Energy Waste Research Articles

Waste-to-energy: exploring the roadmap for energy generation from commercial waste in South Africa

Purpose This study aims to investigate the adoption of waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies in South Africa (SA), focusing on identifying the key drivers, barriers and potential solutions for commercial uptake. The ultimate aim is to propose an implementation framework that promotes renewable energy while reducing landfill reliance. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review (SLR) of papers published between 2020 and 2023 was conducted to identify factors impacting WtE adoption in SA. The conceptual model developed from the SLR was tested using a qualitative case study approach. Data was collected through 15 semi-structured interviews with commercial entities and WtE experts from four regions of SA. Findings Anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis are identified as the most suitable waste-to-energy technologies in the South African context. Among the financial challenges of WtE in SA, the availability of cheap coal, low landfill tariffs, high capital costs, funding constraints and regressive economic incentives are critical. The lack of government support, insufficient incentives, regulatory burdens, weak policies and limited innovation capacity are considerable non-financial barriers hindering WtE technologies’ growth. The successful adoption of renewable energy also requires adequate infrastructure, increased sustainability awareness and technical expertise. Research limitations/implications Although the sample size is diverse and consists of a range of organisations, it may not capture the thoughts and experiences of other SA businesses in their entirety. It is important to note that the lack of existing research on the implementation, benefits and impacts of WtE technologies limits the authors’ ability to interpret and benchmark the findings of this study. Yet, this study contributes by developing an implementation framework to encourage WtE adoption, recommending policy actions such as regressive taxation on fossil fuels and landfills and promoting renewable energy through subsidies, awareness and energy credits. Practical implications This study provides a practical framework for businesses and policymakers to adopt WtE technologies by addressing key barriers. The research suggests that businesses could reduce waste management costs and generate new revenue streams by adopting anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis. Policymakers are encouraged to disincentivize landfills and promote WtE through financial incentives such as subsidies and energy credits. The implementation framework offers clear recommendations for integrating WtE into SA’s energy and waste management strategies, supporting both sustainability and economic goals. Social implications The main social contribution is the potential for WtE adoption to improve waste management practices and generate new job opportunities within the renewable energy and waste sectors. Originality/value This study provides a novel contribution by developing an implementation framework tailored to SA’s unique regulatory, economic and social contexts. The research highlights the importance of aligning WtE adoption with sustainability goals, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting renewable energy. The framework serves as a practical guide for policymakers, businesses and industry leaders seeking to implement sustainable waste management solutions in SA.

Plastic Waste to Fuel or Biofuel

This project is concerned with the methods of changing plastic waste to fuel known as pyrolysis which is thermal degradation of materials in an atmosphere devoid of oxygen. This is accomplished by applying tremendous heat to the plastic causing degradation into smaller hydrocarbon products which include liquid fuel, gas and char residue among other things. The liquid fuel can be upgraded further to produce various useful hydrocarbons such as diesel and gasoline, and the gases may be used as a means of recovering energy. This project aims to show how plastic waste which is usually a problem can be turned into a useful source of fuel to cut down waste and improve energy practices. This project can be described as an important strategy in addressing two key problems of global significance: management of plastic waste and sustainable energy generation. With the increase of global plastic pollution and fossil fuels waning, there is an urgency in coming up with new strategies to resolve these environmental dilemmas. Such a solution includes the process of changing plastic waste into diesel fuel which not only reduces plastic waste but also enables the harnessing of an energy source.

Analysis of user behavior and energy-saving potential of electric water heaters

As global energy resources get more limited and environmental problems worsen, it is crucial to enhance energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption in end-use products. This research focuses on electric water heaters, a significant household energy consumer, and collects a large amount of data through questionnaires and analyzes the current usage patterns of water heater use, as well as the impact of the users’ personal characteristics and energy-saving consciousness on usage behaviors. It also evaluates the energy-saving potential under different scenarios, considering both consumer behaviors and product efficiency levels. Results indicate that a substantial number of users still purchase high-energy-consuming water heaters and fail to adjust temperatures according to their specific needs, resulting in considerable energy waste. Electric water heaters exhibit significant potential for energy savings, with the efficiency of the product and user behaviors identified as key factors influencing overall energy consumption. The study provides important insights into the usage behavior of electric water heaters and offers actionable recommendations for manufacturers and government agencies: advocating the use of certified energy-efficient water heaters, raising public awareness of energy efficiency in appliance use, etc., which is in line with the country’s goals of energy conservation and environmental sustainability.

