Thermal Cycling Measurements Research Articles

Real-Space Imaging of Intrinsic Symmetry-Breaking Spin Textures in a Kagome Lattice.

The electronic orders in kagome materials have emerged as a fertile platform for studying exotic quantum states, and their intertwining with the unique kagome lattice geometry remains elusive. While various unconventional charge orders with broken symmetry is observed, the influence of kagome symmetry on magnetic order has so far not been directly observed. Here, using a high-resolution magnetic force microscopy, it is, for the first time, observed a new lattice form of noncollinear spin textures in the kagome ferromagnet in zero magnetic field. Under the influence of the sixfold rotational symmetry of the kagome lattice, the spin textures are hexagonal in shape and can further form a honeycomb lattice structure. Subsequent thermal cycling measurements reveal that these spin textures transform into a non-uniform in-plane ferromagnetic ground state at low temperatures and can fully rebuild at elevated temperatures, showing a strong second-order phase transition feature. Moreover, some out-of-plane magnetic moments persist at low temperatures, supporting the Kane-Mele scenario in explaining the emergence of the Dirac gap. The observations establish that the electronic properties, including both charge and spin orders, are strongly coupled with the kagome lattices.

Heat generation and steel fragment effects on friction stir welding of aluminum alloy with steel

ABSTRACTJoining two dissimilar materials, like aluminum and steel, has been a topic of great importance in modern engineering applications. Therefore, this research expounds on joining aluminum alloy (Al5052) with low-carbon mild steel using friction stir welding. A novel approach is employed that quantifies the discontinuities (steel debris and voids) in the weld stir zone using image analysis. Furthermore, a parametric investigation was conducted following a full factorial approach with three tool rotational and traverse speed levels, and a heat input factor (ω2/v) was derived through theoretical modeling of process parameters. The heat input factor was substantiated experimentally with thermal cycle measurements. Results revealed that both the ω2/v factor and the extent of discontinuities determined the soundness and strength of the weld joints. A low rotational speed of 386 revolutions/minute and moderate traverse speed of 140 mm/minute, having minimal discontinuities, rendered maximum joint strength of approximately 212 MPa.

Thermal Cycling Effect on Locator System Retention and Metal Surface Roughness.

To estimate the effects of the thermal cycling (TC) process on the metal surfaces of Locators, as well as retention loss, and the correlation between them. Twenty-five new Locator R-Tx were included in the study. Four areas were marked on each Locators' patrix metal surface and scanned using a confocal scanner (μsurf explorer; NanoFocus). Three surface roughness parameters were measured in the scans: Sa (average distance of peaks from the central plain of the area), Vmp (volume of the peaks in the area), and Spc (mean curvature of the peaks describing the degree of their sharpness). Retention test was performed using Instron® 4500 compression tension tensile tester at a speed of 10 mm/min. The retention tests were done using a working model made of two acrylic blocks in which the Locator system parts were inserted. The surface parameters measurements and the retention tests were performed 2 times, once before and once after TC. The Locators were subjected to 15,000 TC cycles by investing them into 2 tubs with different water temperatures, 55°C and 5°C. During each 60-second cycle, the Locators were submerged in each tub for 20 seconds, with a 10 second transition time between the tubs. The post-TC retention and surface parameters measurements were compared with those prior to TC and the prior to TC measurements served as controls. Changes in parameters before and after TC were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA nested model with random intercept and slope by restricted maximum likelihood method. Correlation between retention and surface parameters was quantified and examined using Kendall's correlation test. The findings were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05. There was a significant decrease in retention of 16.6N at the second retention test (p < 0.001). A significant statistical decrease in surface parameters were measured after TC process, Sa and Vmp (18 ×10-3 μm, p = 0.041 and 0.94 ×10-3 1/μm, p = 0.001, respectively). A significant statistical increase in Spc of 6.4 ×10-3 μm3 /μm2 (p = 0.023) was noticed. The correlation between retention decreases and surface changes was not statistically significant. The TC process causes a substantial reduction in retention to the Locator system over time. In addition, TC causes significant but minor changes to the Locator surface area. Most of the changes are in the horizontal dimension.

