Thermostable Newcastle Disease Vaccine Research Articles

Participatory control of Newcastle disease in village poultry using thermo-stable Newcastle disease vaccines in Bulle district of Gedio Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Newcastle Disease (ND) is regarded as one of the major diseases of poultry because of the devastating losses that the virulent form of the virus can impose on both commercial and village chicken. However, the disease can be controlled through the administration of effective vaccines. Almost all the commercially available vaccines require refrigeration and begin to deteriorate rapidly after 1-2 hours if left at room temperature (around 25°C). Subsequently, because maintaining an adequate supply of refrigerated facilities may be a difficult task in many developing countries with unreliable electrical supplies, the development and large scale production and utilization of an effective thermo-stable Newcastle disease vaccine seems imperative to support rural poultry industry. Participatory/action research on vaccination of village poultry against Newcastle disease (ND) was carried out in two selected villages of Bullie district of Gedio zone, southern Ethiopia; with an objective to demonstrate community based thermo-stable ND vaccination scheme and thereby; to increase the population of chicken in backyard production system. We have selected four community vaccinators, two per each village and trained on diagnosis of major poultry diseases, with the major emphasis on Newcastle disease, on preparation, handling and administration of thermo-sable ND vaccine. From the two villages, we have vaccinated 362 chicken of all age ranges of 54 households, in the two rounds. For the vaccination we have selected a site which is suitable for household members to bring their chicken for vaccine administration. We used eye drop technique to administer a vaccine, by preparing one eye drop in one dose base for all age groups. We administered a vaccine before a pick prevalence of Newcastle disease in the study area, for the remaining three months, data was collected on the mortality rate of the chicken. The result shows that, of the total vaccinated chicken (362) from the two villages on the two rounds, 51 chicken were dead due to diseases, of the cases with a clinical sign not related with Newcastle disease. The total mortality rate of 14%, in this study shows that, thermo-stable Newcastle disease vaccine applied via eye drop is the most effective method for control Newcastle disease in village chicken. Therefore; with proper use of vaccine and vaccination programs using well trained community vaccinators, we can reduce village chicken mortality highly to enhance productivity of rural community at large.

Development of Humoral Immune Response to Thermostable Newcastle Disease Vaccine Strain I-2 in Ring-Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

Development of Humoral Immune Response to Thermostable Newcastle Disease Vaccine Strain I-2 in Ring-Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

Large scale Production of I-2 thermostable Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Sudan

In the present study, a live attenuated Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccine of I-2strain was produced locally. the master seed I-2 virus was first supplied by the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the University of Queensland, Australia, which then handed over by the Department of Veterinary Virology of the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL) Sudan. A 11 days old embryonated chicken eggs with a minimal risk of vertical transmission were used for the virus propagation. The ND I-2 Master Seed Lot ( MSL) was prepared in aliquots and stored in a liquid form at -20⁰C. The Working Seed Lot (WSL) was prepared from the MSL and stored in a freeze dried form. The WSL then complied with the main quality tests of identity,safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, microbial contamination, thermostability and the infectivity titer tests.The virulence of the WSL was estimated via intracerepral pathogenicity index test (ICPI), the ICPI was 0.125 and the vaccine was proved to be safe in day old chicks.The immunogenicity measured by mean of ELISA. The GMT titer for the post vaccination serum was statistically significant than the pre vaccinated serum(P=0.001) paired sample t.test.The efficacy against a vvND virus, (ICPI 1.97) was 89% and the WSL was proved to be free from any detectable contaminant microorganisms. The temperature sensitivity for vaccine potency had been determined at different temperature levels and at Fluctuating Room Temperature (FRT). The titer decreased only by 0.2, 4.5 and 4.6 logs at temperatures -20⁰C, 37⁰C and 56⁰C respectively, while in the FRT decreased by 7.53 logs. The virus titer of WSL on the embryonated chickens, eggs was 9.1 EID50/ml.