Research on the Basic Properties and Preparation Methods of Heat Conversion Materials

The purpose of this literature review is to discuss the research progress and application prospects of high-efficiency thermoelectric conversion materials. In recent years, high-efficiency thermoelectric materials have garnered extensive attention due to their significant applications in waste heat recovery and energy conversion. This paper reviews various types of thermoelectric materials, including metal chalcogenides, silicides, and skutterudite materials, and analyzes their synthesis methods, properties, and advantages and disadvantages. The findings indicate that chemical vapor deposition (CVD), hydrothermal synthesis, and hot pressing are the primary methods for preparing thermoelectric materials, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Nevertheless, by optimizing the preparation processes and material compositions, high-efficiency thermoelectric materials are poised to play a crucial role in the field of sustainable energy in the future. This review summarizes the key findings of current research and suggests potential directions and challenges for future studies.

A Quantified Methodology for Evaluating Engineering Sustainability: Ecological Footprint Measurement Modeling

With the gradual increase in public awareness of ecological environmental protection, how to manage the increasingly tight supply of natural ecological energy and resources and the more evident greenhouse effect, how to properly treat and deal with the relationship between people, engineering and the ecological environment during the construction phase of engineering projects as well as how to evaluate the degree of environmental friendliness and sustainable development ability of engineering projects will become an urgent issue. Stakeholders in engineering projects must seriously consider these vital issues. Existing studies on the evaluation of engineering–ecology sustainable development capacity mainly focus on the regional and industry levels, with less research focusing on the sustainability of individual engineering projects; furthermore, they are primarily concentrated on the qualitative evaluation perspective. In order to refine these shortcomings, based on the viewpoint of the ecosystem of construction projects, this paper integrates the concept of whole life cycle with the ecological footprint measurement model and defines the notion of the ecological footprint of the whole life cycle of construction projects. Subsequently taking the above concept as the foundation and making the ecological footprint of various activities throughout the life cycle of a construction project a specific study object, the research establishes the ecological footprint measurement model of the whole life cycle of the project, and comprehensively evaluates the impacts on the surrounding environment, which include the consumption of energy resources, CO2 and the absorption of solid wastes across the whole life cycle of the project. We then measure the sustainable development ability of engineering projects by comparing the ecological footprint with the ecological carrying capacity of a certain surrounding region. Finally, the practicability and reliability of the model is verified through the example’s application. Thus, the results of the study have significant theoretical and practical implications: (1) the introduction of the ecological footprint addresses the gap about the quantitative evaluation of the sustainability of individual engineering projects from a micro perspective; (2) it compensates for the shortcomings of other evaluation methods that only evaluate a single element, such as only CO2, resources, energy or solid waste and so on; and (3) stakeholders can use the measured model to quantitatively assess the sustainability of new projects or urban renewal projects, providing strong support for project feasibility studies and project-establishment.

Improving the potential of fifth-generation district heating and cooling networks through robust design and operational optimization under future energy market and demand uncertainties

Network investments and projected energy prices greatly impact the financial viability and environmental impact of fifth-generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC) networks. Compared to the previous generation, the upfront investment costs in 5GDHC networks are relatively high due to the decentralized energy demand and supply of the participating prosumers. The transition to 5GDHC is also hindered by uncertain energy markets and the fluctuating energy demands of the prosumers. It makes investors hesitant to commit, even for promising business cases. In this work, a framework is presented to assess the economic and environmental performance of a 5GDHC business case, based on a multi-objective robust optimization algorithm (MO-RDO), to identify the optimal trade-offs between environmental and economic designs. The proposed methodology consists of four steps. In the first two steps, a specific business case is modeled, and techno-economic and environmental performances are analyzed against uncertain energy markets. In the third step, the techno-economic and environmental indicator responses are used to develop a data-driven machine-learning model. This model offers better computational efficiency than a high-fidelity nonlinear model and assesses the most influential parameters driving economic and environmental performance via a global sensitivity analysis. This aids in refining the multi-objective robust design optimization (MO-RDO) framework by pinpointing key design variables and objectives amid data uncertainties. Additionally, the formulated MO-RDO provides a mix of environmentally and economically optimal network designs and operational parameters and highlights the trade-offs between them. The designs and trade-offs are evaluated using financial metrics like net present value (NPV), return on investment, and discounted payback period. These metrics are calculated over the project life, considering the initial investment and net savings. For the considered case, the environmental design has a 10% higher investment cost compared to the economically optimal solution but reduces total emissions (TE) by 13% and improves operational cost savings, which is crucial for better financial indicators. The proposed framework aligns with the EU transition plan to incorporate waste energy sources and decarbonization paths, estimating only a 3% increase in NPV as a risk for the environmentally optimal solution on a financial scale.

Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of a High-efficiency System Integrating ORC Power Generation, CO2 Capture, and CO2 Storage Driven by Complementary LNG Cold Energy and Flue Gas Waste Heat.

Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of a High-efficiency System Integrating ORC Power Generation, CO2 Capture, and CO2 Storage Driven by Complementary LNG Cold Energy and Flue Gas Waste Heat.

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS FOR WASTE HEAT RECOVERY AT THE SILICATE INDUSTRY

The glass, ceramic and cement plants are energy intensive industrial systems, releasing high amounts of greenhouse gases. The dissipation of the waste heat reduces their profitability, energy and ecological efficiency. The absorption refrigeration systems are successful solutions for the recovery of thermal energy at different temperature levels to obtain useful cooling and heating powers for technological needs, and for air conditioning of administrative and industrial buildings. Although the absorption units in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle are currently used in building and industrial systems, they have not yet penetrated widely into the silicate factories. This paper discusses possibilities for the applications of basic types of absorption cycles at heat pump and refrigeration modes to utilize waste energy at different temperature levels in glass, ceramic and cement plants. The examined variants are demonstrated via examples, diagrams and analyses of the possible energy saving.

Design and matching control strategy of electro-hydraulic load-sensitive hydraulic power unit for legged robots

A hydraulic power unit is the core energy source of hydraulic legged robots, ensuring the robot's maneuverability and carrying capacity in complex terrains. However, its pressure and flow output are usually set to a fixed level under all working conditions, which leads to mismatched pressure and flow requirements of hydraulic drive units. This mismatch reduces the stability and control accuracy of the hydraulic drive units and results in significant energy waste. To address these issues, this paper proposes an electro-hydraulic load-sensitive hydraulic power unit and a matching control strategy to better align outputs with requirements, thereby enhancing energy efficiency. Firstly, with the variable speed servo motor driving axial piston pump as the core, the closed system working principle of an electro-hydraulic load-sensitive hydraulic power unit is proposed, and the mathematical model of key components exhibiting strong nonlinearity and time-varying parameters is derived. After that, a matching control strategy based on flow feedforward and pressure difference compensation feedback is proposed. Finally, simulations and experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility of the unit and its matching control strategy. This paper provides a new solution for the design and control of hydraulic power units, laying the groundwork for achieving high-performance hydraulic systems.

Efficient High Heating Value estimation using Latin Hypercube Sampling and Artificial Neural Network-based approach.

To maximize energy recovery in waste-to-energy (WTE) systems, the High Heating Value (HHV) of municipal solid waste (MSW) must be accurately estimated. To forecast the HHV of MSW, this study proposes a unique method that combines an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model with Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), with a focus on Solan City, Himachal Pradesh, India. In the present study, the elemental characteristics of waste have been used to deal with uncertainty and to find the suitable parameters responsible for the HHV of the MSW. Initially, Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) has been used to deal with uncertainty in the elemental composition of MSW, which includes carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O) content. This elemental composition has been used as input parameters to the ANN model for predicting the HHV of MSW. The network 5-28-5-1 offered a minimum MAPE value of 2.18%, MSE, RMSE and R2 values are 0.012, 0.107 and 0.767, respectively. Thereafter, a synaptic weight approach was used to find the most significant parameters responsible for HHV in MSW. It was observed that carbon is the most suitable parameter for HHV of MSW. By dealing with the uncertainty in MSW characteristics, the integration of LHS strengthens the robustness of the model. The results offer an accurate and economical approach for HHV estimation, which will be useful for improving the MSW management and WTE conversion procedures.

