), total smoke production (TSP) and peak smoke produce rate (PSPR) values, which are respectively decreased by 25%, 81%, 57% and 63% compared with those of pure EP. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) spectroscopy are adopted to analyze the flame-retardant mechanism of PAPP/EOVS flame retardants. These results reveal that the flame retardancy of EP3 is attributed to the excellent charring ability, the dilution effect of non-combustible gases and the flame inhibition of gaseous phosphorous compounds. Besides, the tensile and impact strength of EP3 increase benefitting from the presence of epoxy groups and Si-O bonds in EOVS. This work proposes a new method to prepare the mechanically reinforced and flame-retardant epoxy resin.

The selection of outgas temperature for shale in low-pressure N2 adsorption: An evidence from thermogravimetry

Low-pressure N2 adsorption (LPNA) could provide quantitative data for characterizing the pores in gas shale. However, the inconsistencies of outgas temperature have caused significant deviations in LPNA experiments. To explore the effects of outgas temperature on pore characteristics, two shale samples of Lower Cambrian Niutitang formation from Northern Guizhou, China, were collected for LPNA experiments and thermogravimetry-fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) spectroscopy. The samples were outgassed at six temperatures: 80°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C. Larger adsorbed volumes were presented in the isotherms at higher outgas temperatures. Similar regularity is obtained from the relationship between specific surface area, micropore volume and outgas temperature. Comprehensive analysis of TG-FTIR and LPNA at different outgas temperature indicated that at lower outgas temperatures (from 80°C to 100°C), the free water was unlikely to be removed completely, and resulted in large amounts of micropores couldn’t be accessed. An excessive outgas temperature might expulse liquid hydrocarbons or decompose organic matter (from 200°C to 300°C), and could lead to the generation of micropores. When the sample were outgassed at 150°C, TG-FTIR analysis indicated that the sample composition unchanged and a better removal of free water happened. Therefore, 150°C should be a suitable outgas temperature for shale in LPNA experiments. The findings in this research not only provide reliable evidence for the selection of outgas procedure in LPNA for shale, but clarify the important effects of free water and volatile materials on pore accessibility in shale.

Pyrolysis of Biomass: The Effect of Lipids During Protein Pyrolysis by Thermogravimetry Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry

With the excessive use of fossil fuels, the search for new energy sources has become urgent. Biomass pyrolysis has attracted attention; however, its development has been restricted by the formation of NOx precursors, which result mainly from protein pyrolysis. In addition, the effect of lipids on this process is not clear presently. We extracted proteins and lipids from chlorella and sewage sludge to investigate the thermal decomposition characteristics, thermodynamic properties, kinetic parameters, and reaction mechanisms of protein and protein with lipids. Two model-free methods (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Friedman (FM)) were used to calculate the kinetic energy. Between 150 and 600 ℃, the average activation energy (E) of sludge protein was 73.63 kJ/mol (FM) or 72.53 kJ/mol (FWO), whereas with lipids, it was 129.19 kJ/mol (FM) or 124.55 kJ/mol (FWO), indicating that lipids restrict the pyrolysis of sludge protein. There was no significant difference between E of chlorella protein and chlorella protein with lipids. Moreover, the release of NOx precursors (NH3 and HCN) was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry linked to thermogravimetry. The proteins in sludge and chlorella released less NH3 under the influence of lipids, however, the formation of HCN was affected slightly. Finally, amino acids and palmitic acids were selected as model compounds to reduce the influence of complex biomass components. The main purpose of analyzing the influence of lipids on protein pyrolysis is to provide a reliable reference for the regulation of protein pyrolysis, considering its production of NOx precursors.

TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS study of the pyrolysis mechanism and composition of volatiles from flash pyrolysis of PVC

To facilitate the reuse and recycling of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to achieve sustainable development and new industrialization, the composition and mechanism of formation of volatiles during the flash pyrolysis of PVC were studied by thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). TG and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) analyses indicated two main degradation stages during flash pyrolysis of PVC, namely dehydrochlorination of PVC and decomposition of dechlorinated-PVC. Simultaneously, the FTIR results revealed that the main functional groups in the pyrolysis process were H–Cl, -C-Cl, C–H, CH, and aromatic groups. The relative content of main volatiles was determined by Py-GC/MS, and decreased in the following order: aromatics > alkenes > hydrogen chloride (HCl) > chlorinated hydrocarbons. Specifically, the relative content of aromatics was as high as 76.790–81.809%, while that of HCl was in the range of 3.016–3.096%. The carbon number distribution and the relative content of main products obtained from the flash pyrolysis of PVC at different final temperatures were also analysed. According to the experimental results, the mechanism of formation of the main volatiles based on free-radical reactions was deduced in detail. Therefore, this study provides further details for deepening the understanding of the PVC pyrolysis process.