Updated results on the integration of metal–organic framework with functional materials toward n-alkane for latent heat retention and reliability

Phase change composites are in high demand in thermal management systems. Various supporting materials, including nanocomposites, have been employed to develop shape-stable phase change materials (PCMs). As the reliability of most composite materials has mostly been studied right after the preparation with specific thermal cycling measurements, it is difficult to analyze the long-term leakage-resistance capability and energy retention capacity. Additionally, achieving multifunctional phase change composites is a significant challenge for single supporting materials. Herein, we provide a follow-up report on the thermal performance of hybrid material-supported n-alkane after a storage time of one year and 50 heating/cooling cycles. The interconnected hybrid material composed of a metal–organic framework (MOF) and graphite improved the shape/thermal stability of tetradecane (TD). The as-synthesized MOF/graphite/TD composites exhibited a high latent heat retention capacity of 84.2%, low leakage rate of 1.25%, and high PCM loading capacity, making them suitable for thermal management applications, such as industrial waste heat recovery systems. Furthermore, the intermolecular interactions and capillary forces between the hybrid materials and TD provided high stability and compatibility. Therefore, the as-prepared hybrid material fabricated in this study can be important in the development of multidirectional composite PCMs with comprehensive thermal characteristics.

A triply synergistic method for palygorskite activation to effectively impregnate phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage

Palygorskite (Pal) is considered as an excellent adsorption material due to its unique layered, porous and tubular structure. However, the adsorption ability of raw Pal is limited, and further modification is necessary. In this paper, we employed a triply synergistic method to activate Pal, including wet grinding, hot acid etching and heat expanding (Pal-g-a-h). The properties of Pal-g-a-h and the Pal-g-a-h-based composite phase change material (Pal-g-a-h/PEG) were compared with those of Pals activated solely by heat (Pal-h) or acid (Pal-a) and their corresponding phase change materials (Pal-h/PEG, Pal-a/PEG) through SEM, TEM, BET, FTIR, DSC,TG, and thermal conductivity, regulation and cycling measurements. The SEM, TEM and BET results manifested that the dispersity, pore volume / size and specific surface area were significantly improved by the triply synergistic activation. The more formation of SiO in Pal-g-a-h confirmed by FTIR favored the enhanced adsorption and fixation of PEG through the hydrogen bond. Compared with the single activation process, wet grinding-acid-heat method enabled Pal-g-a-h/PEG to possess the best thermal performance, including thermal storage capacity (△Hm = 82.48 J/g), stability, conductivity (0.31 W/mK) and reliability. The research on the triply synergistic activation helps broaden the adsorption ability of porous materials to fabricate more effective phase change materials for energy storage and retrieval especially in the architectural field.

Optical multi-functionalities of Er3+- and Yb3+-sensitized strontium bismuth titanate nanoparticles

Multi-functional up-conversion (UC) phosphors are highly desirable for many potentially technological applications. Here, Er3+- and Yb3+-doped SrBi4Ti4O15 (SBT:xEr3+/yYb3+) UC nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized for the first time by a convenient EDTA-citrate approach. The structures and morphologies were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared reflectivity spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Under 980 nm excitation, SBT:xEr3+/yYb3+ UCNPs exhibited bright green and weak red emissions. The UC emission properties were disclosed to be tightly dependent on the Yb3+ and Er3+ concentration and the involved UC mechanism was discussed. More importantly, the noncontact optical thermometric ability were assessed based on the thermo-responsive fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique and the maximum sensitivity (Smax) of SBT:0.15Er3+/0.15Yb3+ UCNPs is about 0.0036 K–1. Excellent repeatability and stability were proven by the thermal-cycling measurements. Furthermore, prominent photo-thermal (PT) effect was obtained with the temperature coefficients (η) being 0.24 and 0.49 °C∙mm2/mW for SBT:0.15Er3+/0Yb3+ and SBT:0.15Er3+/0.15Yb3+ UCNPs, respectively, which showed that the incorporation of Yb3+ was a promising strategy to improve the PT capability. In addition, regularly dynamic response of the PT agent under periodic laser stimulation was also observed. These results imply that SBT:xEr3+/yYb3+ UCNPs could be potentially utilized in thermometers and PT agents.