Assessment of farmer opinions on vaccination of village chickens against Newcastle disease and its benefit in eight communities in Bauchi State, Nigeria

Newcastle disease (ND) is a major limitation to the production, consumption and sales of village chickens in Africa. A pagrticipatory proportional piling exercise was conducted among village chicken farmers selected during focus group discussions held in eight communities in Bauchi State to assess their opinions on vaccination of their village chickens with thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine I-2 (I-2 NDV) and its benefits. The assessment involved 64 participants (8 from each community) whose chickens had received two I-2 NDV three months apart and 12 participants whose chicken had received only one I-2 NDV. Of the 64 farmers who initially were selected and had volunteered to participate in the study, two of the participants were not available to give their opinion on the importance and benefit of vaccination; while, eight of participants did not think the vaccine is important and have chosen not to participate in the assessment exercise. The remaining 54 participants had endorsed the vaccine with a total score of 100% (270/270). They also awarded 91.3% (283/310) of their scores to flock increase due to reduced mortality by I-2 NDV with the remaining 8.7% (27/310) of the scores indicating no flock increase. A probing of the reason why some of these farmers did not experience flock increase revealed the occurrence of fowl pox disease that has killed some of their chickens. The scores from participants whose chicken had received only one vaccine was 100% for both endorsement of the vaccine (60/60) and observation of flock increase (60/60). The study highlights I-2 NDV as an appropriate vaccine that could be used to control ND in village chickens in Bauchi State and beyond. Keywords : Newcastle disease, Thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine (I-2), Village chickens, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Participatory control of Newcastle disease in village poultry using thermo-stable Newcastle disease vaccines in Bulle district of Gedio zone, Southern Ethiopia

Newcastle Disease (ND) is regarded as one of the major diseases of poultry because of the devastating losses that the virulent form of the virus can impose on both commercial and village chicken. However, the disease can be controlled through the administration of effective vaccines. Almost all the commercially available vaccines require refrigeration and begin to deteriorate rapidly after 1-2 hours if left at room temperature (around 25°C). Subsequently, because maintaining an adequate supply of refrigerated facilities may be a difficult task in many developing countries with unreliable electrical supplies, the development and large scale production and utilization of an effective thermo-stable Newcastle disease vaccine seems imperative to support rural poultry industry. Participatory/action research on vaccination of village poultry against Newcastle disease (ND) was carried out in two selected villages of Bullie district of Gedio zone, southern Ethiopia; with an objective to demonstrate community based thermo-stable ND vaccination scheme and thereby; to increase the population of chicken in backyard production system. We have selected four community vaccinators, two per each village and trained on diagnosis of major poultry diseases, with the major emphasis on Newcastle disease, on preparation, handling and administration of thermo-sable ND vaccine. From the two villages, we have vaccinated 362 chicken of all age ranges of 54 households, in the two rounds. For the vaccination we have selected a site which is suitable for household members to bring their chicken for vaccine administration. We used eye drop technique to administer a vaccine, by preparing one eye drop in one dose base for all age groups. We administered a vaccine before a pick prevalence of Newcastle disease in the study area, for the remaining three months, data was collected on the mortality rate of the chicken. The result shows that, of the total vaccinated chicken (362) from the two villages on the two rounds, 51 chicken were dead due to diseases, of the cases with a clinical sign not related with Newcastle disease. The total mortality rate of 14%, in this study shows that, thermo-stable Newcastle disease vaccine applied via eye drop is the most effective method for control Newcastle disease in village chicken. Therefore; with proper use of vaccine and vaccination programs using well trained community vaccinators, we can reduce village chicken mortality highly to enhance productivity of rural community at large.

English

Thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine virus strain I2 (NDVI2) was investigated for its efficacy as foodborne vaccine using maize, sorghum and their brans as carriers. Immune response to vaccination and resistance to challenge were assessed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. After primary and secondary vaccination at three and six weeks of age, sera and feather pulp samples were analyzed to determine the antibody titre in the different groups. The highest mean antibody titre of 7.39 ± 0.42 log2 was recorded for serum when the vaccine was administered through treated sorghum coated with gum Arabic (TSGG) and 7.28 ± 0.37 log2 for feather pulp in the group given maize bran (MZB) at eight weeks of age. There was no significant difference (p ˃ 0.05) between the HI antibody titre in the feed groups from feather pulp samples at three weeks of age while a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the serum antibody titre was observed between all the feed groups at five weeks of age. There was correlation in antibody titre between serum and feather pulps only at two weeks after second vaccination. The protection rate after challenge in all the groups was low with the highest rate (14%) recorded when the vaccine was administered in treated maize (TMZ) and TSGG. The study concluded that the vaccine could be effective for the protection of village chickens as food-borne vaccine provided the carrier foods are adequately treated to remove antiviral agents. The use of feather samples as suitable alternative to serum for ND serology was discussed. Key words: Chickens, maize, sorghum, Newcastle disease, thermostable vaccine.