Renewable energy waste recycling

Broad field of technologies is related to the countries’ green hydrogen goals, with renewable energy technology (RE) being a significant part. RE’s ability to support green hydrogen industry is now being hindered by the waste issue. By 2050, the world will have accumulated up to 60–70 million tons of waste photovoltaic (PV) modules, 43.4 million tons of wind turbine blades and up to 1 million tons of lithium batteries. Existing technologies and recycling capacities are not capable of recycling these volumes, since the readiness levels of most of the applicable technologies is assessed as TRL3 - TRL8 and their economic efficiency is below the profitability level. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the need and calculate the amount of state support for the development of RE waste recycling technologies. It has been determined that the sum of economic losses in the absence of recycling by 2050 will amount to up to 215 billion dollars, including in the RE leading regions: in China 81 billion dollars, in the EU 42 billion dollars, in the USA 26 billion dollars. The regional distribution of waste volume is presented, grouped by energy price level: 30% of waste in countries with the highest energy tariffs, mainly in Europe, 20% in regions with an average price, including all of North America, 50% in regions with the lowest price - most Asian countries. The dynamics of the increase in the number of patents for the selected IPCs for the period 2000–2024 was obtained, and the leading countries were identified. It is shown that the effect of state support for recycling will be obtained in three industries: firstly, a cost-effective industry for recycling renewable energy waste will be formed, secondly, the availability of scarce materials for renewable energy producers will increase, and thirdly, unconstrained RE deployment will back the green hydrogen development. The timeframe of the countries’ hydrogen goals and the RE waste accumulation trends jointly indicate the urgency of the waste issue, when the analysis proves the reasonable request for the state involvement.

Gender differences in knowledge and practice of eco-friendly dentistry among dental students and doctors: A study at Ajman University

This study investigates the awareness of environmentally friendly (green) dentistry practices among dental students and faculty at Ajman University in the United Arab Emirates. The primary objective is to assess their understanding and application of eco-friendly dental practices, including waste management, energy conservation, and sustainable material usage. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, an online survey was administered to 231 randomly selected participants. The results show that although awareness of green dentistry has increased, its practical implementation remains limited. Specialists displayed the highest levels of knowledge and practice, while general practitioners demonstrated the least. Male participants showed greater experience and expertise compared to females, and the age group of 30–39 exhibited the highest levels of knowledge and practice, although age was not found to significantly affect awareness or usage. The findings highlight the need for enhanced education and encouragement of green dentistry to protect the environment and promote sustainable dental practices.

A Simple and Green Analytical Alternative for Chloride Determination in High-Salt-Content Crude Oil: Combining Miniaturized Extraction with Portable Colorimetric Analysis

A simple and miniaturized protocol was developed for chloride extraction from Brazilian pre-salt crude oil for further salt determination by colorimetry. In this protocol, the colorimetric analysis of chloride using digital images was carried out in an aqueous phase obtained after a simple and miniaturized extraction carefully developed for this purpose. A portable device composed of a homemade 3D-printed chamber with a USB camera was used. The PhotoMetrix app converted the images into RGB histograms, and a partial least squares (PLS) model was obtained from chemometric treatment. The sample preparation was performed by extraction after defining the best conditions for the main parameters (e.g., extraction time, temperature, type and volume of solvent, and sample mass). The PLS model was evaluated considering the coefficient of determination (R2) and the root mean square errors (RMSEs)—calibration (RMSEC), cross-validation (RMSECV), and prediction (RMSEP). Under the optimized conditions, an extraction efficiency higher than 84% was achieved, and the limit of quantification was 1.6 mg g−1. The chloride content obtained in the pre-salt crude oils ranged from 3 to 15 mg g−1, and no differences (ANOVA, 95%) were observed between the results and the reference values by direct solid sampling elemental analysis (DSS-EA) or the ASTM D 6470 standard method. The easy-to-use colorimetric analysis combined with the extraction method’s simplicity offered a high-throughput, low-cost, and environmentally friendly method, with the possibility of portability. Additionally, the decrease in energy consumption and waste generation, increasing the sample throughput and operators’ safety, makes the proposed method a greener approach. Furthermore, the cost savings make this a suitable option for routine quality control, which can be attractive in the crude oil industry.