Thermal conductivity enhancement of form-stable tetradecanol/expanded perlite composite phase change materials by adding Cu powder and carbon fiber for thermal energy storage

In this study, form-stable tetradecanol (TD)/expanded perlite (EP) composites by adding Cu powder (CuP) and carbon fiber (CF) to enhance thermal conductivities have been prepared via vacuum impregnation method. The thermal conductivity enhancer (TCE) is introduced by two methods of mixing TCE with phase change materials (PCMs) and implanting TCE into matrix materials. The result demonstrates the former is better than the latter in aspects of thermal property, thermal conductivity and controllability, moreover, adding ratio of TCEs gather in more appropriate interval from 2.5% to 3% suitable for the former. For CPCMs, FT-IR results indicate it is no chemical interaction among raw materials but physical combination via two methods. CPCMs prepared by the method of mixing TCE with PCMs have better phase change latent heat and thermal stability by DSC and TGA, while thermal cycling measurements show that form-stable composite PCMs have adequate stability even after being subjected to 200 melting/freezing cycles. Therefore, the method of mixing TCE with PCMs has better thermal property and controllability than that of implanting TCE into matrix materials and the prepared CPCM has great application prospect in solar energy utilization, building material, indoor cooling instrument and so on for thermal energy storage.

Preparation and characterization of form-stable tetradecanol–palmitic acid expanded perlite composites containing carbon fiber for thermal energy storage

In this study, tetradecanol–palmitic acid/expanded perlite composites containing carbon fiber (TD-PA/EP-CF CPCMs) were prepared by a vacuum impregnation method. Binary eutectic mixtures of PA and TD were utilized as thermal energy storage material in the composites, where EP behaved as supporting material. X-ray diffraction demonstrated that crystal structures of PA, TD, EP, and CF remained unchanged, confirming no chemical interactions among raw materials besides physical combinations. The microstructures indicated that TD-PA was sufficiently absorbed into EP porous structure, forming no leakage even in molten state. Differential scanning calorimetry estimated the melting temperature of TD-PA/EP-CF CPCM to 33.6 °C, with high phase change latent heat (PCLH) of 138.3 kJ kg−1. Also, the freezing temperature was estimated at 29.7 °C, with PCLH of 137.5 kJ kg−1. The thermal cycling measurements showed that PCM composite had adequate stability even after 200 melting/freezing cycles. Moreover, the thermal conductivity enhanced from 0.48 to 1.081 W m−1 K−1 in the presence of CF. Overall, the proposed CPCMs look promising materials for future applications due to their appropriate phase change temperature, elevated PCLH, and better thermal stability.

Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Keyhole Repair Welds in AA 2219-T851 Using Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding

The search for a suitable friction-based keyhole repair technique that fulfills the requirements for high-quality repair welds has become an important research topic, especially for aerospace applications. In order to provide and analyze an universal keyhole repair method for lightweight metals, refill friction stir spot welding is applied to through-hole repairs in 3- and 6-mm-thick sheets of precipitate hardening AA 2219-T851. Keyholes with a diameter of 7.5 mm were repair welded achieving a defect-free microstructure. The correlation between the microstructural evolution imposed by the repair process and the resulting mechanical properties is shown. A comprehensive analysis of the precipitate evolution in peak-aged AA 2219 during RFSSW is presented. Thermal cycle measurements revealed high heating rates and peak temperatures of up to 520 °C in the weld center. The thermal cycle caused mainly dissolution and minor equilibrium phase formation in the stirred zone. In the HAZ, overaging of the strengthening precipitates dominates with minor dissolution and equilibrium phase formation only in the direct proximity of the SZ. Microstructural analysis revealed typical weld zone formation with inhomogeneous grain size distribution in the SZ. The resulting mechanical properties are dominated by an inhomogeneous hardness distribution with lowest hardness in the TMAZ at 5 mm from the center of the weld. During tensile loading main yielding and the final fracture occur in the area of lowest strength. Tensile testing showed yield strength of 40 to 46% and UTS of 28 to 25% below BM values in 3- and 6-mm-thick sheets, respectively. The sheet thickness and post-weld natural aging were found to influence the mechanical properties of the weld significantly.