Evaluation of efficacy of Vero cell-adapted, thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine in broilers

The main theme of this project was to develop a Vero cell-adapted, thermostable NDV I-2 vaccine and evaluate its efficacy against challenge infection. For this purpose, serial passages of virus were done in Vero cell line up to 13 times and after each passage samples were subjected to heat treatment at 56°C for 40 min. After 13 passages, the virus was completely adapted on Vero cell line and cytopathic effects were observed, including syncytial formation, rounding, degeneration, and detachment of cells. Hemagglutination and infectivity titers showed that the virus was thermostable after each passages in Vero cell line. One-day-old broiler chicks (Group 1) were vaccinated orally with thermostable NDV I-2 vaccine. A commercially available thermolabile NDV LaSota was used in Group 2 used as positive control. NDV I-2 vaccine produced maximum % inhibition migration at d 6 (50%) as compared with LaSota ND vaccine (i.e., 32%). On encounter with virulent NDV I-2, 100% safety was accomplished in group 1 and 60% in case of group 2. All the birds in the control negative group had died. This study led to the conclusion that thermostable Vero cell adapted I-2 strain vaccine resulted in better immunization in broiler birds than obtained by the use of commercially available thermolabile vaccines.

Evaluation of the application of a thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine by community volunteers in the North West Province of South Africa

Participatory research on vaccination of village poultry against Newcastle disease (ND) was carried out in the village of Disaneng, in the North West Province of South Africa. Three application methods for ND Inkukhu vaccine were shown to induce sufficient levels of immunity in back-yard poultry when correctly administered. These are eye-droplet administration to individual fowls, in-feed and in-water administration to small flocks. After a community meeting and group discussion to select methods of vaccination, only 2 of the 3 methods were chosen; the individual administration of droplets into the eyes was considered to be too impractical because back-yard fowls are difficult to catch. Visual and practical training material was prepared and presented to volunteer vaccinators (n = 23). Vaccinators were then required to register all the poultry owners in their ward who wished to have poultry vaccinated. Once an indication of the number of chickens to be vaccinated had been made available, ND Nobilis Inkukhu vaccine was supplied to vaccinators free of charge. Community vaccinators were responsible for the organisation of the vaccination campaign, including storage and preparation of vaccine for application. All 9 wards in the village were initially involved with a total of 482 households, owning 6141 chickens, participating. This represented slightly in excess of 60 % of the fowls in the area. Involvement in a 2nd round of vaccinations, 1 month later, was far poorer with only 211 households owning a total of 1636 chickens participating. Serum samples were collected from vaccinated fowls using systematic random sampling and tested for circulating antibodies. The levels of protection varied, with no significant difference found between in-feed and in-water vaccine administration. Volunteer vaccinators were found to be unreliable, easily demotivated, did not keep good records and left the project when offered permanent employment. Contacting them to make arrangements for delivering vaccine was difficult and time consuming. Structured interviews indicated that deaths in poultry and the attitude of the owners probably contributed to the demotivation of the volunteers used as community vaccinators. It was concluded that volunteers are not the ideal choice for vaccination of village poultry against Newcastle disease.

Comparison Of The Cost Of Unvaccinated And Oral Vaccinated Local Chickens With A Malaysian Thermostable Newcastle Disease Vaccine (Ndv<sub>4</sub>hr) In Kaduna State, Nigeria