Environmental assessment of gasification and green hydrogen potential role in waste management decarbonization

Achieving sustainability involves implementing a circular economy model and decarbonizing the waste management sector. The development of innovative technologies that enable the reduction of emissions and resource recovery is one of the sector's greatest challenges. From this perspective, the waste-to-methanol (WtM) process represents a viable prospect, the potential environmental impacts of which have never been studied from a life-cycle perspective. A cradle-to-grave LCA analysis was conducted, studying WtM technology and its potential implementation of green hydrogen (WtM-GH) in the process, through a comparison with traditional waste-to-energy (WtE).The results showed that WtM-GH performs best for global impacts, with a global warming potential of 3.52·107 kgCO2eq instead of 1,04·108 kgCO2eq proper of the WtE. Positive effects take place also for the fossil resource scarcity. Looking for non-toxic regional/local impacts WtE represents the best scenario, with the best performance on water consumption (7.96·107 m3) and ionising radiation (2.82·107 kBq Co-60eq). Cumulative impact results, obtained through the normalization, found that WtM is the best scenario, thanks to the less toxic impact compared to the other two, especially for freshwater ecotoxicity (5.26·106 kg 1,4-DCB) and marine ecotoxicity (6.73·106 kg 1,4-DCB).WtM-GH allows the production of 1366 kg of methanol per ton of Refuse Derived Fuel, thanks to the conversion of the entire CO2 contained in the waste, enhancing the value of by-products and carbon credits on the market and making the process more economically sustainable.

Effects of different quorum sensing signal molecules on alleviation of ammonia inhibition during biomethanation

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising technology for achieving both organic wastes treatment and energy recovery. However, challenges such as ammonia inhibition still remain. Quorum sensing (QS) system is relevant with the regulation of microbial community behaviors by releasing and sensing signal molecules, which could improve methane production during AD process. Therefore, the current study explored the effects of different quorum sensing signal molecules on alleviation of ammonia inhibition. The results showed that both secretion of N-butyryl-DL-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) and N-(β-ketocaproyl)-DL-homoserine lactone (3OC6-HSL) could be inhibited by high ammonia stress while stimulation of N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL) and N-octanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone (C8-HSL) secretion might be triggered by ammonia toxicity. Moreover, the alleviation of ammonia inhibition could be achieved by both introducing 3OC6-HSL (0.5 μM) and combination of 3OC6-HSL (0.1 μM) and biochar (4 g/L). Exogenous 3OC6-HSL could regulate microbial social behaviors and enhance the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to promote anaerobic digestion. In addition, the mitigation of ammonia inhibition through exogenous 3OC6-HSL and biochar were confirmed by microbial community changes (Methanobacterium, Propionicicella and Petrimonas). Critical enzymes involved in both acidification and methanogenic steps were enhanced after adding the combination of 3OC6-HSL and biochar. The combination of low levels of 3OC6-HSL and biochar could promote both direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) process and communication between different anaerobic microorganisms to mitigate ammonia inhibition. The current study will provide primary insights for conquering ammonia inhibition during biomethanation.

A smart home energy management system based on human activity recognition and deep reinforcement learning

Smart home energy management systems (SHEMS) can help users save on energy costs by controlling various household loads in response to environmental changes. However, human activity is closely related to household energy consumption, which can lead to potential energy waste. Additionally, smart homes often feature multiple types of distributed energy resources (DER), and how to leverage their potential for participating in grid scheduling without significantly impacting users remains an unresolved issue. This paper proposes an intelligent home energy management method based on human activity recognition (HAR) and deep reinforcement learning. By using activity recognition results derived from intrusive load monitoring (ILM), we categorize contexts into two groups. The agent employs the soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm for real-time control. In the first context, the goal is to ensure user satisfaction while reducing energy costs. In the second context, the focus is on controlling DER to participate in grid ancillary services to generate revenue. The proposed agent is trained using a real dataset, and simulations validate the effectiveness of the algorithm in home energy management.