Synthesis and characterization of beeswax-tetradecanol-carbon fiber/expanded perlite form-stable composite phase change material for solar energy storage

In this study, beeswax-tetradecanol/expanded perlite composited with carbon fiber (BW-TD-CF/EP) composite phase change materials (CPCMs) have been prepared via vacuum impregnation method for solar energy utilization. The chemical compatibility, microstructure and thermal properties of CPCMs are characterized and measured, which proves that it is no chemical interaction among the raw materials but physical combination and BW-TD-CF is sufficiently absorbed into the EP porous structure with no leakage even in the molten state. According to differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results, BW-TD-CF/EP composite melts at 34 °C with high enthalpy value of 178.7 kJ/kg, while thermal cycling measurements show that the form-stable composite PCM has adequate stability after being subjected to 200 melting/freezing cycles. Morever, thermal conductivity of BW-TD/EP composite is enhanced from 0.443 Wm−1 K−1 to 1.245 Wm−1 K−1 by adding CF. In result, the form-stable composite PCMs have more appropriate thermal properties and better thermal stability in building for solar energy utilization.

Preparation and characterization of capric-palmitic-stearic acid ternary eutectic mixture/expanded vermiculite composites as form-stabilized thermal energy storage materials

In this study, a composite of form-stable phase change materials (FSPCMs) were prepared by the incorporation of a eutectic mixture of capric–palmitic–stearic acid (CA–PA–SA) into expanded vermiculite (EV) via vacuum impregnation. In the composites, CA–PA–SA was utilized as a thermal energy storage material, and EV served as the supporting material. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrated that CA–PA–SA and EV in the composites only undergo physical combination, not a chemical reaction. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that CA–PA–SA is sufficiently absorbed in the expanded vermiculite porous network. According to differential scanning calorimetry results, the 70wt% CA–PA–SA/EV sample melts at 19.3°C with a latent heat of 117.6J/g and solidifies at 17.1°C with a latent heat of 118.3J/g. Thermal cycling measurements indicated that FSPCMs exhibit adequate stability even after being subjected to 200 melting–freezing cycles. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the composites increased by approximately 49.58% with the addition of 5wt% of Cu powder. Hence, CA–PA–SA/EV FSPCMs are effective latent heat thermal energy storage building materials.

Martensitic transformation strain and stability of Ni50−x–Ti50–Cox (x = 3 , 4) strips obtained by twin-roll casting and standard processing techniques

The martensitic transformation properties (maximum strain, residual strain and transformation stability) of Ni50−x–Ti50–Cox strips produced by twin-roll casting (TRC) and standard casting (SC) were compared. A complete microstructural characterization was carried out on both samples using optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS-SEM), X-Ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). According to the results obtained by DSC and load-biased thermal-cycling measurements, the TRC strip is more stable and has lower residual strain than the SC strip for loads below 90 MPa. Using the austenitic texture of each strip, the recoverable strain upper bounds of the martensitic transformation (Sachs' bound) were calculated. A comparison between the measured maximum recoverable strain and the Sachs' bound, allows us to discuss how the particular microstructures produced by the two production techniques affect the strip's shape memory properties.

Synthesis and characterization of lauric acid/expanded vermiculite as form-stabilized thermal energy storage materials

Lauric acid(LA)/expanded vermiculite (EVM) form-stable phase change materials were synthesized via vacuum impregnation method. In the composites, lauric acid was utilized as a thermal energy storage material and the expanded vermiculite behaved as the supporting material. XRD and FT-IR results demonstrate that lauric acid and expanded vermiculite in the composite do not undergo a chemical reaction and only undergo a physical combination. Microstructural analysis indicates that lauric acid is sufficiently absorbed in the expanded vermiculite porous network, while displaying negligible leakage even under the molten state. According to DSC results, the 70wt.% LA/EVM sample melts at 41.88°C with a latent heat of 126.8J/g and solidifies at 39.89°C with a latent heat of 125.6J/g. Thermal cycling measurements show that the form-stable composite PCM has adequate stability even after being subjected to 200 melting/freezing cycles. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the composite PCM increased by approximately 78% with the addition of 10wt.% expanded graphite (EG). Thus, the form-stable composite PCM is a suitable option for thermal energy storage for building and solar heating system applications.