Summary The cost of oral vaccination of local chickens with a Malaysian thermostable ND vaccine, NDV 4 HR, in poultry feed in 223 selected households, 33 villages in 13 local government areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria was analysed. The estimated cost of controlling ND by oral vaccination of 4,068 local chickens in feed with a Malaysian NDV 4 HR vaccine amounted to N96, 758.00(US$744.29) and the total benefit of controlling ND with the vaccine amounted to N577, 356.00(US$4441.30). The value of local chickens that survived the infection of ND virus without vaccination amounted to N288554.00 (US$2219.65). An incremental total benefit of N192,044.00(US$ 1477.26) was recorded in the study due to the vaccination of the local chickens. The benefit-cost ratio of oral vaccination of local chickens with NDV 4 HR is 2.0. It is therefore more profitable to vaccinate local chickens than to allow ND to run its course in an unvaccinated local chickens flock. Based on the value of benefit-cost ratio obtained in this study, oral vaccination with NDV 4 HR vaccine could be a more cost-effective and most reliable means of controlling ND, compared with the effects of the disease in no vaccination situation. Recommendation is made for further studies to determine how often and at what intervals the vaccine can be administered and the benefits of additional vaccinations. Key words : Benefit-cost, Oral vaccination, Newcastle disease, Thermostable vaccine, Local chickens Comparaison Du Cout Des Poulets Locaux Non-Vaccines Et Des Poulets Locaux Vaccines Par Voie Orale Avec Un Vaccin Malaisien Thermostable (Ndv 4 hr) Contre La Maladie De Newcastle Dans L\'etat De Kaduna Au Nigeria Rsum On a tudi le cot de la vaccination par voie orale des poulets locaux avec un vaccin malaisien thermostable, NDV 4 HR, que l\'on met dans les aliments pour volaille, dans 223 mnages slectionns, rpartis dans 33 villages et 13 domaines publics de l\'Etat de Kaduna au Nigeria. Le cot estimatif de la lutte contre la maladie de Newcastle (MN) avec la vaccination par voie orale de 4.068 poulets locaux en termes d\'aliments, avec le vaccin malaisien NDV 4 HR, s\'levait 96.758 N (744,29 $ EU) et le profit total tir de la lutte contre la MN avec le vaccin tait de 577.356 N (4.441,30 $ EU). La valeur des poulets locaux qui ont survcu l\'infection du virus de MN sans vaccination se chiffrait 288.554 N (2.219,65 $ EU). Un profit supplmentaire total de 192.044 N (1.477,26 $ EU) a t enregistr dans l\'tude cause de la vaccination des poulets locaux. Le rapport cots/avantages de la vaccination par voie orale des poulets locaux avec NDV 4 HR est de 2. Il est, par consquent plus rentable de vacciner les poulets locaux que de laisser la MN svir une bande de poulets locaux non-vaccins. Sur la base de la valeur du rapport cots/avantages releve dans cette tude, la vaccination par voie orale avec le vaccin NDV 4 HR pourrait tre un moyen plus rentable et plus fiable de lutter contre la MN, par rapport aux effets de la maladie dans les cas de non-vaccination. Il est recommand de mener des tudes plus pousses afin de dterminer la frquence et les intervalles auxquels il faudrait administrer le vaccin, ainsi que les avantages que l\'on pourrait tirer des autres vaccinations. Mots-cls : Avantages/cots, vaccination par voie orale, maladie de Newcastle, vaccin thermostable, poulets locaux Bull Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. Vol. 53 (3) 2005: 203-210

Thermostable newcastle disease vaccines in Tanzania

The V4 thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine was tested under village conditions in Central Tanzania. The vaccination regimes were four vaccinations by eye drop (eye drop group), one vaccination by eye drop followed by three vaccinations by drinking water (drinking water group), one vaccination by eye drop followed by three vaccinations with vaccine supplied on boiled sorghum (food vaccine group) and no vaccine (control group). Antibody responses in the eye drop and drinking water groups suggested that at least 70% of the chickens would be protected against challenge with virulent virus. In both groups, eight of the 11 chickens survived laboratory challenge. Only three of the 11 chickens in the food vaccine group resisted challenge, and none of the 10 control chickens.

Vietnamese trials with a thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine (strain I 2) in experimental and village chickens

The Australian I 2 strain of Newcastle disease virus was tested as a vaccine in the laboratory and in Vietnamese villages. The infectivity titre of lyophilised vaccine fell less than 1 log 10 unit on storage for 6 days at 26–32°C. Vaccine stored at similar temperatures induced high levels of immunity in laboratory chickens after storage for 17 days and in village chickens after storage for 21 days. I 2 vaccine protected for at least 24 weeks after vaccination, and for 16 weeks after application in drinking water. Under laboratory conditions, I 2 vaccine given by eye drop spread by contact to unvaccinated chickens, inducing in them both an antibody response and protective immunity. In villages, chickens vaccinated by eye drop, chickens receiving vaccine on food and chickens in contact with vaccinated chickens all resisted artificial challenge 6 weeks after vaccination. There were no adverse reactions to vaccination. Strain I 2 was judged to be thermostable, avirulent and immunogenic, and suitable for use as a vaccine under village conditions.