Effects of a Reactive Phosphorus-Sulfur Containing Flame-Retardant Monomer on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin.

A novel reactive phosphorus and sulfur-containing monomer (bis(acryloxyethyldiphenylphosphate)sulfone, BADPS) was synthesized to enhance the comprehensive performance of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), and corresponding flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resins (FR-UPRs) with various amounts of BADPS were prepared by radical bulk polymerization. The flame retardancy and thermal and mechanical properties of the UPR samples were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements, cone calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a tension test. The results showed that the introduction of BADPS remarkably enhanced the flame resistance and high-temperature stability, as well as the tensile performance of UPR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy studies revealed that BADPS can efficaciously promote the formation of UPR char residue with an improved microstructure and increased graphitization degree, which enhancedthe high-temperature stability and char yield of UPR. Additionally, a thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis corroborated that the evolution of combustible volatiles from UPR decomposition was substantially restrained by the incorporation of BADPS, which is beneficial for the suppression of fire hazards in UPR.

Pyrolysis Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Volatiles of Representative Pine Wood with Thermogravimetry–Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis

To provide guidance for converting pine wood into fuel or chemical raw material by pyrolysis, the kinetics, thermodynamics, and volatiles of pine wood (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) are studied ...

Bis(isomaleimide) and diphenol blends: Non-isothermal degradation kinetics and TG-FTIR studies

Blends of 4,4′-bisisomaleimidodiphenyl methane (VS) with structurally different diphenols are made in 1:1 molar ratio and thermally polymerized. Thermogravimetric studies of the cured materials show that the thermal stability, the degradation pattern and the char yield are much dependent on the structure of the diphenol that is used for blending. The decreased thermal stability of materials from the blends is attributed to decreased cross links owing to the opening of the isomaleimide rings by diphenols during thermal polymerization. The materials with trimethylphenylindane and tetramethylspirobiindane units exhibit char residue of 21% at 800°C. This is due to the thermal stability of the indane and spirobiindane moieties present in the diphenol molecules. The apparent activation energy for thermal degradation ( Ea-D) and pre-exponential factor (ln A) are derived. The Friedman, corrected Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, corrected Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and advanced Vyazovkin methods are used to calculate the Ea-D values for various reaction extents ( αs). The Ea-D values of poly(4,4′-bisisomaleimido-diphenyl methane) vary from 168 to 226 kJ mol−1. A slight decrease in Ea-D is noted for the initial α levels and increases constantly up to α = 0.3–0.75 and then the Ea-D values decrease with increasing α values. The highest values of Ea-D and ln A are observed for the polymer derived from the blend of VS with tetramethylspirobiindane diphenol. The volatile products obtained during the thermal degradation of these polymers are analysed using thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) spectroscopy. The TG-FTIR studies showed the compounds carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and aromatic amines are the major degradation products from the polymerized blends.

Vacuum Residue Thermal Cracking: Product Yield Determination and Characterization Using Thermogravimetry–Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and a Fluidized Bed Reactor

To make full use of heavy oil by thermochemical conversion, the thermal behaviors of vacuum residue (VR) were investigated first by thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG–FTIR) and then via a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor (FBR). The TG–FTIR results showed that the changes in the absorbance of volatiles during thermal cracking were consistent with the weight loss in the derivative thermogravimetric curve. The dynamic information about the release profiles of the typical gaseous products such as CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, light aromatics, and aliphatic olefins revealed the cleavage of varied structures and functional groups of VR at different temperatures. Moreover, the peaks for the maximum releasing rate on the evolving profiles of gaseous products became narrower and sharper, and the yield at maximum releasing rate for the gaseous species increased with increasing the heating rate. The pyrolysis experiments in a FBR with silica sand as a heat carrier showed that alkenes were the d...

Synergetic Effect of Co-pyrolysis of Cellulose and Polypropylene over an All-Silica Mesoporous Catalyst MCM-41 Using Thermogravimetry–Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Biomass is one of the promising alternative materials to solve the energy and environmental crisis. Fast pyrolysis is one of the most economical and commercially realizable technologies to convert biomass to useable fuels and chemicals. To improve the liquid products, co-pyrolysis with polypropylene (PP) over a mesoporous catalyst MCM-41 was studied in this paper. Thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG–FTIR) and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS) were used as the main analysis methods to study the mass loss and detailed products of the co-pyrolysis. The mass loss, main functional groups, and identified products of pyrolysis of cellulose, PP, and their mixture were analyzed and discussed. All of the TG, FTIR, and Py–GC–MS data show that there is no significant synergism between cellulose and PP when simply mixing them, although the C/Heff of the mixture increases from 0 to 1.3. However, the addition of MCM-41 bring significant synergism. The TG and differential ...