Compensation of Mechanical Stress-Induced Drift of Bandgap References With On-Chip Stress Sensor

Today’s smart sensor systems rely heavily on bandgap circuit techniques to achieve the required high accuracy. However, all presently known bandgap references show a notable lifetime drift of $\sim 1$ mV caused by instable mechanical stress in common plastic encapsulated packages. This paper proposes a versatile digital stress compensation scheme which works for arbitrary packages and silicon technologies. It uses a new mechanical stress sensor to measure the sum of in-plane normal stress components. The mechanical stress drifts of bandgap reference, stress, and temperature sensors were characterized on wafer stripes in a four-point bending fixture. With these results a compensation algorithm was derived. Mechanical stress drifts were provoked by thermal cycling measurements on samples in a quad flat no leads-like plastic encapsulated package after moisture soaking. These measurements show that the mechanical stress related drift of a Brokaw bandgap voltage can be reduced by about one order in magnitude over the whole automotive temperature range. Due to the low process spread of the proposed stress sensor only a single-trim at room temperature on wafer level is necessary.

Thermoelectric Properties of Cu-Doped n-Type Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 Prepared by Liquid Phase Growth Using a Sliding Boat

N-type Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 thermoelectric materials were prepared by liquid phase growth (LPG) using a sliding boat, a simple and short fabrication process for Bi2Te3-related materials. Cu was selected as a donor dopant, and its effect on thermoelectric properties was investigated. Thick sheets and bars of CuxBi2 Te2.85Se0.15 (x=0–0.25) of 1–2mm in thickness were obtained using the process. X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron micrographs showed that the in-plane direction tended to correspond to the hexagonal c-plane, which is the preferred direction for thermoelectric conversion. Cu-doping was effective in controlling conduction type and carrier (electron) concentration. The conduction type was p-type for undoped Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 and became n-type after Cu-doping. The Hall carrier concentration was increased by Cu-doping. Small resistivity was achieved in Cu0.02Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 owing to an optimized amount of Cu-doping and high crystal orientation. As a result, the maximum power factor near 310K for Cu0.02Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 was approximately 4×10−3W/K2m and had good reproducibility. Furthermore, the thermal stability of Cu0.02Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 was also confirmed by thermal cycling measurements of electrical resistivity. Thus, n-type Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 with a large power factor was prepared using the present LPG process.

On the detection of U − centers in g-As2Se3 films by thermal cycling measurements of electrical conductivity

Pinning of the Fermi level near the midgap is one of the basic properties of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors. It is assumed in most models that the pinning is due to the presence of charged defects (U− centers) that strongly polarize the lattice and have energy levels close to the Fermi level. U− centers are detected in this study by the thermal cycling method, which made it possible to markedly extend the time during which the charge released by these centers is recorded. The results of measurements of the electrical conductivity of As2Se3 films in successive cycles of sample cooling and heating are presented. This cycling leads to the appearance and evolution of two discrete peaks. A conclusion is made that at least one of these peaks is associated with negatively charged U− centers with levels near the Fermi level.

Digital Isothermal Quantification of Nucleic Acids via Simultaneous Chemical Initiation of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Reactions on SlipChip