Data-enhanced convolutional network based on air conditioning system start/stop time prediction

Most enterprise workshop operators frequently adjust the start/stop time of air conditioning systems based on indoor and outdoor temperatures and humidity to accommodate changing demand and weather conditions. However, relying on personal subjective experience for these adjustments often leads to operational delays or energy waste due to the lack of precision in determining optimal timing. Predicting air conditioning system start and stop times is crucial for energy consumption and savings in HVAC systems. Traditional data-driven methods have been insufficient in this regard, as they mainly focus on feature mapping and overlook the dynamic coupling relationships of process variables, resulting in subpar predictions. In response to this challenge, the paper introduces a novel approach known as the Periodicity and Long-Term Convolutional Neural Network (PLCNN). This method converts one-dimensional regression prediction data into two-dimensional data containing time series features to capture the dynamic coupling characteristics of the air conditioning system while maintaining the independent variation relationships of features. Experimental results using real factory floor data have demonstrated the superior performance of the PLCNN method. Specifically, this method achieved a 14.96% lower error rate compared to the traditional method and an 8.18% improvement compared to the deep learning method. Moreover, the implementation of the PLCNN method in the optimal control of air conditioning systems led to a significant 19.43% reduction in total monthly energy consumption. In conclusion, the proposed method offers a promising alternative to traditional approaches to forecasting and provides a solution to the common challenges encountered in traditional prediction tasks.

A novel time-current-temperature difference (T-I-T) defrosting control method for air source heat pump based on outdoor fan operation characteristics in space heating

In space heating, air source heat pumps (ASHPs) always encounter mal-defrosting incidents, resulting in significant energy waste. To improve the defrosting accuracy of ASHP, this paper proposes a novel Time-Current-Temperature difference (T-I-T) defrosting control method based on the characteristic parameter of outdoor fan operation (current). Through theoretical analysis and experimental tests, the influence of frosting on the characteristic parameters of outdoor fan operation was revealed. Then, based on the optimal defrosting control point theory, a method for selecting the defrosting current threshold close to the actual ASHP was proposed. Ultimately, a novel Time-Current-Temperature Difference (T-I-T) defrosting control method was developed, using the current increment to control the defrosting operation. The results showed that, the defrosting current thresholds decreased as the severity of frosting decreases, from 1.52 to 0.78 A. The T-I-T defrosting control method enables the ASHP unit to operate stably and efficiently in space heating. The defrosting frequency decreased from 0.93 to 0.56 times per hour, a reduction of 39.80 %; the average duration of the frosting/defrosting cycle increases from 64.30 to 106.90 min (an increase of 66.25 %), and the average COP of the ASHP unit increases by 10.60 % compared to the T-T defrosting control method.

Study on Shutter Heating Performance of Gas Turbine Intake System

Abstract Aiming at the anti-icing and de-icing requirements of gas turbine intake system, study the heating performance of a typical shutter vane, and compares and analyzes the influence of different ambient temperature and different electrothermal pipe heat generation rate on vane temperature distribution and heat transfer characteristics. The results show that the air convection at different positions on the blade surface of the louver leads to the difference in the temperature distribution of the upper and lower surfaces of the blade, as well as the leading edge and trailing edge of the blade, and the leading edge of the blade, as the area with the lowest overall temperature distribution of the blade, should be focused on in the design of anti-icing and de-icing systems. Increasing the heat production rate of the electric heating tube, there is more heat flow near the midline of the blade, which makes the temperature rise at this position the highest, and it is necessary to pay attention to the energy waste and blade damage caused by local overheating of the blade. Therefore, when the ambient temperature increases from 245.15 K to 318.15 K, the leaf temperature increases from 248.73 K to 322.74 K, and the temperature rise also increases from 3.58 K to 4.59 K. The electrothermal technology can be used to the anti-icing and de-icing of the intake system shutters on the basis of choosing the heat generation rate of the electrothermal tube reasonably.

Review Paper on Development of Mini Refrigerator

Abstract: This project focuses on the innovative development of a regenerative magnetic suspension system that uses permanent magnets to capture energy from the vibrations and movements of vehicles, aiming to improve energy efficiency and sustainability within the automotive sector. Unlike conventional suspension systems that dissipate energy as heat, this design utilizes highperformance neodymium magnets and wound copper coils to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy via electromagnetic induction as the vehicle moves across varying terrains. The energy recovered through this process can potentially power auxiliary vehicle systems such as sensors, lights, and infotainment units, thereby contributing to overall vehicle efficiency. Preliminary simulations and calculations indicate a substantial potential for energy recovery, positioning the system as a cost-effective and practical solution that can be integrated into existing vehicle architectures with minimal modifications. By leveraging readily available materials, this project addresses the challenges of energy waste in conventional suspensions while promoting sustainable practices. The research not only advances regenerative technologies within the automotive industry but also paves the way for future innovations in vehicle design and broader engineering applications