Crude oil characterization using TGA-DTA, TGA-FTIR and TGA-MS techniques

In this research, combustion characterization and kinetics of four different origin crude oil samples were determined using thermogravimetry - differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA) and thermogravimetry - Fourier transform infrared (TGA-FTIR) and thermogravimetry – mass spectrophotometry (TGA-MS) techniques.In the TGA-DTA analysis of crude oil samples, low temperature oxidation (LTO) and high temperature oxidation (HTO) reaction regions were observed in different temperature intervals. On the other hand, reaction regions, mass loss, and peak-burnout temperatures of the crude oil samples were also determined using TGA-DTA curves. In TGA-FTIR analysis, spectrums of crude oil samples were examined at different time intervals and composition of several hydrocarbon compounds was determined quantitatively. This research was also focused on the main volatile products (H2, H2O, CO, CO, C6H6, SO2 etc…) of different origin crude oil samples on the basis of both their relative intensities and on their relevancy by using TGA-MS technique.Two different Arrhenius types of kinetic models were used in order to determine the kinetic triplets (activation energy, Arrhenius constant and reaction order) of crude oil samples studied. It was observed that in HTO region, higher activation energy values were observed depending on the °API gravities of the crude oils.

Study on Pyrolysis of Pine Sawdust with Solid Base and Acid Mixed Catalysts by Thermogravimetry–Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass with microporous ZSM-5 to produce aromatics is a promising technology for biomass use. To improve the aromatic yield, meso- and macroporous [CaO, MgO, and fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC)] catalysts were added in a microporous catalyst (ZSM-5). The added catalysts can crack large-molecule oxygenates from pyrolysis into small-molecule oxygenates, and then these small-molecule oxygenates were converted to aromatics over ZSM-5. The experiments of pine wood catalytic pyrolysis with two mixed catalysts were performed and analyzed using thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG–FTIR) and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS). The TG–FTIR results show that CaO and ZSM-5 mixed catalysts produced more aromatic rings and C–H bonds than pure ZSM-5. The Py–GC/MS results show that CaO and MgO mixed with ZSM-5 improved the aromatic yield significantly. The maximum aromatic yield that boosted 30% of that with pure ZSM-5 was obtained with CaO as the additive. It was obtained with a biomass/CaO/ZSM-5 mass ratio of 1:4:4. According to the disposal mode of feedstock and two catalyst studies, the completely separated mode of feedstock, CaO, and ZSM-5 (mode 3) produced the highest yield of indene and its derivatives and other hydrocarbons. This paper provides a simple way to improve the aromatic yield from biomass catalytic pyrolysis.

Unsaturated polyester resins modified with phosphorus-containing groups: Effects on thermal properties and flammability

A novel reactive phosphorus-containing monomer [1-oxo-2,6,7-trioxa-1- phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane-methyl diallyl phosphate, PDAP] was synthesized, and various amounts of PDAP were combined with unsaturated polyester by radical bulk polymerization. The resulting flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resin (FR-UPR) samples were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests. Due to the relatively high phosphorus content of PDAP (18.2 wt%), incorporation of this monomer into unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) led to a marked decrease in the heat release capacity (HRC), the total heat release (THR), an increase in the LOI and the char yield upon combustion. In order to elaborate the interactions between the UPR and PDAP in degradation, differences between the experimental and theoretical mass losses of a FR-UPR sample were evaluated. Furthermore, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) and real-time Fourier transform infrared (RTIR) spectroscopy were employed to investigate the degradation behavior of UPRs, providing insight into the degradation mechanism.

Influence of Sewage Sludge on the Slurrying Properties and Co-Gasification Kinetics of Coal-Sludge Slurries

The feature of coal-sludge slurries(CSSs) were studied by mixing Shenhua coal and sewage sludge collected from Huainan sewage treatment plant. The results showed that, the rheological properties of CSSs prepared with the adding dosage from 0 to 15% were the shearing and diluting feature. With the adding dosages of the sludge increase, the apparent viscosity values increased and the maximum solid concentrations of CSSs decreased. Also, the gasification kinetics were studied by Thermogravimetry-Fourier Transform Infrared(TG-FTIR). The gasification starting temperatures and activation energy decreased with the adding dosages of the sludge increase, it indicated that the process was accelerated by sewage sludge.