In this paper, digital quantitative detection of nucleic acids was achieved at the single-molecule level by chemical initiation of over one thousand sequence-specific, nanoliter isothermal amplification reactions in parallel. Digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR), a method used for quantification of nucleic acids, counts the presence or absence of amplification of individual molecules. However, it still requires temperature cycling, which is undesirable under resource-limited conditions. This makes isothermal methods for nucleic acid amplification, such as recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), more attractive. A microfluidic digital RPA SlipChip is described here for simultaneous initiation of over one thousand nL-scale RPA reactions by adding a chemical initiator to each reaction compartment with a simple slipping step after instrument-free pipet loading. Two designs of the SlipChip, two-step slipping and one-step slipping, were validated using digital RPA. By using the digital RPA SlipChip, false-positive results from preinitiation of the RPA amplification reaction before incubation were eliminated. End point fluorescence readout was used for "yes or no" digital quantification. The performance of digital RPA in a SlipChip was validated by amplifying and counting single molecules of the target nucleic acid, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) genomic DNA. The digital RPA on SlipChip was also tolerant to fluctuations of the incubation temperature (37-42 °C), and its performance was comparable to digital PCR on the same SlipChip design. The digital RPA SlipChip provides a simple method to quantify nucleic acids without requiring thermal cycling or kinetic measurements, with potential applications in diagnostics and environmental monitoring under resource-limited settings. The ability to initiate thousands of chemical reactions in parallel on the nanoliter scale using solvent-resistant glass devices is likely to be useful for a broader range of applications.

Martensitic transformation and thermal cycling effect in Cu–Co–Zr alloys

Cu 50− x Co x Zr 50 ( x = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 at.%) alloys were cast in a cylindrical copper mold by a suction casting device. In order to investigate the thermal behavior of the as-cast rods, the samples were heated from 313 to 573 K and then cooled down to about 253 K. The structure of the samples was studied by X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Thermal cycling measurements were also done for alloys with 2, 3, 4 and 5 at.% cobalt. It was found that increasing the cobalt content decreases martensite ( M s) and austenite ( A s) start temperatures, while it increases the temperature region in which austenite is stable. Thermal cycling measurements revealed that by increasing the number of cycles, the austenite start temperature increases while martensite start temperature shifts to lower temperatures.

Quality and Reliability of 3D TSV Interposer and Fine Pitch Solder Micro-bumps for 28nm Technology

Silicon interposer minimizes CTE mismatch between the chip and copper filled TSV interposer resulting in high reliability micro bumps. Furthermore, providing high wiring density interconnections and improved electrical performance are the reasons TSV interposer has emerged as a good solution and getting significant industry attention. High density three dimensional (3D) interconnects formed by high aspect ratio through silicon via (TSV) and fine pitch solder micro bumps are presented in this paper. Different design/material related factors are evaluated during this study in order to yield high aspect ratio void-free TSV copper via and reliable micro-bumps. Quality and reliability of copper TSV and micro-bumps are monitored in-situ during the process. This paper presents some of the quality and reliability results as well as micro-bump and TSV resistance data. Furthermore, bake and thermal-cycling measurements are presented to insure reliability of the design and the material selected for the 28nm technology TSV interposer FPGA.

The deformation of microcantilever-based infrared detectors during thermal cycling

Uncooled microcantilever-based infrared (IR) detectors have recently gained interest due to their low noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD), while concurrently maintaining low costs. These properties have made them available for a wider range of applications. However, the curvature induced by residual strain mismatch severely compromises the device's performance. Therefore, to meet performance and reliability requirements, it is important to fully understand the deformation of IR detectors. In this study, bimaterial (SiNx/Al) microcantilever-based IR detectors were fabricated using surface micromachining with polyimide as a sacrificial layer. Thermo-mechanical deformation mechanisms were studied through the use of thermal cycling. A temperature chamber with accurate temperature control and an interferometer microscope were adopted in this study for thermal cycling and full-field curvature measurements. It was found that thermal cycling reduced the residual strain mismatch within the bimaterial structure and thus flattened the microcantilever-based IR detectors. Specifically, thermal cycling with a maximum temperature of 295 °C resulted in a 97% decrease in curvature of the microcantilever-based IR detectors upon return to room temperature. The thermoelastic deformation of the IR detectors was modeled using both finite element method (FEM) and analytical methods. A modified analytical solution based on plate theory was established to describe the thermoelastic mechanical responses by using a correction factor derived from FEM. Although in the current study Al and SiNx were chosen for the application of microcantilever-based IR detectors, the general experimental protocol and modeling approach can be applied to describe thermoelastic mechanical responses of bimaterial devices with different materials. Toward the end of this paper, we studied the correction factors in the modified analytical solution while varying parameters such as Young's modulus ratio, thickness ratio and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch to investigate the influences of these parameters.